ל

ל twelfth letter; used as numeral 30 in postB. Heb.

לְ prep. to, for, in regard to (Moab. Ph. ל, Aramaic לְ, ܠ, Arabic لِ, Ethiopic ለ: Assyrian la in lapân = לִפְנֵי, Dl^{HWB 530}), before tone-syllables usually לָ (Kö^{ii. 276 f.}); with suff. לִי; לְךָ, לְכָה †Gn 27:37 2 S 18:20 Is 3:6, לָ֑ךְ; f. לָךְ, לֵכִי †2 K 4:2 Ct 2:13 Kt (prob. N. Pal. dialect: cf. Syriac ܠܶܟܝ); לוֹ (15 times, according to Mas., written incorrectly לֹא: v לֹא note); לָהּ, לָחֿ †Nu 32:42 Zc 5:11 Ru 2:14; לָ֫נוּ; לָכֶם; לָכֶ֫נָה †Ez 13:18 (לָכֶן does not occur); לָהֶם, poet. לָ֫מוֹ (55 times, incl. a few cases where, according to many, it stands for לוֹ: cf. Ges^{§ 103, 2 a, n.}. Di Is 44:15, 53:8), [also לָהֵ֫מָּה † Je 14:16]; לָהֶן [לָהֵן (q.v.) †Ru 1:13^(×2), לָהֵ֫נָּה 5 times, v הֵמָּה]. Prep. denoting direction (not properly motion, as אֶל) towards, or reference to; and hence used in many varied applications, in some of which the idea of direction predominates, in others that of reference (cf. Giesebrecht ^{Die Präp. Lamed, 1876}):—

1. very often, with various classes of verbs, to, towards, for: viz. a. verbs of looking, listening, attending, waiting, etc., as האמין, התחֹלל, יחל, הוחיל, נככף, כלה (ψ 84:3 +), הטה אזן, לב (שׁת, הכין, נטה) נתן, קִיָּה, הקשׁיב, שׁמע (sometimes), צמא to thirst for (Ex 17:3 ψ 42:3), השׁתחוה (to Gn 37:10, towards ψ 99:5); sometimes also with האזין, הביט, נִבַּט, ראה, נפשׁ, נשׂא (see these verbs; many are also construed with other preps.); Is 51:6 ψ 44:21; pregn. Is 38:14; השׁתאה ל †Gn 24:21, החרישׁ ל Nu 30:5, 8: sometimes without a vb., as Ju 5:9 לִבִּי לְ, Je 5:3 עיניך ל, ψ 33:18 (‖ אל), 39:8 תוחלתי לך היא, 120:7 המה למלחמה, 130:6 נפשׁי לאדני (cf. Is 26:8), 143:6 Dn 11:27 2 Ch 3:13; 32:2. b. with verbs of saying, calling, singing, vowing, sacrificing, etc., as אמר, דבר (chiefly with God as subj. = promise, Gn 24:7 1 K 5:26 +, especially in D כאשׁר דבר לְ Dt 1:11 (v. Dr), v 21 etc.; with human subj. Gn 49:28 Ju 14:7 1 K 2:19 al. (Gie42 f.: דבר אל is more common), זבח, זמּר, הודה, הגיד, נדר, נשׂא יד (in oath) Ez 20:5, 6, 23 ψ 106:26, קִטֵּר, הריע, נשׁבע, שָׁר etc. c. with vbs. of giving, leaving, bringing, offering etc., as הביא, הִפִּיל allot (Jos 13:6), נתן, הסגור, עזב ψ 16:9 abandon to Sheol, Is 18:6, הקריב Lv 17:4, שׁוב = to be returned Dt 28:31, השׁיב = bring back 22:1, = requite 2 S 16:12, שִׁלַּח, etc. d. with vbs. of dealing, acting towards (whether with friendly or hostile intent), as עשׂה ל Gn 19:8 + often, גמל ל Is 3:9; so with הֵייטִב, הֵרַע, הֵמַר, חָטָא to sin against (Gn 20:9 +), אָשָׁם to be guilty towards (Lv 5:19), שִׁקֵּר, כִּחֵשׁ to lie to, כִּזֵּב; with vbs. of mocking or laughing, against, at, as לעג לְ ψ 2:4, שׂחק לְ 37:13, שׂמח לְ to rejoice over 35:19 Ez 35:15, caus. שִׂמַּח לְ ψ 30:2, עלץ לְ † 25:2: with other verbs denoting hostility (less common than ב or על), Gn 27:42 מתנחם לך להרגך, 2 K 5:7, Ex 11:7 (so Jos 10:21: cf. Jb 16:9), Je 25:31; 50:9 ψ 7:14; 37:12; 56:3; 106:16 קנא לְ (usually in good sense, 5 g c) Jb 20:27; 34:37. And with adj., as ψ 73:1 טוב ל good to, Gn 13:13 רָעִים וְחַטָּאִים לי׳ towards י׳, 2 S 22:24 תָּמִים לוֹ (‖ ψ 18:24 עִמּוֹ), ψ 89:29 נֶאֱמֶנֶת לוֹ; with subst. (rare) Ex 32:12; La 3:60 (syn. v 61 על). e. with words denoting what is pleasurable or the reverse, as נעם לְ 2 S 1:26, ערב ל Ho 9:4, יֵמַר לְ Is 24:7, טוֹב לְ (adj.) 1 S 1:8, נָקֵל לְ 2 K 20:10, also הועיל ל, סכן ל, to be profitable to; and with neuter vbs., to denote the subj. of a sensation or emotion, as טוֹב לְ to be well to (with), Dt 5:30; 19:13 +, מַר לְ Ru 1:13, צַר לְ 1 S 13:6 + often, כְּרֹב לְ Ho 10:1, רָוַח לְ 1 S 16:23, חַם לְ to be warm to, 1 K 1:1, רַע לְ ψ 106:32, חָרָה לְ it was hot (= anger arose) to Gn 4:6 + often, חָֽשְׁכָה לְ Mi 3:6. And with pass. vbs., נִסְלַח לוֹ it is forgiven to him = he is forgiven Lv 4:26 + often; otherwise rare, נִרְצָה לְ 1:4, נִרְפָּא לָנוּ it is healed to us = we are healed Is 53:5, הוּנַח ל La 5:5, יְבֻלַּע לְ 2 S 17:16 (v. Dr) f. with verbs of reaching to, touching, attaching etc., as אסר ל to bind to, חבשׁ, דבק ψ 44:26, מצא to reach to Is 10:10, 14 ψ 21:9, הגיע Ex 4:25, נצמד Nu 25:5, קרוב (adj.) Ru 2:20; out of connexion with a vb. (almost = עַד), Jos 16:1 ψ 59:14 Jb 28:3 Ne 3:15 2 Ch 33:14, and correl. to מִן (v מִן 5). g. with vbs. of motion, as הלך, בא, שָׁב etc. (not so common as אל, or the simple acc. with or without ה loc.)—(a) with places, rare in early prose, Jos 1:15; 8:14 Ju 1:34; 20:10 (but v GFM), 1 S 9:12; 20:25 2 K 3:27, except in partic. phrases, viz. למקומו Gn 18:33, לדרכו 32:2, לאהליו 1 S 4:10 (also with other sfs.: all these + often, especially with שׁוב and הלך, or preceded by distrib. אישׁ; לאהליו(ך), also, without vb., as exclam., 2 S 20:1 1 K 12:16), לארצו Gn 30:25 +, אִישׁ לִירֻשָּׁתוֹ Dt 3:20, אישׁ לנחלתו Jos 24:28 +, אישׁ לעירו 1 S 8:22; Ne 13:10: often in late Heb., as Jb 4:5, 1 Ch 4:39, 42; 5:26; 12:1, 9; 22:18; 24:19; 2 Ch 1:3; 8:17 + often Chr, Ezr 2:68 +, Ne 10:35 ff. Est 6:4 ψ 96:8; 132:7; 146:4: לירושׁלם Je 3:17b (om. 𝔊), Zc 1:16, and often Ch Ezr Ne (as 2 Ch 11:14; 19:1; 30:3, 11), לשׁמרון 2 Ch 18:2; 28:8, 9, לבבל Je 51:2; Ezr 2:1; 1 Ch 9:1; 2 Ch 36:7 (but earlier always ירושׁלם, שׁמרון, בבל or בבלה); and poet. Ju 5:11; Is 22:1; 23:17; 49:18; 51:14 (pregn.) ימות לשׁחת, 59:20; 60:4, 5, 7; 65:12; Je 31:17; 48:15; 50:27; Mi 1:12; Zc 9:12 ψ 7:8; 68:19; 74:3 Ct 4:16; 5:1; 6:2; 7:13 (pregn.) נשׁכימה לכרמים, Jb 10:9; 20:6; הוציא לְ ψ 18:20; 66:12, לאור Mi 7:9; Jb 12:22; יוּבַל ל Ho 10:6 +: without a vb., Is 23:5; Ho 7:12. Also לָאָרֶץ, with many vbs., both in sense down to the earth, Is 14:12; 21:9; 28:2; Am 3:14; 5:7; Ez 26:11 ψ 7:6 +, c. חִלֵּל (pregn) 74:7; 89:40, and idiom. c. ישׁב to sit on the earth, Is 3:26; 47:1; Jb 2:13 +, without vb. Is 26:9: so לַעָפָר Jb 7:21 ψ 7:6, הוריד לשׁחת Ez 28:8. (b) with persons, not very common, Dt 32:35; Is 31:6; 57:9; Je 3:22 אָתָנוּ לָ֑ךְ, ψ 45:15; 119:79; Jb 18:14; 1 Ch 12:16; Ne 6:19, לְעֲמִּי Nu 24:14; Ru 1:10: בא לְ, especially with pron. לְךָ, לָהּ etc. (friendly) 2 S 12:4; Zc 9:9 Am 6:1, (hostile) 2 S 5:23; Je 46:22; 49:9; 50:26; 51:48, 53; with a thing as subj. Dt 33:16 (לראשׁ), 2 S 24:13 Is 47:9; Jb 3:25 (cf. Is 66:4), Je 4:12; 22:23 בְּבֹא לָךְ חֲבָלִים (so Ho 13:13; Is 66:7). And with vbs. of placing (where עַל would be more usually) ψ 21:4 תָּשִׁית לְרֹאשׁוֹ עֲטֶרֶת פָּז, 22:16; 66:12, with לְכִסֵּא ψ 9:5; 132:11, 12 Jb 36:7: cf. נָפַל לְאַפָּיו, הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה, Gn 48:12 + (also עַל א׳) h. expressing direction towards (without contact), לאחור backwards Je 7:24, לַחוּץ outwards ψ 41:7, למעלה upwards, למטה downwards; to scatter לכל רוח Je 49:32 cf. v 36 Ez 5:10 +, (שׁמים) לארבע רוחות Ez 42:20; Dn 8:8; 11:4; 1 Ch 9:24: of the points of the compass (without vb.) לִפְאַת … towards the quarter of (the N., S., etc.) Ex 26:18 + often P (so Ez 47:15), לדרום, למזרח etc. (late: earlier ממזרח, or מזרחה etc.) Ez 40:23; 41:11, 14; 42:4; Ne 3:26; 1 Ch 5:9; 6:63; 7:28; 12:15; 26:16–18; 2 Ch 31:14, למדבר 2 Ch 20:24; also (peculiarly) 1 S 14:40 1 K 20:38; 2 K 11:11. i. expressing addition (rare); Is 28:10, 13 צַו לָצַו קַו לָקַו, 56:8 (resuming על), Ec 7:27 אחת לאחת (adding) one to another, Ezr 8:24; Ne 11:17 (על is more usual in this sense).

2. Expressing locality, at, near, idiom. in phrases לִפְנֵי = before (sometimes after vbs. of motion, as 1 K 1:23, but very often otherwise Is 10:28), לְעֵינֵי in the sight of, לְיַד, לִימִין, לִשְׂמֹאל (only Ec 10:2), לפתח at the entrance (of), Gn 4:7; Nu 11:10 +; in other, rarer connexions, Nu 20:24 לְמֵי … (usually על), Ju 5:16 (‖ v 15 ב), לְחוֹף †Gn 49:13^(×2); Ju 5:17, לְפִי † ψ 141:7 Pr 8:3, Ho 5:1 לְמִצְפָּה, 2 Ch 35:15. לִפְנִימָה = within, 1 K 6:30; Ez 40:16.

3. To denote the object of a vb.— a. with the Hif., mostly of intrans. vbs., properly (as it seems) a dat. commodi, as הֵנִיחַ לְ to give rest to, הִרְחִיב to give width to, הֵצַר לְ, הֵצִיק לְ, exceptionally also with other words, as הִרְגִּיז, הוֹכִיחַ, הִצְדִּיק to give righteousness to, Is 53:11, הֶחֱיָה Gn 45:7, הֵבִין give understanding to (late), הִצְלִיחַ (do.), הִרְבָּה Ho 10:1, הִשְׂגִּיא Jb 12:23, הִפְתָּח Gn 9:27 give breadth to. b. with other vbs., sporadically early (if the text be sound), but mostly late, in conseq. of Aramaic influence (in Aramaic the accus. being constantly denoted by ל), as אהב Lv 19:18, 34; 2 Ch 19:2, הרג 2 S 3:30; Jb 5:2, בוּז (mostly), בזה 2 S 6:16, sometimes also זכר to remember, עבד to serve (work or do service for), עזר (2 S 8:5, and especially late), דרשׁ (especially Chr), הִלֵּל (only Chr Ezr), רפא (prob. the dat. comm.), שִׁחֵת 1 S 23:10; Nu 32:15, נִדָּה Am 6:3, גִּדֵּל ψ 34:4, פִּתַּח 116:16, כִּבֵּד 86:9; Dn 11:38, חִזַּק 1 Ch 26:27; 29:12, בֵּרַךְ 29:20; Ne 11:2, חֵרֵף 2 Ch 32:17; see also 1 S 22:7; 2 K 8:6; Je 16:6; 40:2; Jon 4:6 ψ 69:6; 73:18; 135:11; 136:19, 20; Pr 17:26; Jb 12:23b; La 4:5; 1 Ch 16:37; 18:6 (הושׁיע, altered from 2 S 8:6: so ψ 116:6), 25:1; 29:22^(×2); 2 Ch 5:11; 6:42; 17:7; 24:5; 34:13 (usually על, Ezr 8:16; at the end of an enumeration, 1 Ch 28:1b; 2 Ch 24:12b; 26:14b; 28:23; marking the defin.obj.in appos., 1 Ch 29:18; 2 Ch 2:12; 23:1 ψ 135:11; 136:19, 20 (= earlier את, Gn 26:34; Ju 3:15; Is 7:6; 8:2); after a sf. (in Syriac fahion), 1 Ch 5:26 וַיַּגְלֵם ל׳, 23:6; 2 Ch 25:5, 10; 28:15, cf. Ne 9:32; defining anom. the sf. of a noun, Nu 29:18, 21, 24 etc. 1 Ch 7:5 הִתְיַחֲשָׂם לַכֹּל, 2 Ch 31:16, 18 Ezr 9:1; 10:14. (But in sentences of the type אֵין דּוֹרֵשׁ לְנַפְשִׁי ψ 142:5b; 72:12; Is 51:18; Je 14:16; 49:5 La 1:7, 9, 17, 21, the ל belongs prob. to אין: cf. the ‖ types אֵון לִי מַכִּיר ψ 142:5a Dt 28:31; Je 50:32; La 1:2, דֹּרֵשׁ אֵין לָהּ Je 30:17; La 4:4.) Cf. Ges^{§ 117 n}.

4. Into (εἰς), of a transition into a new state or condition, or into a new character or office:— a. Gn 2:22 וַיִּבֶן אֶת־הַצֵּלָע לְאִשָּׁה into a woman, 12:2 וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל into a great nation, and very often with this and similar verbs, as Ex 26:7; 32:10; Is 44:17, 19, שָׂם Gn 46:3; Is 5:20 make bitter into sweet etc., 28:17, נָתַן 42:6, also in such phrases as שָׂם לְשַׁמָּה to make into a desolation Is 13:9; Je 4:7 etc. 19:8; הפך ל to change into Ex 7:15; Dt 23:6 +, to cut or divide into Gn 32:8; Ju 19:29; Is 11:15 +, שָׂרַף לְ to burn into Am 2:1, Dt 9:21 דַּק לְעָפָר, פעל ψ 7:14 maketh into (or to be) flaming ones; היה ל to become, in many diff. connexions, as Gn 2:7 ויהי האדם לנפשׁ חיה became a living soul (see היה II. 2 e, p. 226 a); (לנגיד) משׁח למלך to anoint so as to be king, as king (Germ. ‘zum König’: cf. Old Engl. to, as Ju 17:13 and ‘We have Abraham to our father’), 1 S 9:15; 15:1 etc., צִוָּה לְ to appoint as 13:14; 25:30; שׁת לְ ψ 45:17; even more freely, as דִּבֶּר עָלַי לְמֶלֶךְ 1 K 14:2, cf. 2 S 3:17 1 Ch 29:23; חשׁב ל to count for (or as) Gn 38:15 + often; Ex 21:7 when a man sells his daughter לְאָמָה for, as, a female slave, Dt 6:8 to bind לְאוֹת for, as a sign, הִתְיַצֵּב לְשָׂטָן (יָצָא) so as to be an adversary Nu 22:22, 32, לְאֹרֵב (הקים) קום 1 S 22:8, 13, עמד לֵ Is 11:10; Du 11:1, יצא לַחָפְשִׁי to go forth into the state of one free Ex 21:2 (cf. v 26, 27 after שׁלח), 2 K 25:12; Is 14:2; Je 34:11, ψ 48·4; נודע לְ hath made himself known as, 87:4 הזכיר לְ to mention as, Ez 13:20; poet. Jb 39:16 הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְלֹא־לָהּ treats her young ones hardly (turning them) into none of hers: without a vb. (poet., or late prose) Mi 1:14; Na 1:7; Hb 1:11 זוֹ כֹחוֹ לֵאלֹהוֹ, Zc 4:7 La 4:3; Jb 13:12; Hg 1:9; 1 Ch 21:12; 26:29; 28:18b 2 Ch 23:4. b. this usage is also combined idiomatically, with great freq., with a 2nd לְ, of reference (5 a d), giving rise to such phrases as Gn 1:29 לָכֶם יִהְיֶה לְאָכְלָה to you it shall be for food (see היה II 2 f, p. 226 b), 45:8 וַיְשִׂימֵנִי לְאָב לְפַרְעֹה, 47:26 Dt 28:9, 25 Ju 1:33; 1 S 2:28; Is 21:4; 28:18b וִהְיִיתֶם לוֹ לְמִרְמָס, 49:5 יֹצְרִי מִבֶּטֶן לְעֶבֶד לוֹ, 63:8, 10 וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לָהֶם לְאוֹיֵב (Jb 30:21), Je 15:4, 20; 20:4; 21:9 Hb 2:7 ψ 33:12; 94:22; 132:13; 139:22; Jb 13:24 ותחשׂבני לאויב לך, 16:12 etc.

5. With reference to, viz. a. defining those in reference to whom a predicate is affirmed, hence often = belonging to, of: (a) Dt 23:3 דור עשׂירי לא יבא לו, v 4, 9 La 1:10; הכרית לְ 1 S 2:33; 1 K 14:10 +; השׁבית לְ Je 48:35; לֹא יִכָּרֵת אִישׂ לְ 1 K 2:4; 8:25 +; 1 S 25:34 אִם נוֹתַר לְ, Gn 17:10 המול לכם כל זכר, 34:15, 22; Ex 12:48; 1 S 11:2; 1 K 14:13; ישׁב על כסא לְ 2 K 10:30; 15:12 Je 13:^(×2); 22:4 ψ 132:12; cf. v 11; ראה בנים לְ Gn 50:23; ψ 128:6; אבד לְ to perish belonging to 1 S 9:3, 20; Is 26:14; מצא לְ to find belonging to Dt 22:14; 1 S 13:22; Gn 23:16 money עֹבֵר לַסֹּחֵר current to (= with) the merchant, Nu 9:10; Am 9:1; Is 33:14; Jb 12:6: note further the pron. in Ex 10:5 הַצֹּמֵחַ לכם מן השׂדה, 12:2, 5; 26:33 Lv 11:29 וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא (cf. v 4–8), 19:23; 25:30; 26:5, 26 בְּשִׂבְרִי לָכֶם מַטֵּה לֶחֶם (Ez 14:13), Nu 28:19; 32:21; 34:4 Dt 28:66; Jos 2:6 הָעֲרֻכוֹת לָהּ עַל הָגָּג, Ju 16:9; 19:14 (cf. זָרַח לְ Gn 32:32 +), 1 S 5:9; 2 S 15:30; 2 K 4:27b נַפְשָׂהּ מָרָה־לָהּ (cf. Is 15:4; Je 4:19), Is 23:7 Je 2:21; Mi 2:4 איך ימישׁ לי, Ez 16:14; 29:7 ψ 110:3; also 40:7 ears hast thou digged to (or for) me, 51:12 (cf. 1 S 10:9), Is 50:4, 5 יעיר לי אזן. (b) in such phrases as Nu 1:4 אִישׁ אִישׁ לְמַטֶּה a man for (or of) a tribe, 7:11; 31:4, Dt 1:23 Jos 3:12; 18:4 Ju 20:10 ten men לַמֵּאָה of 100, 100 of 1000 etc.; רִאשׁוֹן לְ = first of Ex 12:2; 2 S 19:21. (c) spec. of relationship, to define a man’s family or tribe, especially in genealogies, Nu 1:6 לראובן אליצור, v 7, 8 etc., v 22, 24 etc., 3:21, 27; 1 Ch 24:20, 21 etc., 26:23, 25 etc. + often; in the opp. order Ex 31:2; Lv 24:11; Nu 17:23 אהרן לבית לוי 1 K 15:27 etc., cf. 2 S 3:2, 3, 5, also 9:3 a Gn 20:18; 46:26, 27; similarly הנשׁארים לְ 2 K 10:11, 17, הַמֵּת לְ 1 K 14:11 16:4 +. (d) denoting relation (to be to or towards one in a particular regard or capacity) Ex 19:5 והייתם לי סְגֻלָּה ye shall be to me a special possession, 22:30 אנשׁי קדשׁ תהיון לי, 1 S 18:18; 2 S 19:29; 1 K 5:15; 2 K 19:15; Je 12:9; 15:8; 22:6 גלעד אתה לי, 51:20; Is 54:9; Ez 24:19 ψ 12:5 מִי אָדוֹן לָנוּ, 35:14 כְּרֵעַ כְּאָח לִי, 99:8; Jb 24:17; 30:29; Ne 6:18; with a ptcp. Nu 10:25; 25:18; 35:23; Dt 4:22; 19:4, 6 Is 11:9; 14:2 (Dr^{§ 135, 7 Obs.}); מלך לְ Nu 22:4; רַב לָכֶם it is (too) much to you, מְעַט לְ (too) little to …; in the phr. (מָה) מִי אֵלֶּה לְךָ who (what) are these to thee? = what meanest thou by these things? Gn 33:5, 8; 2 S 16:2; Ez 37:18, cf. Ex 12:26; Jos 4:6 Ez 12:22; חלילה לי away be it to (or for) me! למה לי to what purpose to me is …? Gn 27:46; Is 1:11; Je 6:20; Jb 30:2: often also in such phrases as מָגֵן לְ a shield to Gn 15:1 ψ 18:31, a strength to ψ 28:8, an abomination to Gn 43:32; Is 1:13 +, a grief to Pr 10:1; 17:21; cf. Je 15:10; Mal 2:9 ψ 89:28 etc.: note also Jon 3:3 עיר גדולה לאלהים a city great to God (i.e. in his estimation: cf. Acts 7:20 ἀστεῖος τῷ θεῷ, and לפני Gn 10:9), Est 10:3. And with כְּ Ju 17:11; 2 S 12:3 וַתְּהִי לוֹ כְּבַת, Ex 22:24 (cf. 4 b), Am 9:7 כבני כֻשִׁיים אַתֶּם לי Ho 11:4 Is 29:2; Jb 33:6 הֵן־אֲנִי לָאֵל כְּפִיךָ lo, I am to God as thou art, etc. b. denoting possession, belonging to;—(a) as predicate, in הָיָה לְ (cf. Lat. est mihi), יֵשׁ לְ, אֵין לְ constantly (see these words); also alone, as Gn 31:16, 43 לִי הוּא it is mine, 48:5 לי הם, Ex 19:5b כי לי כל הארץ, 1 K 20:3, 4 Is 43:1 לי אתה, 44:5 לי׳ אני, Ez 29:3 ψ 47:10; 50:10, 12 Jb 12:13, 16 Ct 2:16; 6:3; 1 S 1:2 ולו שׁתי נשׁים and he had two wives, 25:7, 36 Ju 3:16; 17:5; Jb 22:8; 2 S 17:18; Ho 6:10, + often; with לֹא, 1 K 22:17; Is 53:2 לא הדר לו, Je 5:10 +; with a neut. adj. (rare) Is 63:2; Je 30:10 אָנוּשׁ לְשִׁבְרֵךְ; note also such phrases as 2 K 10:19 זבח גדול לי לבעל, Is 2:12 כִּי יוֹם לי׳ על וג׳ for י׳ hath a day against, etc., 22:5; 28:2 י׳ הִנֵּה חָזָק וְאַמִּץ לי׳ hath a strong and mighty one (sc. at his disposal), 34:2 קצף לי׳ על וג׳, v 6 b, 8; Ho 4:1 כִּי רִיב לי׳ עם …, 12:3 Mi 6:2: מַה־לִּי וָלָךְ what is there to me and to thee? (i.e. what have we to do with each other?), v מָה; שׁלום לך peace be to thee! Of that which pertains to one as a right, Lv 25:31, 48; Dt 1:17 כי המשׁפט לאלהים הוא, 21:17; 1 S 17:47; Je 10:23; 32:7, 8 Ez 21:32 ψ 3:9 לי׳ הישׁועה, Jon 2:10; with an inf. 1 S 23:20 וְלָנוּ הַסְגִּירוֹ and it shall be for us (or our place) to deliver him, Mi 3:1 הלא לכם לדעת, Ezr 4:3; 2 Ch 13:5; 20:17; 26:17, cf. ψ 50:16 מַה־לְּךָ לְ. (b) here also belongs the so-called Lamed auctoris, Is 38:9 מִכְתָּב לְחִזְקִיָּהוּ a writing belonging to, of, or by H., Hb 3:1, ψ 3:1 and often מזמור לדוד a Psalm of or by D. (but possibly denoting orig., at least in some cases, a Psalm belonging to a collection known as David’s: so certainly in לבני קרח ψ 42:1 al., and prob. also in לאסף ψ 50:1 al.); so לדוד מזמור 24:1 +, לדוד alone 10:1; 14:1 +. Comp. on Ph. coins לצדנם of the Sidonians, i.e. belonging to them, לצור (= Gk. Σιδονίων, Τύρου). Heb. idiom also uses the ל of possession where we should write the simple name, as Ez 38:16 (written on a stick) ליהודה, v 17 ליוסף, in English ‘Judah,’ ‘Joseph,’ Is 8:1 למהר־שׁלל־חשׁ־בז ‘Maher-shalal-hash-baz.’ c. as periph. for the st. c.:—(a) אשׁר לְ, as Ex 29:29; 39:1, 39 Lv 7:20, 21; 16:6, 15 (see further exx. sub אשׁר 7, p. 82 f.); so שֶׁלִּי † Ct 1:6; 8:12, שֶׁלָּנוּ †2 K 6:11. (b) without אשׁר—(a) where it is desired to keep the first noun indeterm., 1 S 16:18 ראיתי בן לישׁי a son to or of Jesse, 22:20; Gn 41:12; Nu 1:4; 7:24; 1 K 2:39 שׁני עבדים לשׁמעי, 18:22; 2 K 3:11; Ru 2:1 etc.; (β) where the genit. is a compound term, to avoid a series of nouns in the st. c., Nu 1:4 ראשׁ לבית אבותיו, 7:24, 30, 36 etc.; 1:21 פקֻדיהם למטה ראובן, v 23, 25 etc., 2:9, 16 etc., Jos 21:38; 1 Ch 9:23 הַשְּׁעָרִים לְבֵית י׳, 27:3 הראשׁ לְ, 2 Ch 19:11; Ne 10:39 etc., occas. also besides, as 1 S 14:16 הצופים לשׁאול, Ex 31:7 (usually ארון העדות); (γ) where the regens is a pr. name, or a compound term, which does not readily admit of being placed in the st. c., as (יהודה) דברי הימים למלכי ישׂראל 1 K 14:19, 29 + often, 1 K 5:30 שׂרי הנצבים לְ, 2 K 11:4 שׂרי המאות לְ; ראשׁי האבות לְ Nu 36:1; Jos 19:51; 1 Ch 8:13 + often Ch Ne Ezr; in dates, as באחד לחדשׁ Gn 8:5, 14 Ex 12:3, 6, Gn 7:11 בשׁנת … לחיי נח, 16:3 Ex 19:1 בחדשׁ השׁלישׁי לצאת, בשׁנת שׁתים לאסא … 1 K 15:25, 28; 16:8 (all + often); other cases, Ex 20:5, 6 Lv 13:48 Nu 16:22 (= 27:16) 18:15; Ju 20:10; 2 K 5:9; Ez 45:19; Ru 2:3 1 Ch 4:43; 9:19, 21; 26:19; 2 Ch 22:10; 23:4; (δ) with a neg., Gn 15:13 בארץ לא לכם, Je 5:19; Pr 26:17; Hb 1:6, poet. even alone, 2:6 who increaseth לֹא לוֹ (that which is) not his, Jb 18:15 בְּלִי לוֹ, 39:16 לְלֹא לָהּ as (4) those which are not hers; (ε) poet., Is 16:2; 26:7 ארח לצדיק Je 47:3; Ho 9:6 ψ 37:16; 49:14; 55:19 (Hi De Ch), 58:5; 73:6; 105:36; 116:15 המותה לחסידיו, 123:4; Jon 2:3; Ec 5:11; cf. also מלך לְ Jos 12:13 (but v 𝔊 Di), 2 K 19:13 (cf. Aramaic Ezr 5:11): v. further Ew^{§ 292}, Ges^{§ 129}, Giesebr ^{§ 19}. d. attached to advbs., especially those compounded with מִן, it forms preps., as מִקֶּדֶם לְ Gn 3:24 lit. off the front with reference to (or of) = in front of: so מִבֵּית לְ = within, מִחוּץ לְ = without, מִמַּעַל לְ, מֵעַל לְ, מֵעֵבֶר לְ, מֵהָֽלְאָה לְ, מִצְּפוֹן לְ, סָבִיב לְ (all often); more rarely, מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ, מִבַּעַד לְ, מִבֵּינוֹת לְ, אֶל בֵּינוֹת לִ, מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה לְ Ex 38:15, חֵנָּה לְ Dn 12:5^(×2), מִזְרָח לְ, מִימִין לְ, מִנֶּגֶד לְ, מִסָּבִיב לְ, תַּחַת לְ, poet. נֶגְדָּה־נָּא לְ †ψ 116:14, 18. See בית, חוץ, etc.; and cf. Ju 7:1, 8. e. construed with passive verbs, the ל of reference notifies the agent, as בָּרוּךְ לְ blessed by, Gn 14:17 + often; otherwise not very common, Gn 31:15 נֶחְשַׁב לְ to be reckoned by (so Is 40:17), Ex 12:16 אַךְ אֲשֶׁר יֵאָכֵל לְכָל־נֶפֶשׁ הוּא לְבַדּוֹ, יֵעָשֶׂה לָכם, 1 S 2:3; 25:7; 2 S 19:43; Je 8:3 נִבְחַר לְ (Pr 21:3), 29:22 ψ 73:10; 111:2; Pr 13:13 יֵחָבֶל־לוֹ is pledged by it, 14:20; Ne 6:1, 7 נִשְׁמַע לְ, 13:26 אָהוּב לְ, Est 4:3; 5:12 Ec 5:12 שָׁמוּר לְ. So with נִרְאָה Ex 13:7 (= Dt 16:4), נוֹדַע 1 S 6:3; Ez 36:32; Ne 4:9 (but usually with these words לְ is rather the dat. comm. be known, appear, to), נעתר Gn 25:21 +, נדרשׁ and נמצא Is 65:1 + to let oneself be entreated, sought, found, by, נוֹסַר † Lv 26:23, נענה † Ez 14:4, 7 (?). (Comp. in Syriac Nö§ ²⁴⁷, especially with pass. ptcp.^{§ 279} (so Talm., Luz ^{§ 90}), which in Mand. and New Syriac even unites with the ל to form a new tense, v. Nö^{M § 263; NS § 104}.) Analogously Gn 38:15 וַתַּהַר לוֹ and was pregnant by, v 18 הָרָה לְ (adj.) pregnant by (lit. to). f. regarding, in respect of, viz. (a) with verbs of speaking, commanding, hearing, etc.; concerning, about (syn. עַל, which is more usually); so with אָמַר Gn 20:13; Dt 33:12, 13 + Ju 9:54; Is 41:7 ψ 3:3; 41:6 +, דִּבֶּר Ez 44:5, סִפֵּר ψ 22:31, דרשׁ Dt 12:30; 2 S 11:3, חָלַם Gn 42:9, הִטִּיף Mi 2:6, צִוָּה Nu 8:20 ψ 91:11 +, שָׁמַע Gn 17:20, and often in the adjunct לאשׁר …, לכל אשׁר … Gn 27:8; Jos 1:18; 22:2 +; שׁאל Gn 26:7 +, especially in phr. שׁאל לפ׳ לְשָׁלוֹם to ask about any one with ref. to (his) welfare; in the phr. לַדָּבָר הַגֶּה in regard to this thing (idiom.), Gn 19:21; 1 S 30:24 +, Ju 21:5, 7 לנשׁים, 1 K 20:7; without a vb., Lv 7:37; 14:54; Dt 33:7, and in titles Je 23:9; 46:2; 48:1; 49:1, 7, 23, 28. (b) limiting the application of a term, especially with כְּ to denote the tertium comparationis, as Gn 41:19 לֹא רָאִיתִי כָהֵנָּה … לָרֹעַ as regards, in respect of (in our idiom, simply in or for) badness, Ex 24:10 כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹהַר in brightness, Dt 34:11, 12 Ez 3:3 (read לְמֹתֶק) Pr 25:3; 1 Ch 24:4; with an inf., Gn 3:22 היה כאחד ממנו לדעת in respect of knowing, etc., 34:15 Is 21:1 כַּסּוּפוֹת לַחֲלוֹף as whirlwinds in respect of sweeping through, Jos 10:14; 2 S 14:17, 25; Ez 38:9, 16; Pr 26:2 כצפור לָנוּד כדרור לָעוּף, 1 Ch 12:9 כצבאים לְמַהֵר; with לָרֹב in multitude, Dt 1:10 ככוכבי השׁמים לרב Ju 7:12^(×2) + often; less freq. in comparisons with מִן, 1 K 10:23 וַיִּגְדַּל … מִכֹּל … לְעשֶׁר וּלְחָכְמָה, Ct 1:2; Jb 30:1 צעירים ממני לימים (cf. the accus. 15:10), 32:4, 6, cf. 11:6 כִּפְלַיִם לְתוּשִׁיָּה; rarely after substs., 2 Ch 16:8; 21:3, 3:8 לְכִכָּרִים, v 9, 11 Ezr 8:26 (where the earlier language would use appos., or the accus. of specification, Dr^{§ 194}). (c) somewhat differently, Lv 5:4b and be guilty לְאַחַת מֵאֵלָּה as regards one of these things, v 5 22:5b Nu 18:7 (cf. 1 Ch 26:32; 27:1 2 Ch 19:11^(×2)) Je 2:37 (peculiar) thou shalt not prosper להם as regards them, Ez 44:14, cf. Jb 9:19; after substs. Gn 47:26 לַחֹמֶשׁ (but cf. 𝔊 Di) with ref. to the fifth, Lv 7:26; 11:46b Nu 19:11; 29:39; 30:13; Dt 19:15; 23:19; Ezr 8:34; 1 Ch 27:1; (לכל ח׳), 2 Ch 8:15 Ne 11:24. (d) לְכֹל … (לְכָל־), at the close of a description or enumeration, with a generalizing force, as regards all … = namely, in brief (Ew^{§ 310 a}), chiefly in P and Chr (prob. a juristic usage): Gn 9:10b all that go out of the ark לְכֹל חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ as regards (= namely, even) all beasts of the earth, 23:10b; Ex 14:28 (cf. v 9 וְ), 27:3, 19; 28:38; 36:1b; Lv 5:3, 4 (cf. 13:51) 11:42; 16:16, 21; 22:18 Nu 3:26b (v 31, 36 וְ), 4:27, 31, 32; 5:9; 18:4, 8, 9, 11 (all P), 2 K 12:6; Je 19:13; Ez 44:9; 1 Ch 13:1; 2 Ch 5:12 (לְכֻלָּם), 25:5; 31:16; 33:8b (‖ 2 K 21:8 ולכל) Ezr 1:5. (e) introducing a new subj. (rare, and text sometimes dub.; chiefly Chr), as regards …, Is 32:1 ולשׂרים (read prob. וְשָׂרִים; ל by error from foll. למשׁפט), Lv 11:26; 1 Ch 3:2 (read prob. אבשׁלום), 5:2 (? v Ke), 7:1 (Ke ובני), v 5 a (?), 24:1; 26:1, 23, 25, 26, 31 a β 2 Ch 5:12; 7:21 לְכָל־עֹבֵר עליו ישׁרק (‖ 1 K 9:8 כָּל־עֹבֵר), cf. Dt 24:5 (peculiar); Ec 9:4 כִּי לְכֶלֶב חַי הוא טוב וג׳; cf. ψ 17:4 (on 16:3 v. Comm.) In Chr sometimes used peculiarly as a periphr., 1 Ch 28, 21 לכל נדיב as regards every liberal man = every liberal man (cf. Ke), 29:5 a. 6 b; cf. Ezr 6:7 (Aramaic), 7:28. g. in connexion with terms designating a cause or occasion, with reference to or in view of (Germ. auf … hin) becomes nearly equivalent to on account of, through (not common): so to cut oneself לָנֶפֶשׁ Lv 19:28 on account of a (dead) person, Dt 14:1; Je 16:6; b, Lv 11:24 לְאֵלֶּה תִּטַּמָּ֑אוּ on account of these ye shall become unclean, 21:1, 2, 3 +, Ez 20:31 נִטְמָא לְ, Nu 5:2 כָּל־טָמֵא לָנֶפֶשׁ Nu 9:6, 7, 10, cf. 2 Ch 23:19; לְשֵׁם י׳ in view of (i.e. determined by), because of י׳’s name, Jos 9:9; Je 3:17; Is 55:5 (‖ לְמַעַן), Ez 36:22 (do.); Gn 4:23b I have slain a man לְפִצְעִי because of my wound, v 23b Ex 4:26 לַמּוּלוֹת, Nu 35:33 לַדָּם; לָכֵן = therefore (syn. עַל כֵּן), constantly (v. כֵּן); Job 30:24 (si vera l.) לָחֶן: of the cause of an emotion, Is 15:5 לְבִּי לְמוֹאָב יִזְעַק because of Moab, 16:7, 11; Je 31:20 הָמוּ מֵעַי לוֹ (עַל Ct 5:4), Ho 10:5, לְזֹאת Jb 37:1. Cf. Nu 16:34 נסו לקולם fled at the sound of them, Ez 27:28; Hb 3:16 ψ 42:8. h. marking the aim, object, or consequence of an action or thing, in view of, for, unto: (a) Gn 1:16 לממשׁלת היום for the rule of the day, 22:7 where is the sheep לְעוֹלָה? 42:25 provision לַדָּ֑רֶךְ for the way; Ex 20:7 לַשָּׁוְא i.e. for a vain or frivolous purpose, similarly לָרִיק and לַשֶּׁקֶר; Lv 1:3 + לִרְצֹנוֹ for his acceptance; Nu 21:23 and often יצא למלחמה for battle; יָשַׁב לְ to sit (wait) for, Ex 24:14; Hos 3:3; Je 3:2; 1 S 8:16 to use לִמְלַאכְתּוֹ for his business; 2 S 15:2 + בָּא לַמִּשְׁפָּט for judgment; ψ 69:22 לִצְמָאִי for (i.e. to quench) my thirst, Ne 9:15; Ex 29:36 + לַיּוֹם for each day; Is 4:3 כָּל־כָּתוב לַחַיִּים for life; Ho 9:4 לַחְמָם לְנַפְשָׁם; לרעה and לטובה Je 21:10 +; Is 58:4 ψ 63:10 לְשׁוֹאָה יבקשׁו נפשׁי: in the sense of to secure, compass, Gn 41:55 cried to Ph. לַלָּ֑חֶם for bread, 1 S 2:36 Am 8:11 Jb 15:23 Is 10:3; so in לִמַעַן for the purpose of; and with an inf. often (v. 7 a). (b) corresponding to the Lat. dat. commodi, (a) with vbs., Gn 2:18 אעשׂה לו I will make for him, etc., v 20 3:21, etc., absol. עָשָׂה לְ 1 S 14:6; Is 64:3, פָּעַל לְ ψ 68:29; מָצָא לְ Gn 8:9; לָקַח לְ 24:3, 4 + often; סָפַד לְ, נוּד Je 16:5, 6, בָּכָה לְ 22:10, etc.; Ju 16:25 וִישַׂחֶק־לָנוּ to sport for us (for our pleasure); Ho 2:25 Mi 5:1, etc.; with a pron. of the same pers. as the vb., as 1 K 20:34 תשׂים לך, 2 K 6:7; 10:24, Zc 9:13, leading on to h a, below; often with prons. and imv., Nu 11:16 אֶסְפָה־לִּי gather me 70 men, 22:6 אָרָה־לִּי curse me this people, 23:1 בְּנֵה לִי, 1 K 1:28 קראו לי לבת־שׁבע call me B., 3:24; 13:13; 17:10 Ct 2:15 אֶחֱזוּ לָנוּ catch us the foxes, Is 49:20 גְּשָׁה־לִּי retire for me, that I may dwell, 2 S 18:5 לְאַט לִי לַנַּעַר (act) gently (5 i b) for my sake towards the young man, 2 K 4:24 אַל־תַּעֲצָר־לִי לִרְכֹּב AV slacken me not the riding; (β) with substs., e.g. in such phrases as פסח הוא לי׳, Ex 12:11 a passover is it unto י׳, 13:6 חַג לי׳, 16:25 שַׁבָּת לי׳, Is 23:18 + קֹדֶשׁ לי׳, Lv 1:9 and often אִשֵּׁה רֵיחַ נִיחוֹחַ לי׳, 1 S 1:3 כהנים לי׳, etc.; (γ) also as a dat. incommodi, as to lie in wait, lay snares, dig a pit, etc., for any one, Ju 9:25; 16:2 ψ 35:7; 57:7 etc.; with vbs. of withholding or removing (rare), Ju 17:2 לֻקַּח לָךְ 1 S 21:6 (cf. ܒܨܪܠ) ψ 40:11; 84:12; Jb 12:20; note also the phr. לָכַד הַמַּיִם (הַמַּעְבָּרוֹת) לְ Ju 3:28 (RV), 7:24; 12:5: זכר ל, in both senses, to remember for (in one’s favour) Je 2:2 +, against ψ 137:7 +, cf. גער לְ Mal 3:11 and 2:3. (c) more distinctly on behalf of, as with קִנֵּא to be jealous for, Nu 11:29 +, נִלְחַם Dt 3:22 +, שָׁמַר 7:12 +, רָב לְ to contend for Ju 6:31, יָרֵא Jos 9:24, הִתְפַּלֵּל 1 S 2:25 +, דִּבֶּר to speak for one 2 K 4:13, Jb 13:7 הַלְאֵל תְּדַבְּרוּ עַוְלָה will ye speak wickedness on God’s behalf? שָׁאַל to ask 1 S 22:13 +, עָבַר to pass over for (= to pardon) Am 7:8; Dt 30:12 מי יעלה לנו, v 13 Ju 1:1; 20:18; Is 6:8 מִי יֵלֶךְ־לָנוּ; see also Ex 2:19; 4:16a Nu 35:31 Dt 23:6 Jos 18:6 Ju 5:13; 7:4, 20 2 S 15:34b Is 33:21; Pr 16:26; 31:8, etc.; ψ 94:16 מִי יָקוּם לִי עִם מְרֵעִים; היה ל׳ to be on one’s side, Hos 1:9 ואנכי לא אהיה לכם, ψ 124:1, 2, and without היה Gn 31:42; Ex 32:33, מִי ל׳ אֵלַי who is on י׳’s side? (let him come) to me! Jos 5:13b; 2 S 20:11; 2 K 10:6 אִם לִי אַתֶּם (syn. אִתִּי 9:32), ψ 56:10 זה ידעתי כי י׳ לי, 118:6, 7 י׳ לִי. i. used reflexively (the ‘ethical’ dative, or dative of feeling), throwing the action back upon the subj., and expressing with some pathos the interest, or satisfaction, or completeness, with which it is (or is to be) accomplished, especially (but not exclusively) with imv. and 1 pers. impf. (often not expressible in Engl., sometimes to be expressed by a paraphr.);—(a) with trans. verbs (a choice idiom, a development of g b a, common, especially with imv., in best prose), עֲשֵׂה לְךָ Gn 6:14 Nu 21:8 + often, עֲשִׂיתֶם לָכֶם Dt 4:16, 23; 9:16 Am 5:26, וַיַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם Gn 3:7; Ex 32:31; Ho 13:2, Je 11:17 the evil which עשׂו להם they have loved to do (cf. Hi), Gn 11:4; Ju 3:16; 2 S 15:1, etc.; קַח־לְךָ, קְחוּ לָכֶם Gn 6:21 + often, ויקח לו Gn 15:10, etc.; בָּזַז לוֹ Dt 2:35; 20:14 +; תְּנוּ לָכֶם Ex 7:9; Jos 20:2; הָבוּ לָכֶם Dt 1:13 (cf. Dr) +, שִׂימוּ לָכֶם Ju 19:30, cf. 2 K 10:24; Ho 2:2; בָּחַר לוֹ, בַּחֲרוּ לָכֶם, etc. Gn 13:11 2 S 17:1 𝔊 (v. Dr) + often; קְנֵה לְךָ Je 32:7 +, דַּע לְךָ Jb 5:27, cf. Ct 1:8; Dt 10:1, 1; 16:9, 13, 18; 19:2, 3, 9, Jos 22:23 לִבְנוֹת לָנוּ, 1 S 20:20 לְשַׁלַּח לִי לְמַטָּרָה, 2 K 4:3 שַׁאֲלִי לָךְ (cf. Is 7:11), 18:23 Is 44:7 יַגִּידוּ לָמוֹ, 59:8 עִקְּשׁוּ לָהֶם, Je 2:13; 22:14 אֶבְנֶה־לִּי, 31:21; 46:14; Ho 10:1 פְּרִי יְשַׁוֶּה־לּוֹ maketh fruit freely, v 11, 12^(×2) Am 6:5, 13 ψ 44:11 שָׁסוּ לָמוֹ = plunder at their will, 64:6; 83:13 Pr 1:22 Ec 8:12 מַאֲרִיךְ לוֹ (denoting satisfaction), Jb 7:3 הָנְחַלְתִּי לִי, 12:11 יִטְעַם לוֹ, 13:1 וַתָּכֶן־לָהּ, 24:16, etc.: rarely separated from the vb., Ho 12:9; Pr 23:20; Jb 3:14. (b) with verbs of motion, Gn 12:1; 22:2; לֶךְ־לְךָ get thee away, 27:43; בְרַח לְךָ Am 7:12, Nu 22:34 אשׁובה לי lit. I will return for myself, Dt 1:7 (cf. Dr) סְעוּ לָכֶם, v 40 2:13 עברו לכם, 5:27 שׁובו לכם, 1 S 22:5; 26:11 וְנֵֽלְכָה לָנוּ, v 12 וַיֵּלְֽכוּ לֶהֶם, 2 S 2:21 נְטֵה לְךָ, v 22 1 K 17:3 Is 31:8 נָס לוֹ, 40:9 עֲלִי לָךְ, Je 5:5 אֵֽלְכָה לִי, Hos 8:9 a wild ass בֹּדֵד לוֹ going alone at its pleasure, Mi 1:11 ψ 58:8 כמים יתהלכו למו that run apace, Pr 20:14 אֹזֵל לוֹ = goeth his way, Jb 39:4 Ct 1:8b; 2:10, 11, 13; 4:6. (c) with neuter verbs, especially those signifying a state of mind or feeling (chiefly poet.), ψ 66:7 אל ירומו למו, 80:7 ילעגו למו mock as they please, 120:6 רַבַּת שָֽׁכְנָה לָהּ נַפְשִׁי has had her dwelling with, etc., 122:3 שֶׁחֻבְּרָה לָהּ is well compacted, 123:4 שָֽׂבְעָה לָהּ is but too full, Is 2:22 חִדְלוּ לָכֶם, 2 Ch 25:16; 35:21 Je 7:4 אַל־תִּבְטְחוּ לָכֶם, v 8 2 K 18:21, Ez 37:11 נִגְזַרְנוּ לָנוּ we are quite cut off, Jb 6:19 קִוּוּ לָמוֹ (implying that they fed themselves on hope), 15:28 יֵשְֽׁבוּ לָמוֹ which should not sit (be inhabited), 19:29 גּוּרוּ לָכֶם, Ct 2:17; 8:14 דְּמֵה לְךָ, and the freq. הִשָּׁמֶר־לְךָ take heed to thyself Gn 24:6 +; with an adj., Am 2:13 הַמְּלֵאָה לָהּ עָמִיר. (Cf. Ew^{§ 315a}. Very common in Syriac, especially b: Nö^{§ 224}.) j. of reference to a norm or standard, according to, after, by:—(a) Gn 1:11 + often P לְמִינוֹ according to its kinds, 8:19 + לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתֵיהֶם according to their families, 10:5 אִישׁ לִלְשֹׁנוֹ, v 31, 32, Ex 30:12 + לִפְקֻדֵיהֶם according to them that are numbered of them, Nu 1:2 לְבֵית אֲבוֹתָם by their fathers’ houses, v 2 לִגֻלְגְּלֹתָם, v 3 לְצִבְאֹתָם, v 20 + often, especially in enumerations and classifications; Gn 13:3 Abram went לְמַסָּעָיו by his journeyings (stages), so לְמַסְעֵיהֶם Ex 17:1 +; Gn 13:17 go through the land לְאָרְכָּהּ וּלְרָחְבָּהּ according to (i.e. to the full extent of) its length and breadth (cf. Hb 1:6); 41:47 לִקְמָצִים by handfuls, Nu 24: 24:2 + לִשְׁבָטָיו by its tribes, 1 S 29:2 עברים למאות ולאלפים by hundreds and thousands, 2 S 18:4, לְעָרֶיהָ Nu 32:33 Jos 18:9; Ju 19:19 לַעֲצָמֶיהָ according to her bones (i.e. limb by limb), Ez 24:6 לִנְתָחֶיהָ piece by piece; ψ 140:12 to hunt לְמַדְחֵפוֹת thrust-wise, with thrust upon thrust, Is 27:12 לְאַחַד אֶחָד (Ges Ew) by one, one (i.e. one by one); hence, especially with plurals, it acquires sometimes a distributive force, as לַבְקָרִים Is 33:2 by mornings = every morning (cf. 6), so לַבְּקָרִים ψ 73:14; 101:8 +, לִרְגָעִים Is 27:3 + every moment, לֶחֳדָשִׁים Is 47:13 every month, Ez 47:12 1 K 10:22 אַחַת לְשָׁלוֹשׁ שָׁנִים once every three years, Am 4:4 לשׁלשׁת ימים every three days (but v. We), 1 Ch 9:25; in Chr לשׁער ושׁער, לעיר ועיר, 2 Ch 8:14; 19:5, 26:11. (b) denoting the principle, with regard to which an act is done, לְמִסְפַּר according to the number of … Dt 32:8 Ju 21:23 +, Is 11:3 to judge לְמַרְאֵה עֵינָיו, לְמִשְׁמע אָזְנָיו according to that which his eyes see, his ears hear (cf. Lv 13:12 Jb 42:5), 28:26, 32:1 a king will reign לְצֶדֶק according to justice (‖ לְמשׁפט), 42:3 לֶאֱמֶת = faithfully, Je 9:2 לֶאֱמוּנָה = honestly, 15:15; 30:11 (= 46:28) וְיִסַּרְתִּיךָ לַמִּשְׁפָּט (synon. 10:24 בְּמשׁפט), Ho 10:12 (‖ לְפִי) Jo 2:23 לִצְדָקָה; Gn 38:24 pregnant לִזְנוּנִים = unchastely, Nu 15:24 לשׁגגה by error (elsewhere בשׁגגה), 2 Ch 30:3; 35:8, Ct 7:10 flowing down למישׁרים straightly (Pr 23:31 ב׳), לָרֹב Jb 26:3 2 Ch 14:14, poet. לְמַכְבּיר Jb 36:31 in abundance, לְאַט = gently 2 S 18:5 +; Ex 16:3 ψ 78:25 לָשׂבַע according to satiety; לְרֶגֶל according to the foot (pace) of Gn 33:14 + (v רֶגֶל); 1 S 23:20 לְכָל־אַוַּת נַפְשְׁךָ (Dt 12:15 al. בְּ׳), 2 S 15:11 לְתֻמָּם according to their simplicity, i.e. unsuspectingly (so 1 K 22:34), 1 K 9:11 לְכָל־חֶפְצוֹ, Is 54:16 Ez 22:6 לִזְרֹעוֹ, Jb 12:5 ψ 119:91, 154 לְאִמְרַֽתְךָ (‖ כְּ׳ v 58, 116, 170), Ec 1:10 long ago לְעולמים according to (measured by) the ages etc. (v Hi): so also in the phr. לְפִי חֶרֶב according to a sword’s mouth, i.e. as the sword would devour, without quarter, Jos 6:21 + often לְפִי … itself also, in various fig. applications, has the force of according to, Gn 47:12, etc. (v. פֶּה); and in לְאֵל יָדְֽךָ (אֵין) יֵשׁ it is (not) according to the power of thy hand (v. p. 43). Similarly Dt 11:11 לִמְטַר הַשָּׁמַיִם after the manner of the rain of heaven, i.e. as the rain permits (opp. to the artificial irrigation of v 10), Ju 21:12 + לְמִשְׁכַּב זָכָר, Ez 12:12 לַעַיִן i.e. as the eye sees it. k. designating a condition or state: לָבֶטַח in a state of confidence = confidently, Lv 25:18 + often; לְבָדָד, לְבַד, in a state of separation (= apart), so לְבַדּוֹ (v. pp. 94, 95); לְשָׁלוֹם Gn 44:17 +, לְפֶתַע suddenly †Is 29:5; 30:13; לִבְלִי in a condition of no … = without, Is 5:14 + (v. בלי), so לְאֵין … (late, v. p. 35), לְלֹא †2 Ch 15:3; further Is 1:5 לָחֳלִי in a state of sickness, 50:11 לְמַעֲצֵבָה, ψ 45:15 לִרְקָמוֹת, Ezr 2:63 = Ne 7:65 a priest לאורים ולתמים having relation to (i.e. with) U. and Th., 2 Ch 20:21 לְהַדְרַת קֹדֶשׁ = in holy adornment (cf. בְּ׳ ψ 29:2; 96:9). And of a concomitant circumstance (Germ. bei), in presence of, at, Jb 29:3 לְאוֹרוֹ, Hb 3:11, לקול … Jb 21:2 Ezr 3:13.

6. Of time: a. towards, against, sometimes with collat. idea of in view of, much rarer than בְּ, but expressing concurrence (at) rather than duration (in): Gn 3:8 לְרוּחַ הַיּום at the breeze of the day, לְעֵת in various connexions, as לְעֵת עֶרֶב Gn 8:11 + (v. עֵת); לְעִתִּים מְזֻמָּנִים †Ezr 10:14 Ne 10:35; בַּצָּרָה לְעִתּוֹת† ψ 9:10; 10:1; לְיוֹם … at, on the day of, ψ 81:4 Pr 7:20 Jb 21:30 +, מה תעשׂו לְיוֹם … Is 10:3 Ho 9:5 (cf. Je 5:31); לַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר … †Ez 22:14; לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר … †Mal 3:17; לתשׁובת השׁנה 2 S 11:1 +; לתקופת הימים †1 S 1:20, לתקופת השׁנה †2 Ch 24:23 (Ex 34:22 without לְ), (יָמִים) לְקֵץ שָׁנִים (late) 2 Ch 18:2 Ne 13:6 Dn 11:6, 13 (in early Heb. מִקֵּץ יָמִים); לשׁנת … †2 Ch 15:10; לַבֹּקֶר ψ 30:6; 49:15 + (Ex 34:2 after הֱיֵה נָכוֹן = against for; cf. 19:11 Pr 21:31); (לַבְּקָרִים Is 33:2, v. 5 i); לערב Gn 49:27 (‖ בבקר) +; לְמָחָר †Ex 8:6 (in answer to v 5 לְמָתַי), v 19 Est 5:12 (Nu 11:18 Jos 7:13 after הִתְקַדְּשׁוּ = against), לַמָּחֳרָת Jon 4:7 (cf. 1 Ch 29:21); לָאוֹר Jb 24:14; לַמּוֹעֵד, לְמוֹעֵד …, Gn 17:21 Ex 23:15 +; לְפָנִים and לִפְנֵי before (often); לְאָחוֹר hereafter, †Is 41:23; 42:23; ψ 32:6b; with inf. (rare), in the phr. (עֶרֶב) לִפְנוֹת (הַ)בֹּקֶר Gn 24:63 +, 2 S 18:29 Is 7:15 לְדַעְתּוֹ when he knoweth. b. to denote the close of a period (rare), Gn 7:4 לימים עוד שׁבעה, v 10 Ex 19:15 2 S 13:23 Am 4:4 לשׁלשׁת ימים (We); Ezr 10:8, 9 Ne 6:15 Dn 12:7 (cf. עַד 7:25) 2 Ch 21:19 (so Syriac v. PS ܠ 5). c. towards, to, Ex 34:25 לא ילין לַבֹּקֶר (usually עַד, as 23:18), Dt 16:4 1 S 13:8 (after נוֹחַל), Am 4:7 בעוד שׁלשׁה חדשׁים לַקָּצִיר to the harvest; often in the expressions לְעוֹלָם, לָנֶצַח, לְדוֹר וַדוֹר, לְדֹר דֹּר; rather differently in מִיּוֹם לָיוֹם ψ 96:2 (‖ 1 Ch 16:23 אל), Est 3:7 (i.e. passing from day to day), cf. 2 S 14:26 (Gie ^{30 f.}). d. for, during, Is 63:18 לַמִּצְעָר (si vera l.), 2 Ch 11:17 לשׁנים שׁלושׁ, 29:17.

7. With an inf. (Ges^{§ 114, 2}), ל denotes a. most commonly the end or purpose of an action (= the Lat. gerund with ad, e.g. ad faciendum, to do): Gn 1:17 and he placed them in the firmament לְהָאִיר וְלִמְשֹׁל … וּלְהַבְדִּיל to give light …, and to rule …, and to divide, etc., 2:15 set him in the garden לְעָבְדָהּ וּלְשָׁמְרָהּ to till it, and to keep it, v 19 brought them to Adam לִרְאוֹת to see, etc., + very often; Gn 19:20 קְרֹבָה לָנוּס שָׁ֫מָּה near for fleeing thither, Ec 3:2 עֵת לָלֶדֶת a time for bringing forth. The neg. is expressed by לְבִלְתִּי, q.v. b. with reference to, limiting or qualifying the idea expressed by the principal vb., and so resolvable sometimes into so as to, to, sometimes into in respect of, in:—(a) so as to, to, Dt 8:6 and keep the commands of לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וּלְיִרְאָה אֹתוֹ י׳ to walk in his ways, and to fear him, 10:15; 11:22; 19:9 1 K 2:3, 4; 11:2 1 S 20:20, 36 Jo 2:26 אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה עִמָּכֶם לְהַפְלִיא so as to do wondrously, Ez 5:6; Ju 5:18 עַם חֵרֵף נַפְשׁוֹ לָמוּת so as to die, for dying [not ‘unto death’], 16:16 2 K 20:1 חָלָה לָמוּת; Gn 2:3 לַעֲשׂוֹת so as to make (or in making) which, he created; and in the very freq. לֵאמֹר, introducing the words spoken, so as to say = saying (Germ. indem er sagte), Gn 1:22, etc. (b) in respect of, in (cf. 5 e (b)) Gn 34:7 1 S 12:17 your evil is great that ye have done לִשְׁאוֹל לכם מלך in asking for yourselves a king, v 29 14:33 the people sin against J. לאכל על־הדם in eating with the blood, 19:5 2 S 19:7 2 K 4:24 Je 44:18 ψ 36:3; 63:3; 78:18; 101:8; 103:20 Ne 13:18. And with the tert. compar., above, 5 e (b). Especially with verbs expressing what with us would be denoted by an adv. adjunct, but in Heb. idiom forms the principal idea, as 1 S 1:12 הִרְבְּתָה לְהִתְפַּלֵּל lit. did much in respect of praying (= prayed long or much), Is 55:7 בִּי יַרְבֶּה לִסְלוֹחַ +; 2 K 2:10 הִקְשִׁיתָ לִשְׁאוֹל thou hast done hardly in respect of asking (= asked a hard thing), 1 K 14:9 הֵרַע לַעֲשׂוֹת; so with הקריב Gn 12:11, מִהַר 27:20, הרחיק Ex 8:24 הֶעְפִּיל Nu 14:44, הֵהִין Dt 1:41, בֹּשֵׁשׁ Ju 5:28, הפליא 13:19 2 Ch 26:15 (with pass. vb.), שׁוּב 1 K 13:17 Ezr 9:14, היטיב Je 1:12 + (without לְ 1 S 16:17), העמיק Is 29:15 +, קֵרֵב Ez 36:9, הגדיל Jo 2:2 +, קִדַּמְתִּי לִבְרֹחַ Jon 4:2, הגביהּ ψ 113:5, השׁפיל v 6; Gn 31:27 נַחְבֵּאתָ לִבְרֹחַ hast hidden thyself in regard to fleeing = hast fled secretly, 2 S 19:4 וַיִּתְגַּנֵּב לָבוֹא = come in stealthily. (c) by an extension of (b), the inf. with לְ so forms the complement of a verb that, if the verb be trans., it becomes virtually its object: so very often with such verbs as הוסיף to add Gn 4:2, 12, הֵחֵל to begin 6:1, חדל 11:8, יכל 13:6, מִהָר 18:7, נתן to permit 20:6, אבה 24:5, בקשׁ Ex 2:15, מֵאֵן 7:14, למד Dt 14:23, חפץ 25:8, ידע 1 K 5:20 (these all occur also without לְ); הואיל to undertake, consent, Gn 18:27, 31, בִּלָּה to finish, תָּמַם Dt 2:16 (to come to an end in respect of), קִוָּה Is 5:2; also צִוָּה Gn 50:2, אָמַר Ex 2:14, דִּמָּה Nu 33:56, חשׁב 1 S 18:26, יעץ ψ 62:5, לִמֵּד Je 12:16, אָהֵב Ho 12:8: Dt 10:12 what doth י׳ ask of thee כי אם ליראה except to fear etc.? (cf. Mi 6:8 after דרשׁ without ל). (d) as the subj. of a sentence (rare): Is 10:7 להשׁמיד בלבבו, 1 Ch 29:12; with טוב 1 S 15:22 ψ 118:8, 9 Ec 7:2, 5 Pr 21:9 (usually without לְ, as v 19; 25:24 Ex 14:12); cf. Ex 8:22 לא נכין לעשׁות כן; 2 S 18:11 וְעָלַי לָתֵת, Ne 13:13 Ezr 10:12; Mi 3:1 הלא לכם לדעת, Ezr 4:3 2 Ch 13:5; 20:17; 26:18. (e) with יֵשׁ, אֵין (late), and (more rarely) לֹא, in sense of it is (not) possible to …, or (sometimes) there is no need to …: see יֵשׁ 2 c c (p. 442); אַיִן 5 (p. 34 b), adding Hag 1:6 Est 8:8 2 Ch 22:9; לֹא 1 a b (p. 518): and cf. Dr^{§ 202} Ges^{§ 114 l} Dav ^{§ 94 b, 95 b}. (f) with הָיָה, to express the idea of destination, as Nu 24:22 יהיה לְבָעֵר וקין shall be for consuming, Dt 31:17 Is 5:5; 6:13; 37:26 Ez 30:16 ψ 109:13 +. Cf. מֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת what is (was) to be done? Is 5:4 K 4:13 2 Ch 25:9 +(Dr^{§ 203}). (g) expressing (according to the context) tendency, intention, or obligation (the ‘periphrastic’ future):—Ho 9:13 וְאֶפְרַיִם לְהוֹצִיא אֶל הוֹרֵג בָּנָיו is for bringing forth (= must bring forth), Is 10:32 עוד היום בנֹב לעמד is he for tarrying (must he tarry), 38:20 י׳ להושׁיעני, י׳ is (ready) to save me, 44:14 (si vera l.), Jer 51:49 Hb 1:17 ψ 32:9; 49:15 צוּרָם לְבַלּוֹת שְׁאוֹל = must Sheol waste away, 62:10 בְּמֹאזְנַיִם לַעֲלוֹת, Pr 18:24; 19:8 שׁומר תבונה למצא טוב will be finding prosperity, 20:25 Jb 30:6 1 Ch 22:5 (לִבְנוֹת), Ec 3:15: of past time, Gn 15:12 ויהי השׁמשׁ לבוא was about to go down, Jos 2:5 1 S 14:21b (text. dub.: Dr^{§ 206 Obs.}), 2 Ch 26:5 (strangely) ויהי לדרשׁ אלהים RV set himself to seek; usually without היה, 2 S 4:10 אֲשֶׁר לְתִתִּי לוֹ to whom it was for my giving (I ought to have given), 2 K 13:19 לְהַכּוֹת percutiendum erat, 1 Ch 9:25, and more freely 2 Ch 11:22 כי להמליכו for (he was) for making him king, 12:12 ולא להשׁחית and was no longer for destroying him, 36:19(?): in a question, Gn 30:15 וְלָקַחַת and art thou for taking? Est 7:8 2 Ch 19:2 הֲלָרָשָׁע לַעְזֹר wilt thou help the wicked? Cf. Dr^{§ 204}, Ges^{§ 114 h-k}, Dav ^{§ 94}. (h) with וְ, in contin. (mostly) of a finite vb. or ptcp., Ex 32:29 מַלְאוּ יֶדְכֶם … וְלָתֵת and be for placing etc. Lv 10:10f. (?), 1 S 8:12 יִקַּח … וְלָשׂוּם, Je 19:12 אעשׂה … וְלָתֵת, 44:14 Ho 12:3 ψ 25:14; 109:16 Jb 34:8 Ec 7:25; 9:1 (si vera l.), Dn 12:11 Neh 8:13 1 Ch 10:13 2 Ch 2:8; 7:17; 8:13; 30:9, Ez 13:22; Am 8:4 הַשֹּׁאֲפִים אֶבְיוֹן וְלַשְׁבִּית וג׳ and (that are) for making the poor to cease, Is 44:28 הָאוֹמֵר … וְלֵאמֹר, 56:6 ψ 104:21 Je 17:10; 44:19 1 Ch 6:34 (cf. Dr^{§ 206} Dav ^{§ 96 R. 4}).—On לְמִן, v. מִן.

Note. —1 K 6:19 לְתִתֵּן שָׁם, the supposition that לְ is a conj. (= למען) is too alien to Heb. usage to be justified by the Arabic لِ for لِكَى, and the view that חִתֵּן here 17:14 is an anom. form for תֵת (Ew^{§ 238 c} Kö^{i. 305}) is against analogy: read with Ol^{§ 224 d}, Ges^{§ 67 A. 3}, Klo, לָתֵת (as 17:14 Qr).

† לְמוֹ poet. for לְ (v. מוֹ) Jb 27:14; 29:21; 38:40; 40:4.

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not (Arabic لَا, Aramaic לָא, ܠܴܐ, Sab. לא, Assyrian lâ; not in Ethiopic: cf. Kö^{ii. 1. 236} Walker ^{AJSL 1896, 237 ff.})—לוֹא, according to Mass. (Fr^{MM 248}), 35 times, besides בְּלוֹא 6 times, and הֲלוֹא, the orthogr. of which varies much (ib.^{p. 251}), e.g. in S always הֲלוֹא, in Chr always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֹא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Mass, written לו (Qr לֹא), 1 S 2:16; 20:2, once לה Dt 3:11 Kt:—not—denying objectively, like οὐ (not μὴ = אַל):—

1. in predication: a. with a verb; so most freq., and nearly always (a) with the finite tenses, whether pf. (Gn 2:5b; 4:5 etc.) or impf. (3:4; 8:21, 22 etc.); in short circumst. clauses, as Gn 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Is 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֹט, and with a final force 41:7 Ex 28:32 (v. Ges^{§ 156. 3 R. b, c} Dr^{§ 162}). Governing two closely connected verbs (Dr^{§115, לא}) Ex 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֹן וָמֵתוּ, Lv 19:12, 29 b Dt 7:25, 26; 19:10; 22:1 al.; and two parallel clauses (Ges^{§ 152. 3}) Is 23:4b ψ 9:19; 44:19 Jb 3:11 al. With the impf., especially with 2 ps., לֹא often expresses (not, like אַל, a deprecation, do not …, let not …, but) a prohibition, as Gn 2:17 לֹא תֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shalt not eat of it, 3:1, 3 Ex 20:3 לֹא־יִהְיֶה לְךָ there shall not be to thee, etc., v 13 לא תגנב, etc. With the coh. and juss. moods (which are negatived regularly by אַל), it occurs only exceptionally (Ges^{§109. 1 b R. 1}), Gn 24:8 1 S 14:36 2 S 17:12; 18:14 1 K 2:6 Ez 48:14. (b) with the inf. (which is negatived by בִּלְתִּי, q.v.), only once, in בְּלֹא (4 a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot, or must not; †Ju 1:19 כי לא להורושׁ for it was not (possible) to dispossess, etc. Am 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳, 1 Ch 5:1; 15:2 (Dr^{§ 202. 2}); cf. Aramaic לָא Dan 6:9 Ezr 6:8. On its use with the ptcp., see b c. (c) לא always negatives properly the word immed. following: hence, in a verbal sentence, where this is not the verb, some special stress rests upon it, Gn 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֹד וג׳ not Jacob shall thy name be called any more, but Israel, 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי Not ye (in our idiom: It is not ye who) have sent me hither, but God, Ex 16:8 1 S 8:7 כִּי לֹא אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי וג׳, ψ 115:17; without a foll. correcting clause, Gn 38:9 Nu 16:29 לֹא י׳ שְׁלָחָנִי ׃ Not י׳ (but another) hath sent me, Dt 32:27 לֹא י׳ פָּעַל זֹאת, 1 Ch 17:4 Dt 8:9 Is 28:28 לא לנצח … not for ever (but only for a while) … (so 57:16 ψ 9:19; 49:20; 103:9; but Is 13:20 לא תשׁב לנצח is, will not be inhabited for ever), Is 43:22 Jb 13:16; 32:9; hence rhetorically, insinuating something very different, not named, 2 K 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly), Ezr 10:13 Je 4:11 a wind לֹא לְזָרוֹת וְלוֹא לְהָבַֽר׃ not to winnow, and not to cleanse (but to exterminate), Is 45:13; 48:1b Jos 24:12 Dn 11:20, 29 Jb 34:20 לֹא בְיָד (but by a Divine agency: cf. Dn 2:34; also Jb 20:26 אֵשׁ לֹא נֻפָּ֑ח fire not blown upon [but kindled from heaven], Lam 4:6; and אין Is 47:14). (d) standing alone: (a) אִם־לֹא if not, Gn 18:21 וְאִם־לֹא אֵדָֽעָה׃, 24:49; 42:16 Jb 9:24; 24:25; (β) הֲ … אִם־לֹא, or not, Gn 24:21 waiting to know הַהִצְלִיחַ י׳ דַּדְכּוֹ אִם־לֹא, 27:21; 37:32 Ex 16:4 Nu 11:23 Dt 8:2 Ju 2:22 (cf. אִם אַיִן, אַיִן 2 d β, δ). In answer to a question or request, to deny, or decline, Nay, No: Ju 12:5 ויאמר לא, Hg 2:12; לא אדני Gn 23:11; 42:10 1 S 1:15 +; often sq. כי, No: for … = No: but …, Gn 18:15 ויאמר לֹא כִּי צָחָ֑קְתְּ, 19:2 Jos 5:14; 24:21; 1 S 2:16 Qr (v. Dr), 10:19 (𝔊 MSS), 2 S 16:18; 24:24 1 K 3:22^(×2) +; Jb 23:6 (strangely). (Cf., in deprecation, אַל.) (e) with an interrog. force, which however does not lie in לא as such, but (as in other cases) in the contrast with a preceding clause, or in the tone of voice (cf. וְ 1 f; Ew^{§ 324 a} Ges^{§ 150. 1} Dr 1 S 11:12): Jon 4:11 אַתָּה חַסְתָּ … וַאֲנִי לֹא אָחוּס וג׳, Jb 2:10; 22:11; Ex 8:22; 2 K 5:26 Je 49:9 (‖ Ob 5 הֲלוֹא), Mal 2:15 La 3:38; and in passages, exeg. or text. doubtful (v. Comm.), 1 S 20:14 2 S 23:5 (but v. Bu), Ho 10:9 (Ew We), 11:5 (Ew), Jb 14:16b (but 𝔊 Ew Di תַעֲבֹר), La 1:12 (Ew Ke), 3:36 (Ke Bä). b. with adjs. and substs.: (a) Gn 2:18 לֹא טוֹב הֱיוֹת הָאָדָם לְבַדּוֹ not good is man’s being alone, Ex 18:17 + often (b) Ex 4:16 לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, Am 7:14 לא נביא אנכי, Nu 23:19 לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב, Dt 17:15 (v. אשׁר 2 b) 20:20; 32:47 1 S 15:29 2 S 18:20 לֹא אִישׁ בְּשֹׂרָה אַתָּה הַיּוֹם, 21:2 1 K 22:33 2 K 6:19 לא זֹה הדרך, Mi 2:10 Is 27:11 Ho 8:6; והמה לא אלהים Je 2:11; 16:20 2 K 19:18; 1 K 19:11^(×2) לֹא בָרַעַשׁ י׳, Dt 30:12, 13 Jb 15:9; 28:14 לֹא בִי הִיא (‖ אֵין עִמָּדִי), ψ 74:9 Je 5:10 לוא לי׳ המה, 10:16; Dt 32:21 בָּנִים לֹא אֵמוּן בָּם, Je 10:14 Hb 1:14 Jb 16:17; 38:26 מִדְבָּר לֹא אָדָם בּוֹ; 1 K 22:17 לֹא אֲדֹנִים לָאֵלֶּה, Je 49:31 ψ 22:3 וְלֹא דוּמִיָּה לִי, Jb 18:17, 19; 29:12 ולא עֹזֵר לו, 30:13; 33:9; Je 2:19 וְלֹא פַחְדָּתִי אֵלַיִךְ and (that) my terror reached not unto thee, Jb 21:9; abs. Gn 29:7 לֹא־עֵת הֵאָסֵף הַמִּקְנֶה (Hg 1:2), Nu 20:5 2 K 4:23 לא חדשׁ ולא שׁבת, Is 44:19 Je 5:12 ויאמרו לוא הוא, Jb 9:32; 22:16; 36:26 (?) 41:2; Pr 19:7 (si vera l.) מְרַדֵּף אֲמָרִים לֹא־הֵמָּה words which are not, which are nought. (c) with the ptcp. לֹא is rare, a finite vb. being usually preferred (Ex 34:7 וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה: Ew^{§ 320 c} Dr^{§ 162}): 2 S 3:34 יָדֶיךָ לֹא אֲסֻרוֹת, Ez 4:14; 22:24 Dt 28:61 ψ 38:15 כְּאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא שֹׁמֵעַ who is not hearing, Jb 12:3; 13:2 לֹא נֹפֵל אָנֹכִי מִכֶּם, Zp 3:5 (very anom.); 1 K 10:21 לא is prob. textual error. In וְהוּא לֹא שֹׂנֵא לוֹ or לא שׂנא הוא לו, Dt 4:42; 19:4, 6 Jos 20:5 (cf. אֹיֵב Nu 35:23), שׂנֵא is best construed as a subst., he being a not-hater to him aforetime.—In most of the cases under b, c, אין could have been employed; but the negation by לֹא is more pointed and forcible.

2. Not in predication: a. coupled to an adj. to negative it, like the Gk. ἀ—, but usually by way of litotes: Ho 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son, ψ 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֹב a way not good, 43:1 גוי לא חסיד, Pr 16:29; 30:25, 26 Ez 20:25 2 Ch 30:17: Is 16:14 לוֹא כַבִּיר, cf. 10:7 לֹא מְעַט. b. with a ptcp. Je 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה, 18:15 (the finite verb is more common: see Is 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֶעֱזָ֫בָה (cf. 54:11), Je 6:8 אֶרֶץ לוֹא נוֹשָׁ֫בָה, 15:18; 22:6; 31:18 Zp 2:1). c. †Gn 15:13 בארץ לא להם, Je 5:19 Hab 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֹת לֹא־לוֹ, Pr 26:17 רִיב לֹא־לוֹ. d. with a subst., in poetry, forming a kind of compound, expressing pointedly its antithesis or negation (Germ. un- is sometimes used similarly): Dt 32:5 (?), 17, 21 a they made me jealous בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God (with what in no respect deserved the name of God), v b בְּלֹא עָם i.e. with an unorganized horde, Am 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר i.e. at a thing wh. is not, an unreality (of their boasted strength), Is 10:15 כְּהָרִים מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ like a rod’s lifting up what is no wood (but the agent wielding it), 31:8 חרב לא אישׁ, חרב לא אדם, 55:2 בלוא לחם for what is not bread, בלוא לשׂבעה for what is not for satiety, Je 5:7 וַיּשָּֽׁבְעוּ בְּלֹא אֱלֹהִים by not-goods, in late prose 2 Ch 13:9 כֹּהֵן לְלֹא אֱלֹהִים; ψ 44:13 תִּמְכֹּר עַמְּךָ בְּלֹא־הוֹן for no-value (i.e. cheaply), Pr 13:23 Jb 10:22 צלמות וְלֹא סְדָרִים darkness and disorder; so לֹא־עַמִּי Ho 1:9; 2:25: still more pregnantly Jb 26:2a מֶה־עָזַרְתָּ לְלֹא־כֹחַ (poet. for לאשׁר אין לו כח) the powerless, v 2b, 3a (Ew^{§ 286 g} Ges^{§ 152. 1 n.}), 39:16 הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְלֹא לָהּ useth hardly her young ones (making them) into none of hers; and even Hb 2:6 הַמַּרְבֶּה לֹא־לוֹ what is not his own (cf. Jb 18:15 מִבְּלִי לוֹ). Cf. with a verb, and ellipse of אשׁר, Is 65:1 לְלֹא שָׁאָ֑לוּ to those who have not asked, v b Je 2:8 אַחֲרֵי לֹא יוֹעִילוּ, v 11b; also לֹא רֻחָ֫מָה Ho 1:6, 8; 2:25, and prob. Jb 31:31 לֹא נִשְׂבָּ֑ע (pf. in p.) one not satisfied. e. in circ. clauses (Dr^{§ 164}), poet. and rare: qualifying a subst., 2 S 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֹת a morning without clouds, Job 12:24 בְּתֹהוּ לֹא דֶרֶךְ in a pathless waste, 38:26a; and a verb Jb 34:24 יָרֹעַ כַּבִּירִים לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry, ψ 59:4 לא פשׁעי ולא חטאתי (cf. v 4 בלי עון), in late prose, twice, 1 Ch 2:30, 32 וימת לא בנים (אֵין and בְּלִי, q.v., are more usual in such cases).

3. Once (according to many MSS), as a subst., Jb 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing, Hi De Kö (cf. Dn 4:32 (Aramaic) כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין; 𝔗 here הֲוֵיתוּן כְּלָא, and אַל Jb 24:25); but reading fluctuates (Orientals לֹא, Qr לו, Westerns, Baer (v. pp. 37, 56) לוֹ [‘now are ye become that,’ viz. the נַחַל אַכְזָב of v 15]; but even לוֹ yields a forced sense; and text is prob. wrong: Mich Ew Ol Sgf Bu כֵּן … לִי (𝔊 𝔖 also read לִי); Bö Di כִּי … לְאָ֑יִן. Cf. Kö^{ii. 1. 236 f.}

4. With prefixes:— a. †בְּלֹא₃₁ (chiefly poet. or late), according to the varying signif. of בְּ: (a) usually with not = without, Je 22:13 בונה ביתו בלא־צדק without justice (‖ בלא משׁפט; so Ez 22:29 Pr 16:8), Is 55:1, 1 Pr 19:2, Jb 8:11 הֲיִגְאֶה־גֹּמֶא בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire (‖ בלי מים), 30:28 בְּלֹא חַמָּה (= not through the sun), La 1:6 וילכו בלא־כח, Nu 35:22 בְּלֹא אֵיבָה … בְּלֹא צְדִיָּה, v 23 (sq. inf.) בְּלֹא רְאוֹת, 2 Ch 21:20 Ec 10:11; ψ 17:1 תְּפִלָּתִי בְּלֹא שִׂפְתֵי מִרְמָה; used more freely in Chr, 1 Ch 12:18 בְּלֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּֽי׃, v 34 בְּלֹא לֵב וָלֵב, 2 Ch 30:18 בְּלֹא כַכָּתוּב. With ellipse of rel., La 4:14 בְּלֹא יוּכְלוּ יִגְּעוּ without (that) men are able to touch, etc. (b) of time, in not, i.e. outside of, Lv 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָתּ, before Jb 15:32 בלא־יומו, Ec 7:17 בְּלֹא עִתֶּךְ ׃. (c) where לֹא belongs to the foll. word, and is only accidentally preceded by ב (v. supr. 2 d), Dt 32:21^(×2) Je 5:7 Pr 13:23 בלא משׁפט through injustice; with בְּ pretii, ψ 44:13 Is 55:2^(×2) Je 2:11 בְּלוֹא יוֹעִיל for (that which) profiteth not. b. הֲלֹא nonne? Gn 4:7 + often Inviting, as it does, an affirmative answer, it is often used, (a) especially in conversation, for pointing to a fact in such a way as to arouse the interest of the person addressed, or to win his assent: Gn 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee? 19:20; 20:5; 27:36; 29:25 Ex 4:11 Who maketh dumb or deaf, etc.? Do not I? 33:16 Ju 4:6, 14; 8:2; 9:28, 38 1 S 9:20, 21; 15:17 etc.; with a vb. in 1 ps., Jos 1:9 הלא צויתיך, Ju 6:14 הלא שׁלחתיך, 1 S 20:30; 2 S 19:23 Ru 2:9: similarly in a poet. or rhet. style, Ju 5:30 הלא ימצאו יחלקו שׁלל, Is 8:19; 10:8, 9, 11; 28:25; 29:17; 40:21, 23; 42:24; 43:19 etc., Jb 4:6, 21; 7:1; 10:10, 20, etc. (β) it has a tendency to become little more than an affirm. particle, declaring with some rhetor. emph. what is, or might be, well known: Dt 3:11 הֲלֹה הִיא בְרַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן, 11:30 1 S 21:12 הלוא זה דוד וג׳ (cf. 29:3, 5 2 S 11:3), 23:19; 26:1 2 S 15:35; it is thus nearly = הִנֵּה (𝔊 sometimes represents it by ἰδού, as Jos 1:9 Ju 6:14 Ru 2:9 2 S 15:35); so especially in the phrase of the compiler of K, And the rest of the acts of … הֲלֹא הֵם (הֵמָּה) כְּתוּבִים are they not written in, etc.? 1 K 11:41; 14:29 + often (with which there interchanges הִנָּם כְּתוּבִים 1 K 14:19 2 K 15:11; 15:26, 31, which is gen. used by the Chr, 2 Ch 16:11; 20:34, etc.), Jos 10:13 (cf. 2 S 1:18 הִנֵּה), 1 K 8:53 𝔊, Est 10:2; ψ 56:14 (strangely: contr. 116:8).—הֲלֹא הִנֵּה †Hb 2:13 2 Ch 25:26 (הִנָּם).—On Ju 14:15, see הֲ 1 end. c. †וָלֹ֕א and not = and if not, 2 S 13:26 2 K 5:17. Comp. וָיֵשׁ. d. †כְּלוֹא Ob 16 והיו כלוא היו, poet. for כאשׁר, as though they had not been. e. †לְלֹא without, lit. in the condition of no … 2 Ch 15:3 (comp. לְאֵין, also in Chr). Elsewhere לא belongs to the foll. word, Am 6:13 2 Ch 13:9 Is 65:1^(×2) Jb 26:2, 3; 39:16 (v. supr. 2 d).

Note. —Fifteen times, according to Mas. (v. De ψ 100:3 Fr^{MM 247} Str ^{Prol. Cr. 84}), לא is written by error for לוֹ, viz. Ex 21:8 Lv 11:21; 25:30 1 S 2:3 2 S 16:18 2 K 8:10 Is 9:2; 63:9 ψ 100:3; 139:16 Jb 13:15; 41:4 Pr 19:7; 26:2 Ezr 4:2 (always with Qr לוֹ). The passages must be considered each upon its own merits: in some לוֹ yields a preferable sense; but this is not the case in all. There is the same קרי (rightly) on Is 49:5 1 Ch 11:20; but these were not considered to rest upon equal authority, and are hence not reckoned with the fifteen.—In Ju 21:22 (v. GFM), 1 S 13:13; 20:14^(×2), and in Jb 9:33 (לֹא יֵשׁ), read prob. לֻא for לֹא.

† לֹא דְבָר, לוֹ, דְבָר n.pr.loc. in Gilead, near, perhaps east of, Mahanaim (q.v.);—לֹא ד׳ 2 S 17:27 (𝔊 Λωδαβαρ, Λαδαβαρ); Gr We read also לֹא דְבָר Am 6:13 = same city (but v. Dr); = לוֹ ד׳ 2 S 9:4, 5 (𝔊 Λαδαβαρ); perhaps also intended in מִמַּחֲנַיִם עַד־גְּבוּל לִדְבִר Jos 13:26 (cf. Di Bla; 𝔊 Δαιβων, A Δαβειρ, 𝔊L Δεβηρ); v. ii. דְּבִיר, p. 184 supr.

לֹא עַמִּי n.pr.m. (not my people: see לֹא 2 d) symb. name of Hosea’s son, Ho 1:9, cf. 2:25 (v. also 2:1, 3).

לֹא רֻחָ֫מָה n.pr.f. (uncompassionated: Ges^{§ 152 a, N}) symb. name of Hosea’s daughter, Ho 1:6, 8, cf. 2:25 (v. also 2:3).

לֻא 2 S 18:12 Kt (Qr לוּ) if: v. לוּ.

לאב (√ of foll., cf. Arabic لَابَ (med. و) be thirsty, لُوبَةٌ, لَابَةٌ a stony tract of land (v. Wetzst ^{Reisebericht 99})).

† [תַּלְאֻבָה] n.f. drought;—only pl. intens., בַּמִּדְבָּר בְּאֶרֶץ תַּלְאֻבוֹת Ho 13:5.

† [לָאָה] vb. be weary, impatient (cf. Arabic لَأَى be slow, hesitating (Frey); بَعْدَ لَأْىٍ after difficulty, لَأْيًا with difficulty (Lane³⁰⁰⁷); Aramaic לְאִי, ܠܐܴܐ, ܠܐܻܝ );—

Qal Impf. 2 ms. תִּלְאֶה Jb 4:2; וַתֵּ֫לֶא Jb 4:5; 3 pl. וַיִּלְאוּ Gn 19:11;—be weary (in vain endeavour) sq. Inf. Gn 19:11; be weary, impatient at attempted consolation abs. Jb 4:2; at calamity abs. Jb 4:5 (‖ בָּהַל).

Niph. Pf. נִלְאָה Pr 26:15 + 2 times; 2 fs. נִלְאֵית Is 47:13; נִלְאֵיתִי Is 1:14 + 3 times;—sq. inf. be weary (ל) of doing a thing, Ex 7:18 (JE), make oneself weary in doing something Pr 26:15 (of sluggard’s laziness), weary (i.e. strenuously exert) oneself to Je 9:4; 20:9 (both ל om.); abs. of hopeless prayer נִל׳ על־הַבָּמָה Moab, Is 16:12 (‖ נִרְאָה, בָּא אֶל־מִקְדָּשׁוֹ לְהִתְפַּלֵּל); of vain consultations, (sq. בְּ) Babylon Is 47:13; subj. י׳, sq. inf. Is 1:14; Je 6:11; 15:6, always of exhausted patience; fig. of parched soil (abs.) ψ 68:10.

Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. הֶלְאָנִי Jb 16:7; 3 fs. הֶלְאָת Ez 24:12 (del. 𝔊 Co), 1 s. sf. הֶלְאֵתִיךָ Mi 6:3; Impf. וַיַּלְאוּךָ Je 12:5; תַּלְאוּ Is 7:13; Inf. cstr. הַלְאוֹת Is 7:13;—weary, make weary, exhaust, sq. acc. Jb 16:7 (subj. God); exhaust patience of, obj. God Is 7:13; obj. men Is 7:13; Je 12:5; Mi 6:3.

† תְּלָאָה n.f. weariness, hardship;—ת׳ Ex 18:8 + 4 times; of distress of Isr. in Egypt Nu 20:14; in wilderness Ex 18:8 (both JE); from Assyrian, Bab., etc. Ne 9:32; cf. La 3:5; מַתְּלָאָה Mal 1:13.

לֵאָה₃₄ n.pr.f. Leah, elder daughter of Laban, and wife of Jacob (perhaps = wild-cow, Arabic لَأًى, (لَأٓةٌ) [cf. רָחֵל ewe], Dl^{Prol. 80} RS^{K 219} and (doubtfully) Nö ^{ZMG xl. 1886, 167}; also Gray ^{Heb. Names, 96}; others, as Hpt^{GGN 1883, 100} comp. Assyrian li’at, in sense mistress; on poss. relation of לֵאָה to לֵוִי v. לֵוִי);—mother of Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun and Dinah; Gn 29:16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32 (cf. vv 33, 34, 35) 30:9 + 15 times Gn 31, 32; 33:1, 2, 7; 34:1; 35:23, 26; 46:15, 18; 49:31; Ru 4:11; 𝔊 Λ(ε)ια.

† לָאַט vb. cover, only

Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְהַמֶּלֶךְ ל׳ אֶת־פָּנָיו 2 S 19:5, read perhaps לָאט, from לוּט We Dr Bu.

לָאט, לָט Ju 4:21, etc., v. לוּט.

לְאַט, לָאַט gently, v. אַט sub אטט p. 31 supr.

לאך (√ of מַלְאָךְ, מְלָאכָה, cf. Arabic لَأَكَ, أَلْأَكَ send, مَلْأَكٌ messenger, Ethiopic ለአከ send a messenger, iii i. ተልእከ: be sent, wait on, minister; መልአክ = Heb. מַלְאָךְ; cf. Ph. מלאך messenger; NH מַלְאָךְ, Aramaic מַלְאֲכָא, as in Heb.)

מַלְאָךְ₂₁₄ n.m. messenger;—מ׳ Ex 23:20 + 48 times; cstr. מַלְאַךְ Gn 16:7 + 69 times; sfs. מַלְאָכִי Ex 23:23 + 3 times; מַלְאָכוֹ Gn 24:7, 40; pl. מַלְאָכִים Gn 32:4 + 63 times + מלאכים 2 S 11:1 Kt (< Qr מלכים); cstr. מַלְאֲכֵי Gn 28:12 + 11 times; מַלְאָכֶיךָ Nu 24:12, 2 K 19:23; מַלְאָכֵכֵה Na 2:14 error for מַלְאָכֵכִי = מַלְאָכַיְכִי Ges^{§ 91, (2), Anm. 2} or < for מַלְאָכֵךְ by dittogr. from foll. הוֹי Kö ^{ii. 1.S 571}). מַלְאָכָיו 2 Ch 36:15 + 8 times;—

1. messenger, a. one sent with a message Gn 32:4 + 8 times JE; Dt 2:26, (not in P); Ju 6:35 + 8 times; 1 S 6:21 + 51 times S K, 1 Ch 14:1; 19:2, 16 2 Ch 18:12; 35:21; Ne 6:3; Jb 1:14; Pr 13:17; 17:11; Is 14:32; 18:2; 30:4; 37:9, 14; Je 27:3; Ez 17:15; 23:16, 40; 30:9; Na 2:14; מלאכי שׁלום, messengers of peace Is 33:7. b. a prophet Is 42:19; 44:26; 2 Ch 36:15, 16; Hg 1:13; the herald of the advent מלאכי Mal 3:1. c. priest Mal 2:7, prob. Ec. 5:5 (RV angel). d. ‖ מֵלִיץ Jb 33:23, a messenger from God acting as an interpreter and declaring what is right (angel of RV too specific). e. fig. מ׳ רָעִים messengers of evil ψ 78:49; מ׳ מות messengers of death Pr 16:14; ‖ רוחות winds his messengers ψ 104:4.

2. angel, as messenger of God, מלאכים with God in theophanies Gn 19:1, 15; 28:12; 32:2 (JE), praising him; ψ 103:20; 148:2; in his sight not without error Jb 4:18 charged with the care of the pious ψ 91:11; elsewhere sg. sent to a prophet 1 K 13:18; 19:5, 7; 2 K 1:3, 15; Zc 1:9 + 18 times in Zc 1–6; excellent, wise, powerful 1 S 29:9 2 S 14:17, 20; 19:28 Zc 12:8; encamping about the faithful ψ 34:8; chasing his enemies ψ 35:5, 6; destroying by judgment of Yahweh 2 S 24:16, 17 = 1 Ch 21:12–30; 2 K 19:35 = Is 37:36 = 2 Ch 32:21.

†3. the theophanic angel (ה)אלהים מ׳ in the story of E: Gn 21:17; 31:11 Ex 14:19, also in Ju 6:20; 13:6, 9; מ׳ יהוה in the story of J: Gn 16:7, 9, 10, 11; 22:11, 15; Ex 3:2 Nu 22:22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35 and in Ju 2:1, 4; 5:23; 6:11, 12, 21^(×2), 22^(×2); 13:3, 13, 15, 16^(×2), 17, 18, 20^(×2), 21; הַמַּלְאָךְ Gn 48:16 (E); מַלְאָךְ Ex 23:20 (E), 33:2; Nu 20:16 (JE), Ho 12:5; מַלְאָכִי Ex 23:23 (E), 32:34 (J); מַלְאָכוֹ Gn 24:7, 40 (J), מ׳ פניו Is 63:9 (referring to the ancient מלאך); מ׳ הברית Mal 3:1 (referring to the advent of י׳ for judgment, see Br ^{MP 473}). The theophanic angel is not mentioned in D and P.

מְלָאכָה₁₆₇ n.f. occupation, work (for מַלְאָכָה; cf. Ph. מלאכת labour)—מ׳ Ex 12:16 + 102 times; מְלָ֑אכֶת 2 Ch 13:10; cstr. מְלֶאכֶת Ex 35:24 + 42 times; sf. מְלַאכְתְּךָ Jon 1:8; מְלַאכְתֶּ֑ךָ Ex 20:9 + 2 times; מְלַאכְתּוֹ Gn 2:2 + 13 times; pl. cstr. מַלְאֲכוֹת 1 Ch 28:19; sf. מַלְאֲכוֹתֶיךָ ψ 73:28;—

1. occupation, business, מַה מְּלַאכְתְּךָ what is thy occupation Jon 1:8; business of a steward Gn 39:11 (J); diligent in business Pr 22:29; slack in business 18:9.

2. property in which one is occupied, מ׳ רעהו his neighbour’s property Ex 22:7, 10 (E); possessions of herds and flocks Gn 33:14 (J), 1 S 15:9 (cf. מִקְנֶה); מ׳ רבה great property 2 Ch 17:13.

3. work as something done or made: a. of God in creation Gn 2:2^(×2), 3 (P), in judgment Je 50:25, in general ψ 73:28. b. of men, מ׳ עור leather-work Lv 13:48, 51 (P), מ׳ השׂדה work in the field 1 Ch 27:26; in building Pr 24:27 +, the walls of Jerusalem Ne 4:5 +, making the tabernacle and its furniture Ex 36:2 +, the temple 1 K 5:30 +; work of the potter Je 18:3, of the seaman ψ 107:23, of the Levites 1 Ch 26:29, of priests in the sacrifices 2 Ch 29:34; †מְלָאכֶת (הָ)עֲבֹדָה phrase of P, Ex 35:24; 36:1, 3; Lv 23:7, 8, 21, 25, 35, 36; Nu 28:18, 25, 26; 29:1, 12, 35 also 1 Ch 9:13, 19; 28:13, 20; 2 Ch 24:12; המ׳ לעבדה 1 Ch 23:24; עבדה למ׳ Ex 36:5 (P); cf. the phrase עֹשֵׂה המ׳ workmen Ezr 3:9 Ne 2:16; עֹשִׂים במ׳ 1 K 5:30; 9:23 +; כל מ׳ any work forbidden on the Sabbath Ex 20:9, 10; Lv 23:3 (P) Dt 5:13, 14 Je 17: 22, 24; on holy convocations Ex 12:16; Lv 16:29; 23:28, 30; 31 Nu 29:7 (P).

†4. workmanship, כל מלאכה in every kind of workmanship, phrase of P: Ex 31:3, 5; 35:29, 31, 33, 35; and Chr: 1 Ch 22:15; 28:21; 29:5; 1 K 7:14.

†5. service, use Lv 7:24; 11:32; 13:51; Ju 16:11; Ez 15:3; 28:13.

†6. public business: a. political 1 K 11:28; 1 Ch 29:6; Dn 8:27; Est 3:9; 9:3. b. religious, putting away foreign wives Ezr 10:13; מ׳ יהוה 1 Ch 26:30; ם הַקֹּדֶשׁ Ex 36:4; 38:24 (P), מ׳ קדשׁ הקדשׁים 1 Ch 6:34; מ׳ אהל מועד Ex 35:21 (P), מ׳ בית י׳ 1 Ch 23:4 Ezr 3:8; 6:22 Ne 10:34; 11:22.

† [מַלְאָכוּת] n.f. message, cstr. מַלְאֲכוּת Hg 1:13.

† מַלְאָכִי appar. n.pr.m. Malachi, Mal 1:1, but in fact not historical name of author, nor pseudonym for Ezra; prob. a conjecture based on 3:1; so many moderns; see Dr ^Intr.

† לָאֵל n.pr.m. (belonging to God; cf. Palm. לשמש: v. Nö ^{WZKM, 1892, 314} Gray ^{Heb. Names, 207}) a Gershonite-Levite; Nu 3:24, 𝔊 Δαηλ, Δαουηλ.

לאם (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic لَأَمَ bind up, or together, iii. reconcile, bring together (Thes Ba ^{NB § 65 n. 2}); > Lag ^{BN 180} who comp. لَؤُمَ be low, ignoble, لِئَامٌ [pl.] common ones, hence לְאֹם prop. common, vulgar people).

† לְאֹם, לְאוֹם n.m. ^{Gn 25:23} people, poet. and chiefly late;—ל׳ abs. Gn 25:23^(×2) Pr 14:28, לְאוֹם Pr 11:26; sf. לְאוּמִּו Is 51:4; pl. לְאֻמִּים Gn 25:23 + 28 times; לְאוּמִּים Is 55:4;—people, both of Isr. and of Edom, Gn 25:23^(×3) (J; Jacob and Esau; ‖ גּוֹי); elsewhere of Isr. only Is 51:4 (sg. ‖ עַם); usually pl. of other peoples:—שְׁאוֹן ל׳ Is 17:12 (‖ הֲמוֹן עמים), cf. v 13; ‖ גּוֹיִם Is 34:1; 43:9; ψ 2:1; 44:3, 15; 105:44; 149:7, cf. Is 55:4^(×2) (גּוֹי in v 5); ‖ עַמִּים Gn 27:29 (J), Hb 2:13 Je 51:58 ψ 47:4; 57:10; 67:5^(×2); 108:4; Pr 24:24; further Is 41:1; 49:1 (both ‖ אִיִּים), 43:4 (‖ אָדָם), 60:2 (‖ אֶרֶץ), ψ 9:9 (‖ תֵּבֵל), 148:11 (‖ מַלְכֵי אֶרֶץ, etc.); עֲדַת לְאֻמִּים ψ 7:8, הֲמוֹן ל׳ 65:8; of any and all peoples Pr 14:34; sg. indef. = people in gen., as making public opinion, 11:26 (coll., c. pl. vb.); = population, as subjects of prince 14:28 (‖ עַם).

† לְאֻמִּ֑ים n.pr.gent., as ‘son’ of Dedan Gn 25:3. A 𝔊L Λοωμ(ι)ειμ. (Sab. n.pr. trib. לאמם, לאימם SabDenkm ¹¹).

לֵב v. sub לבב infr.

לבא (√ of foll.; v. Arabic لَبُؤَةٌ, لَبْأَةٌ, لَبَاءَةٌ lioness, cf. לָבִיא; v. perhaps also Ph. n.pr. לבא CIS ^{i. 147}; Jastrow ^{JBL xi, (1892) 120 f.} comp. Tel el-Am. n.pr. Labâ’ (Bez ^BM Labay[a]); poss. is also Lapaya, which Wkl ^{TA, 1896} reads; deriv. only poet.)

† [לְבִי] n.[m., f.] lion;—only pl. and fig. of foes נַפְשִׁי בְּתוֹךְ לְבָאִם ψ 57:5; of Assyrians לִבְאֹתָ֑יו Na 2:13 (‖ גֹּרֹתָיו; sf. ref. to אַרְיֵה).

† לְבִיָּא n.f. lioness (on format. v. Lag^{BN 93});—Ez 19:2 (‖ אֲרָיוֹת) fig. of mother of Isr.

† לָבִיא n.[m.] lion, poss. also [f.] lioness (cf. Arabic usage, and Gn 49:9; Nu 24:9; Jb 4:11, etc.; but this by no means certain);—ל׳ abs. Gn 49:9 + 10 times;—Is 30:6 (‖ לַיִשׁ), Jb 38:39 (‖ כְּפִיר); Gn 49:9 in sim. of victor’s repose (רָבַץ; ‖ אַרְיֵה), cf. Nu 24:9 (c. שָׁכַב; ‖ אֲרִי), Dt 33:20 (שָׁכֵן וְטָרַף); v. also Nu 23:24 (קוּם; ‖ אֲרִי); fig. of Nineveh Na 2:12 (‖ אַרְיֵה), cf. Is 5:29 (שָֽׁאֲגָה in sim.; ‖ כְּפִירִים); fig. of wicked Jb 4:11 (+ אַרְיֵה, שָׁ֑הַל, כְּפִיר, לַיִשׁ v 10, 11); sim. of י׳, devouring (אָכַל) in judgment Ho 13:8; fig. of locusts מְתַלְּעוֹת ל׳ Jo 1:6 (‖ שִׁנֵּי אַרְיֵה).

† לְבָאוֹת n.pr.loc. a city in S. Judah, Jos 15:32, 𝔊 Λαβως, A 𝔊L Λαβωθ = בֵּית ל׳ (q.v. p. 111 supr.) Jos 19:6, 𝔊 Βαθαρωθ, 𝔊L Βηθλεβαωθ. Site unknown.

† לבב (meaning dub.; Dl ^{Pr. 88 ff.} finds orig. meaning in Assyrian labâbu, in unruhiger Bewegung sein;—√ of לֵבָב, לֵב; cf. NH id., Assyrian libbu, Aramaic לִבָּא, ܠܶܒܳܐ, Ethiopic ልብ Arabic لُبٌّ, Sab. לב, Sab. Denkm. ^{p. 13, No. 1, 1. 7});—the literary usage of לֵב and לֵבָב is:

1. earliest poetry, J and E chiefly, Eph doc. of Ju S K chiefly, Am Ho Zc 9–11 Is 15 use לֵב.

2. לֵבָב first appears in Is and certain strata of E and Eph doc. of Ju S K, and is continued in Zp Na (prob.) D H Dt editors and some ψψ.

3. Je Ez Jb prefer לֵב but use occasionally לֵבָב.

4. Is 2, 3 La and exilic ψψ use לֵב.

5. Is 13–14:23; Je 50–51; Hg Zc 1–8 Jo Jon ψ 25, 90, 104, use לבב.

6. Mal Ob Zc 12–14 Memorials of Ezr and Ne Pr Ru Ct and many ψψ of Persian period use לֵב.

7. Chr and Dn use לֵבָב.

8. Ec Est and latest ψψ use לֵב. Exceptions will be noted and suspected passages indicated by? under לבב and לב which are treated apart. See Br. ‘Study of the use of לב and לבב in the O. T.’ in Semitic Studies in Memory of Dr. Kohut, Berlin, 1897.

† לֵבָב₂₅₁ † לֵבָב₂₅₁ n.m. ψ 104:15 inner man, mind, will, heart;—abs. ל׳ Dt 28:28 + 31 times; cstr. לְבַב Dt 20:8 + 22 times; sf. לְבָבִי Is 21:4 + 24 times; לְבָֽבְךָ Dt 4:29 + 35 times; לְבָבֶ֑ךָ Dt 4:39 + 21 times; לְבָבֵךְ 1 S 1:8 + 3 times; לְבָבוֹ Dt 2:30 + 37 times; לְבָבָהּ Zp 2:15 + 3 times; לְבָבֵנוּ Dt 1:28 + 3 times; לְּבַבְכֶם Dt 10:16 + 37 times; לְּבָבָם Lv 26:41 + 22 times; pl. c.sf. לִבְבֵהֶן Na 2:8 (Sta^{§ 353 a} לְבַבְהֶן, but see Kö ^{ii. 78}); pl. לְבָבוֹת 1 Ch 28:9.—The inner, middle, or central part:

I. seldom of things בִּלְבַב יַמִּים in the midst of the seas, Jon 2:3 (poetry); עד לבב השׁמים unto the midst of heaven Dt 4:11 (so Sam but MT לב).

II. usually of men: 1. the inner man in contrast with the outer, כלה שׁארי ולבבי my flesh and my heart (soul) doth fail ψ 73:26; antithesis with garments Jo 2:13; hands ψ 73:13 La 3:41 (?); eyes Nu 15:39 (H) 1 S 16:7; ears Ez 3:10; mouth Dt 30:14; speech ψ 28:3; 78:18; מְתֹפֲפֹת עַל־לִבְבֵהֶן tabering upon their breasts Na 2:7 (inner for outer). 2. the inner man, indef. the soul, comprehending mind, affections and will, or, in connexion with certain verbs, having more specific reference to some one of them. בכל־לבב ובכל־נפשׁ with all the heart and with all the soul Dt 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 11:13; 13:4; 26:16; 30:2, 6, 10 Jos 22:5; 23:14; 1 K 2:4; 8:48 (= 2 Ch 6:38 לב?) 2 K 23:25; 2 Ch 15:12; 34:31 (= 2 K 23:3 לב?) Je 32:41; abbr. בכל־לבב 1 S 7:3; 12:20, 24 1 K 14:8; 2 K 10:31; 2 Ch 15:15; 22:9; 31:21 ψ 86:12; 111:1; Je 29:13; Jo 2:12; אשׁר בלבב what is in the heart (mind) Dt 8:2 1 S 9:19; 14:7; 2 S 7:3 (= 1 Ch 17:2) 2 K 10:30; 2 Ch 32:31; cf. Jb 10:13, ψ 84:6 (?); עם לבב with the heart (mind), c. ידע Dt 8:5, שִׂיחַ ψ 77:7, usually c. (היה), of a thought or purpose, Dt 15:9; Jos 14:7; 1 K 8:17, 18^(×2) (= 2 Ch 6:7, 8^(×2)) 10:2 (= 2 Ch 9:1) 1 Ch 22:7; 28:2; 2 Ch 1:11; 29:10 (cf. 24:4 לב); כלבב according to the heart 1 S 13:14; 14:7 ψ 20:5. We may add Dt 5:26; 11:16, 18; 17:17; 1 S 2:35; 2 S 19:15; 1 K 8:39^(×2) (= 2 Ch 6:30^(×2)) 11:2, 3 (לב an error) v 4, 9; 1 Ch 12:17; 22:19; 28:9 ψ 62:9; 86:11; 139:23; Is 7:2; Dn 11:27, 28. 3. specific ref. to mind (characteristic of לבב): a. אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב men of mind Jb 34:10, 34; גם לי לבב I also have a mind Jb 12:3; הוֹלֵלוֹת בִּל׳ madness is in (their) mind Ec 9:3 (?); וַתִּגְנֹב לְבָבִי and thou didst steal my mind Gn 31:26 (E, the לֵב of v 20 should be corrected to לבב cf. ‘steal me’ v 27). b. knowledge, c. ידע Dt 8:5; Jos 23:14; 1 K 2:44; הבין Is 6:10; 32:4; חֲכַם לֵבָב wise of mind Jb 9:4; לְבַב חָכְמָה mind of wisdom ψ 90:12. c. thinking, reflection, c. חשׁב Is 10:7; Zc 7:10; 8:17; (שׂיח ψ 77:7 supr.); יצר מחשׁבות ל׳ conception of thoughts of mind 1 Ch 29:18; מַשְׂכִּיּוֹת ל׳ imaginations of (their) mind ψ 73:7; מוֹרָשֵׁי ל׳ possessions (thoughts) of (my) mind Jb 17:11; שׂם לבב set the mind, consider Hg 2:15, 18^(×2), c. לְ Dt 32:46, על Hg 1:5, 7. d. of memory שׂם בלבב lay up in the mind 1 S 21:13 Jb 22:22; השׁיב אל ל׳ lay to heart, call to mind Dt 4:39; 30:1; 2 Ch 6:37 (= 1 K 8:47 לב?); עלה על ל׳ come upon the mind Je 51:50; Ez 38:10 (cf. לֵב 3 d); סוּר מל׳ depart from the mind Dt 4:9; שׁמר בתוך ל׳ keep in the midst of (thy) mind Pr 4:21; על ל׳ upon the mind Dt 6:6. 4. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions, determinations of the will (characteristic of ל׳): הכין ל׳ set the mind, c. אֶל 1 S 7:3; 1 Ch 29:18, לְ 2 Ch 20:33 לדרשׁ 2 Ch 19:3; 30:19; Ezr 7:10; הטה ל׳ אֶל Jos 24:23 (E) 1 K 8:58; נתן ל׳ לדרשׁ 1 Ch 22:19, cf. 2 Ch 11:16; ל׳ פנה מעם mind turn away from Dt 29:17; 30:17; יֵהָפֵךְ ל׳ פ׳ Pharaoh’s mind was changed Ex 14:5 (E). 5. spec. ref. to conscience לא יחרף לבבי my heart (conscience) shall not reproach me Jb 27:6. 6. spec. ref. to moral character (characteristic of ל׳): God tries the ל׳ 1 Ch 29:17: a. יֹשֶׁר ל׳ uprightness of heart Dt 9:5 1 Ch 29:17, ψ 119:7 (?); יִשְׁרֵי ל׳ 2 Ch 29:34; יִשְׁרַת ל׳ 1 K 3:6; ל׳ יָשָׁר 2 K 10:15^(×3); תָּם־ל׳ integrity of heart Gn 20:5, 6 (E) 1 K 9:4 ψ 78:72; 101:2; (עִם) ל׳ שָׁלֵם heart perfect (with) 1 K 8:61; 11:4; 15:3, 14 (= 2 Ch 15:17) 2 K 20:3 (= Is 38:3 לֵב?) 1 Ch 12:39; 29:19; 2 Ch 16:9; 19:9; 25:2; בַּר־ל׳ pure in heart ψ 24:4; בָּרֵי ל׳ ψ 73:1. We may add 2 K 22:19 = 2 Ch 34:27, Ne 9:8; Je 32:40. b. it is the seat of naughtiness 1 S 17:28 (?), erring ψ 95:10; is froward ψ 101:4. c. seat of pride, ψ 101:5; Is 9:8; 10:12, 60:5 (?) Ez 28:5, 6(?) Dn 8:25; רָם ל׳ heart is lifted up Dt 8:14; 17:20; Ez 31:10; Dn 11:12. d. is circumcised Dt 10:16; 30:6; Je 4:4, or uncircumcised Lv 26:41 (H); is hardened אמּץ ל׳ Dt 2:30; 15:7; 2 Ch 36:13; כבּד ל׳ 1 S 6:6 (?); הקשׁה ל׳ ψ 95:8. 7. = the man himself (meaning characteristic of נֶפֶשׁ) אמר בל׳ say in the heart (to oneself) Dt 7:17; 8:17; 9:4; 18:21 ψ 4:5 Is 14:3; 47:8; 49:21; Je 5:24; 13:22; Zp 1:12; 2:15; ללבב Ho 7:2 (?); דבר בל׳ ψ 15:2; ברכו בל׳ Jb 1:5; התברך בל׳ Dt 29:18 יְחִי לְבַבְכֶם let your heart (you yourselves) live ψ 22:27; 69:33 (cf. 119:175). 8. spec. as the seat of the appetites (for which usually נֶפֶשׁ) סעד ל׳ stay the heart (with food) ψ 104:15 Ju 19:8 (?); יִיטַב לְבָבֶ֑ךָ that thine heart may be merry (with wine) Ju 19:9 (?); יַיִן יְשַׂמַּח ל׳ wine gladdens the heart ψ 104:15. 9. spec. of seat of the emotions and passions (for which usually נפשׁ): a. of joy Is 30:29; Je 15:16; Ez 36:5, gladness Dt 28:47, desire Pr 6:25 (?); דבּר על ל׳ speak into the heart (comfortably) 2 Ch 32:6 (elsewhere לֵב) b. of trouble 1 K 8:38 ψ 25:17; 73:21; weakness, faintness Lv 26:36 (H) Dt 20:3, 8^(×2) 2 Ch 13:7 Is 1:5; 7:4 Je 51:46, grief Dt 15:10; 1 S 1:8, sorrow ψ 13:3, fear Dt 28:67, dismay Is 21:4, astonishment Dt 28:28, anger 19:6, hate Lv 19:17 (H); ימּס ל׳ the heart melteth Dt 20:8 Jos 2:11; 5:1; 7:5 (all D) Is 13:7; 19:1; המס ל׳ Dt 1:28 (so read prob. also Jos 14:8, where לֵב error). 10. seat of courage (for which usually רוּחַ), יָעֵר כֹּחוֹ וּלְבָבוֹ stir up his power and his courage Dn 11:25; יַאֲמֵץ לְבַבְכֶם let your heart take courage ψ 31:25.

לֵב₅₉₉ לֵב₅₉₉ n.m. Pr 23:15 (†f. Pr 12:25, from influence of נֶפֶשׁ v. De Now) inner man, mind, will, heart, abs. and cstr. לֵב Gn 8:21 + 239 times; לֶב־ Ex 15:8 + 15 times; sf. לִבִּי Gn 24:45 + 102 times; לִבְּךָ Ex 9:14 + 28 times; לִבֶּ֑ךָ Ju 19:6 + 25 times; לִבֵּךְ Is 47:7 + 7 times; לִבּוֹ Gn 6:5 + 93 times; לִבָּהּ Ju 19:3 + 7 times; לִבֵּנוּ Is 41:22 + 5 times; לִבְּכֶם Gn 18:5 + 2 times; לִבָּם Gn 42:28 + 56 times; לִבָּן Ex 35:26; לִבְּהֶן Ez 13:17; pl. לִבּוֹת ψ 7:10 Pr 15:11 + 3 times Pr.; sf. לִבֹּתָם Is 44:18; לִבּוֹתָם ψ 125:4—inner part, midst:

I. seldom of things, בְּלֶב־יָם in the midst of the sea Ex 15:8 Pr 23:34; 30:19; בְּלֵב יַמִּים ψ 46:3; Ez 27:4, 25, 26, 27; 28:2, 8 בלב האלה 2 S 18:14; בְּלֵב אֹיְבֵי in the midst of the enemies of ψ 45:2 (v. Br^{MP in loco}; AV RV al. in the heart of).

II. elsewhere of men: †1. the inner man in contrast with outer לבי ובשׂרי ירננו my heart and my flesh cry out ψ 84:3; ‖ מעים ψ 22:15 Je 4:19, the inner for outer מעים Je 49:22; as within the breast על לב Ex 28:3, 29, 30^(×2) (P); מלב 2 K 9:24; בלב ψ 37:15 2 S 18:14; סְגוֹר לִבָּם Ho 13:8; antithesis with בָּשָׂר Pr 14:30 Ec 2:3; head Is 1:5, face Ez 14:3, 4, 7; arm Ct 8:6; hands Ez 22:14; bones ψ 102:5; eyes 1 K 9:3 (= 2 Ch 7:16) Je 22:17; ear Pr 22:17; 23:12; mouth ψ 55:22; lips Is 29:13; אֲנִי יְשֵׁינָה וְלִבִּי עֵר I slept but my heart waked Ct 5:2. 2. the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will, with occasional emphasis of one or the other by means of certain verbs: † בכל לב 1 K 8:23 (= 2 Ch 6:14) ψ 9:2; 119:2, 10, 34, 58, 69, 145; 138:1 Pr 3:5 Je 3:10; 24:7; †עם לב 2 Ch 24:4 (see לבב 2); † כלב 2 S 7:21 (= 1 Ch 17:19) Je 3:15; תַּעֲלֻמוֹת לֵב secrets of the heart ψ 44:22; לֵב מְלָכִים אֵין חֵקֶר the heart of kings is unsearchable Pr 25:3; הַיֹּצֵר יַחַד לִבָּם ψ 33:15 etc. 3. specific reference to mind: a. †מִלֵּב of one’s own mind Nu 16:28; 24:13 (JE) 1 K 12:33; Ne 6:8; Ez 13:2, 17; †חֲסַר לֵב destitute of mind Pr 6:32; 7:7; 9:4, 16; 10:13, 21; 11:12; 12:11; 15:21; 17:18; 24:30; לִבּוֹ חָסֵר Ec 10:3; אֵין לֵב Je 5:21 Ho 7:11; לב אין Pr 17:16; קנה לב get a mind Pr 15:32; 19:8; כֹּחַ לב power of mind Jb 36:5; רֹחַב לב breadth of mind 1 K 5:9, גנב לב 2 S 15:6; Gn 31:20 (E? see לבב 3 a). b. knowledge, c. †ידע Dt 29:3; Pr 14:10; 22:17; Ec 1:17; 7:22, 25; 8:5, 16; Je 24:7; ראה ψ 66:18 Ec 1:16; חָכַם לב mind is wise Pr 23:15; †לֵב חָכָם wise mind 1 K 3:12; Pr 16:23; Ec 8:5; †חֲכַם לֵב Ex 31:6; 35:10; 36:1, 2, 8 (P) Pr 10:8; 11:29; 16:21; †חַכְמֵי לֵב Ex 28:3 (P) Jb 37:24; †חכמת לב Ex 35:25, 35 (P); לב חכמים Ec 7:4; 10:2; לב כסילים Pr 12:23; 15:7 Ec 7:4; 10:2; c. חכמה Ex 36:2 (P) 1 K 10:24 (= 2 Ch 9:23) Pr 2:10; 17:16; Ec 2:3; †לֵב נָבוֹן intelligent mind Pr 14:33; 15:14; 18:15; with הבין Pr 8:5; תְּבוּנָה Pr 2:2; שָׂ֑כֶל Jb 17:4 etc. c. thinking, reflection, c. חשׁב ψ 140:3 Pr 16:9; מחשׁבות Gn 6:5 (J) ψ 33:11 Pr 6:18; 19:21 cf. Gn 8:21 (J); הגה muse, study Pr 15:28; 24:2; Is 33:18; 59:13; הגיון ψ 19:15; הָגוּת ψ 49:4; †שׂם לב set the mind, consider Is 41:22; Ez 44:5, c. לְ 1 S 9:20; Ez 40:4; 44:5; אֶל Ex 9:21 (J) 1 S 25:25; 2 S 18:3^(×2) Jb 2:3; 34:14; עַל Jb 1:8; † שׁת לב ψ 62:10; Pr 22:17; 24:32, c. לְּ Ex 7:23 (JE) 1 S 4:20; 2 S 13:20; ψ 48:14; Pr 27:23; Je 31:21 אֶל Jb 7:17. d. memory †השׁיב אל לב call to mind Is 44:19; La 3:21; על לב Is 46:8; †עלה על לב come into mind (occur to one) Is 65:17; Je 3:16; 7:31; 19:5; 32:35 (cf. Acts 7:23), so בא על לב 2 Ch 7:11; †שׂם על לב lay to heart Is 42:25; 47:7; 57:1, 11; Je 12:11 Mal 2:2^(×2) Dn 1:8; אל לב 2 S 13:33; 19:20 כתב על לב Je 31:33; קשׁר על לב Pr 6:21; † לוּחַ לֵב tablet of the memory Pr 3:3; 7:3 Je 17:1; נִשְׁכַּחְתִּי כְּמֵת מִלֵּב I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind ψ 31:13. 4. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will; †הכין לב set the mind 2 Ch 12:14 ψ 10:17; 78:8; Jb 11:13; †נכון לב ψ 57:8^(×2) (= 108:2) 78:37; 112:7; †נתן לב לְ Ec 1:13, 17; 7:21; 8:9, 16; Pr 23:26 Dn 10:12; † נתן אל לב Ec 7:2; 9:1; Ne 2:12; 7:5 differ from Ec 7:2; 9:1 (the ‘heart’ here not being the subject’s). בלב Ex 35:34 (P) Ezr 7:27 Ec 3:11; †אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂאוֹ לִבּוֹ whose heart stirred him up Ex 35:21; 36:2 cf. 35:26 (all P); †נְדִיב לֵב willing of mind Ex 35:5, 22 (P) 2 Ch 29:31 cf. Ex 25:2; 35:29 (P): †אחרי נטה לב inclined to follow Ju 9:3 ψ 119:112; Pr 2:2; †הטה לב 1 K 11:3 ψ 119:36; 141:4 cf. 2 S 15:13:—גְּדֹלִים חִקְקֵי־לֵב great resolves of heart Ju 5:15 etc. 5. spec. ref. to conscience, וַיַּךְ לֵב דָּוִד אֹתוֹ and David’s heart (conscience) smote him 1 S 24:6; מִכְשׁוֹל לֵב offence of conscience 1 S 25:31; cf. Ec 7:22. 6. spec. ref. to moral character, God tries the heart ψ 17:3 Je 12:3; sees the heart and reins Je 20:12, tries them ψ 7:10 Je 11:20, refines them ψ 26:2; searches the heart and tries the reins Je 17:10. a. ישֶׁר־לִבִּי Jb 33:3; †יִשְׁרֵי לֵב ψ 7:11; 11:2; 32:11; 36:11; 64:11 (all c. דָּוִד in title), 94:15; 97:11; †לֵב שָׁלֵם 1 Ch 28:9; 29:9 Is 38:3 (all originally לבב, see לבב 6 a); נִשְׁבְּרֵי־לֵב broken of heart ψ 34:19 Is 61:1; לֵב־נִשְׁבָּר ψ 51:19; שְׁבוּרֵי לֵב ψ 147:3; לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Is 57:15; לֵב טָהוֹר clean heart ψ 51:12; †לֵב חָדָשׁ new heart Ez 18:31; 36:26 (prob. also 11:19 for אֶהָד see Co) etc. b. לֵב רָע evil heart Pr 26:23; חַנְפֵי־לֵב godless in heart Jb 36:13; עקּשׁ(י) לב perverse in heart Pr 11:20; 17:20; †תַּרְמִת לִבָּם deceit of their heart Je 14:14; 23:26; בלב ולב with a double heart ψ 12:3 etc. c. seat of pride Pr 21:4; Je 48:29; 49:16; Ho 13:6; Ob 3 גְּבַהּ־לֵב Pr 16:5; גֹּבַהּ לב 2 Ch 32:26; †גָּבַהּ לֵב 2 Ch 17:6; 26:16; 32:25 ψ 131:1; Pr 18:12; Ez 28:2, 17. d. the heart is uncircumcised Je 9:25 Ez 44:7, 9 and hardened: † חזּק לב Ex 4:21; 10:20, 27 (E), 9:12; 11:10; 14:4, 8, 17 (P), Jos 11:20 (D² ?); †יֶהֱזַק לֵב Ex 7:13, 22; 8:15; 9:35 (P); חִזְּקֵי־לֵב Ez 2:4; † הקשׁה לב Ex 7:3 (P) Pr 28:14; קְשֵׁי־לֵב Ez 3:7; הכביד לב Ex 8:11, 28; 9:34; 10:1 (J); כָּבֵד לב Ex 7:14; 9:7 (J); כּבּד לב 1 S 6:6; הַשְׁמֵן לֵב־הָעָם הַזֶה make the heart of this people fat Is 6:10 (?); † שְׁרִ(י)רוּת לֵב Dt 29:18 ψ 81:13 after Je 3:17; 7:24; 9:13; 11:8; 13:10; 16:12; 18:12; 23:17; †לב האבן the heart of stone Ez 11:19; 36:26 etc. 7. for the man himself, † אמר בלב Gn 17:17 (P), 27:41 (JE), 1 K 12:26 Est 6:6 ψ 10:6, 11, 13; 14:1 (= 53:2) 35:25; 74:8; Ec 2:1, 15; 3:17, 18; Is 47:10; Ob 3; Zc 12:5; אֶל־לב Gn 8:21 (J) 1 S 27:1; † דבּר בלב Ec 2:15; אֶל־לב Gn 24:45 (J); עַל לב 1 S 1:13 (?); עִם לב Ec 1:16; נְאֻם־פֶּשַׁע לָרָשָׁע בְּקֶרֶב לִבִּי ψ 36:2. 8. as seat of appetites, סְעַד לב stay the heart (with bread) Gn 18:5 (J) Ju 19:5 ψ 104:15. 9. as seat of the emotions and passions: a. of joy and gladness, in various combinations of †טוב, Ju 16:25; 18:20; 19:6, 22; Ru 3:7; 1 S 25:36; 2 S 13:28;1 K 8:66 (= 2 Ch 7:10) 21:7; Est 1:10; 5:9; Pr 15:15 Ec 7:3; 9:7; 11:9; Is 65:14; various combinations of † שׂמח, Ex 4:14 (J) 1 Ch 16:10 (= ψ 105:3) ψ 4:8; 16:9; 19:9; 33:21; Pr 15:13, 30; 17:22; 27:9, 11 Ec 2:10^(×2); 5:19; Ct 3:11; Is 24:7; Zc 10:7; שׂושׂ ψ 119:111; Is 66:14; La 5:15; עלץ 1 S 2:1; עלז ψ 28:7 Zp 3:14; רנן Jb 29:13; גיל ψ 13:6 Pr 24:17 Zc 10:7; of desire, ψ 21:3; 37:4; † דבּר עַל לֵב speak unto the heart (kindly) Gn 34:3; 50:21 (JE) Ju 19:3; 2 S 19:8; 2 Ch 30:22; Is 40:2; Ho 2:16; Ru 2:13. b. of trouble 2 K 6:11; Is 65:14, sorrow Ne 2:2; Pr 14:13, pain ψ 55:5, vexation Ec 11:10, trembling Dt 28:65 (?) 1 S 28:5, faintness La 5:17; it is wounded ψ 109:22, dies within one out of fear 1 S 25:37 etc.; † לב נמס the heart melteth (in fear) 2 S 17:10 ψ 22:15 Ez 21:12; Na 2:11. †10. seat of courage: יַאֲמֵץ לִבֶּ֑ךָ let thine heart take courage ψ 27:14; אַמִּיץ לִבּוֹ Am 2:16; אַבִּירֵי לֵב stout-hearted ψ 76:6; Is 46:12; לִבּוֹ יָצוּק כְּמוֹ־אֶבֶן his heart as firm as a stone Jb 41:16; לִבּוֹ כְּלֵב הָאַרְיֵה his heart as the heart of the lion 2 S 17:10; cf. אֶת־לִבּוֹ מָצָא 2 S 7:27, מְלָאוֹ לִבּוֹ לְ׳ Est 7:5 (cf. Ec 8:11).

† [לִבָּה] sf. לִבָּתֵךְ Assyrian libbātu anger in לִבָּתֵךְ אֲמֻלָה < אִמָּלֵא ל׳ ‘I am filled with anger against thee’ Baneth ^{OLZ xxii 58} Ez 16:30.

לֵב קָמָי < קַמְבֻּלָּי people of Gambulai Sarowsky^{ZAW 1912, 150–1} Je 51:1.

† I. [לבב] vb. denom.

Niph. Impf. יִלָּבֵב get a mind; וְאִישׁ נָבוּב יִלָּבֵב וְעַיִר פֶּרֶא אָדָם יִוָּלֵד shall an empty man get a mind or a wild ass’s colt be born a man? Jb 11:12.

Pi. encourage; Pf. לִבַּבְתִּנִי … לִבַּבְתִּנִי בְּאַחַד֯ מֵעֵינַיִךְ Ct 4:9^(×2) thou hast encouraged me, thou hast encouraged me with one of thine eyes Ew Gi Gr RVm (AV RV Ges Hi De Öt (cf. 5:6) ravished my heart,—Pi. priv. Ges^{§ 52 h}).

† [לְבִבָה] n.pl. cakes (prob. pancakes, from shape?) לְבִבוֹת 2 S 13:6, 8, 10.

† II. [לבב] vb. denom.

Pi. make cakes. Impf. תְּלַבֵּב 2 S 13:6, 8.

לְבַד alone v. בַּד sub בדד p. 94 supr.

[לַבָה], לַבַּת Ex 3:2 v. לֶהָבָה sub להב.

[לָבַט] vb. thrust down, out, or away (NH id.; Arabic لَبَطَ strike the ground with a person, i.e. throw one down; Syriac Pa. ܠܰܒܶܛ incitavit, stimulavit);—only

Niph. Impf. be thrust down, away, i.e. ruined; עָם לֹא יָבִין יִלָּבֵט Ho 4:14; אֱוִיל שְׂפָתַיִם יִלָּבֵט Pr 10:8, 10.

לְבִי, לָבִיא, לְבִיָּא v. sub לבא.

לֻבִים v. לוּבִים.

† [לָבֵן] vb. be white (onֵ v. Ba^{NB 166}; v. Lag^{BN 33, cf. 53, 54} infers לָבֹן from לִבֹנָה; NH id., Pi. Hiph., and deriv.; Ph. לבן white; Arabic لَبَنٌ milk; لبن also be white, dial. of Yemen, Maltzan^{ZMG xxvii, 1873, 247}; appar. √ of foll. fourteen words, but this dub. especially in case of ii. iii. לָבָן, לְבָנָא, לִבְנָה, ii. לְבוֹנָה, i. ii. לִבְנִי);—

Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. הִלְבִּינוּ Jo 1:7; Impf. 1 s. אַלְבִּין ψ 51:9; 3 pl. יַלְבִּינוּ Is 1:18; Inf. cstr. וְלַלְבֵּן (= וּלְהַלְבֵּן) Dn 11:35;— 1. make white = purify (ethical) Dn 11:35 (no object expr., ‖ עָרַף, בָּרֵר). 2. shew whiteness, grow white, of fig-tree, stripped by locusts, Jo 1:7; fig. of moral purity, כַּשֶּׁלֶג יַלְב׳ Is 1:18; מִשֶּׁלֶגּ אַלְב׳ ψ 51:9.

Hithp. Impf. יִתְלַבְּנוּ Dn 12:10 be purified (ethical, ‖ יִתְבָּֽרֲרוּ).—לָבַן, make brick, v. infr.

† I. לָבָן adj. white;—ל׳ abs. Gn 30:35 + 13 times; cstr. לְבֶן־ Gn 49:12 (cf. Ges^{§ 93, 2, R. 1} Kö ^{Lgb ii, 74} Ba^{NB 166}); f. לְבָנָה Lv 13:4 + 6 times; pl. לְבָנִים Zc 1:8 + 3 times; לְבָנוֹת Gn 30:37 + 2 times;—white, of wood under bark Gn 30:37^(×2) (cf. Jo 1:7); of spots on goats v 35 (all J); of manna Ex 16:31 (P); garments Ec 9:8 (sign of cheerfulness and joy); of teeth וּלְבֶן־שִׁנַּיִם מֵחָלָב Gn 49:12 (poem in J; ‖ הַכְלִילִי עֵינַיִם מִיָּ֑יִן) of Judah (on interpr. v. Di and, differently, Marc. Jastr^{JBL xi. (1892), 128)}; of horses Zc 1:8; 6:3, 6 (in vision); chfly. of diseased skin or flesh on body (בַּהֶרֶת Lv 13:4, 19, 24, 25, 26, 38) Lv 13:4, 10, 13, 16, 17, 19, 24, 38; and of hair on such spots 13:3, 4, 10, 20, 21, 25, 26; + אֲדַמְדֶּ֫מֶת 13:19, 24, 43, cf. v 42; + כֵּהָה v 39 (all P).

† I. לְבָנָה n.f. moon, poet. (NH id.);—ל׳ Is 24:23 + 2 times; shall pale before י׳ Is 24:23 (‖ חַמָּה); shall become like sun (חַמָּה) in day of י׳’s redemption 30:26 (אוֹר הַלְּ׳); sim. of woman’s beauty, יָפָה כַלְּ׳ Ct 6:10 (‖ חַמָּה).

II. לָבָן₅₄ n.pr.m. son of Bethuel, brother of Rebekah, and father-in-law of Jacob (𝔊 Λαβαν), Gn 24:29^(×2), 50; 27:43; 28:2, 5 + 17 times J (Gn 29, 30, 31, 32); 29:15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 26 + 18 times E (Gn 31, 32, ל׳ הָאֲרַמִּי 31:24); 25:20 (ל׳ הָאֲרַמִּי) 28:5 (id.), also 28:2; 29:24, 29; 46:18, 25 (all P).

† III. לָבָן n.pr.loc., connected with desert-journey of Israelites Dt 1:1, 𝔊 Λοβον; poss. = לִבְנָה 2, q.v.

† לְבָנָא Ne 7:48 = ii. לְבָנָה Ezr 2:45;—head of a family of returning exiles, 𝔊 Λαβανα, Λαβανω, 𝔊L Λοβνα.

† לִבְנָה n.pr.loc.

1. city in SW. Judah, exact site unknown, captured by Joshua, according to D, Jos 10:29^(×2), 31, 32, 39; 12:15 (all D), 15:42 (P); Levit. city 21:13 (P) = 1 Ch 6:42; further 2 K 8:22 = 2 Ch 21:10, 2 K 19:8 = Is 37:8, 2 K 23:31; 24:18 = Je 52:1; 𝔊 Λεβνα. Vid. Lag^{Onom. 247, 135, 26; 2nd ed. 273} Λεβνα; Buhl^{Geogr. 193}.

2. station of Isr. in wilderness, between רִמֹּן פָּ֑רֶץ and רִסָּה Nu 33:20, 21 (perhaps = לָבֶן Dt 1:1); 𝔊 Λεμωνα, A 𝔊L Λεβωνα.

† I. לְבֹנָה, לְבוֹנָה n.f. frankincense (from white colour, cf. Lag^{BN 33}; NH id.; Aramaic id., לְבוּנְתָּא, ܠܒܽܘܢܬܳܐ; Ph. לבנת; Arabic لُبَانٌ (Lane ³⁰⁰⁷); Ethiopic ሊባኖስ is from λιβανος);—ל׳ Ex 30:24 + 18 times; לְבֹנָתָהּ Lv 2:2, 16;—used in prep. of holy incense Ex 30:34 (‖ סַמִּים); used as incense Je 6:20, on meal-offering Lv 2:1, 2, 15, 16; 6:8, cf. 5:11 Nu 5:15; also Je 17:26; 41:5; Is 43:23; 66:3; with shew-bread Lv 24:7; Ne 13:5, 9 1 Ch 9:29 (‖ בְּשָׂמִים); burned as perfume (art. of luxury) Ct 3:6 (‖ מֹר); גִּבְעַת חַלְּבוֹנָה 4:6 (‖ הַר הַמּוֹר); עֲצֵי לְבוֹנָה v 14 (‖ נֵרְדְּ, כַּרְכֹּם, קָנֶה, קִנָּמוֹן, מֹר, אֲהָלוֹת); as tribute to Zion Is 60:6 (‖ זהב).—In Hex only P.

† II. לְבוֹנָה n.pr.loc., by which, among other places, loc. of Shiloh is fixed Ju 21:19, 𝔊 Λεβωνα; mod. Lubban, c. 3 m. WNW. from Shiloh (Seilûn), Rob^{BR ii. 271 f.} Guérin^{Sam. ii, 164 f.} Bd^{Pal. 217} Buhl^{Geogr. 175}.

† I. לִבְנִי n.pr.m. a Levite, son of Gershom, Ex 6:17; Nu 3:18; 1 Ch 6:2, 5, 14 (𝔊 Λοβεν[ε]ι).

† II. לִבְנִי adj.gent. of foregoing, always c. art. הַלּ׳ as subst. coll., Nu 3:21; 26:58.

† לְבָנוֹן (Dt 3:25 הַלְּבָנֹן Van d. H.)₇₁ n.pr.mont. Lebanon (Ph. לבנן; Assyrian Labnanu, etc., Schr^COT on 1 K 5:13, Dl^{Par. 103 ff.}; Egyptian Ra-m^a n-n WMM^{Asien u. Europa, 197 ff.}; Arabic لُبْنَانٌ; cf. further Rob^{BR ii, 435 ff. 493} GASm^{Geogr. 45 ff.} Buhl^{Geogr. 110} and reff.; name prob. from whiteness of its cliffs Rob^{BR ii, 493})—wooded mountain-range on northern border of Isr. [usually c. art. הַלּ׳ (51 times); without art. לְבָנוֹן, poet. and late Ho 14:8; Na 1:4; 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24, Ez 31:15, 16; Is 14:8; 29:17; 33:9; 40:16; Je 18:14; Hb 2:17; Zc 10:10; 11:1; ψ 29:6 Ct 4:8^(×2), 11, 15; c. ה loc. לְבָב֫וֹנָה 1 K 5:28a]; perhaps first mentioned in defining a locality, as הַר הַלְּבָנוֹן, Ju 3:3 (E according to GFM; this combination only here), but also in early proph., then in D, and later;—in defining a locality Jos 9:1; בִּקְעַת הַלּ׳ Jos 11:17; 12:7 (side of Baal Gad); as a marked feature, in describing extent of land Dt 1:7; 3:25; 11:24; Jos 1:4; 13:5 (בָּל־הַלּ׳) v 6 (all D), 1 K 9:19 = 2 Ch 8:6, Je 22:20; Zc 10:10; רֹאשׁ הַלּ׳ Je 22:6 (fig. of royal house of Judah), as a height Ct 4:8^(×2); מִגְדַּל הַלּ׳ Ct 7:5 i.e. a tower built on Lebanon; שֶׁלֶגּ ל׳ Je 18:14 snow of L.; L. as source of streams Ct 4:15; יֵין ל׳ Ho 14:8; most often, however, as bearing forests, especially of cedars, אַרְזֵי הַלּ׳ Ju 9:15 (in allegory; perhaps J, according to GFM), Is 2:13; 14:8; ψ 29:5; 104:16, cf. 1 K 5:13, 20, 23, 28^(×2) 2 Ch 2:7^(×2), 15, 2 K 14:9^(×2) = 2 Ch 25:18^(×2) (in allegory), Je 22:23; Ez 17:3; 27:5; 31:3, 15, 16; Zc 11:1; Ezr 3:7; ψ 92:13 Ct 3:9; 5:15 (sim. of majestic figure); פֶּרַח ל׳ Na 1:4; כְּבוֹד הַלּ׳ Is 35:2; 60:13; וְשָׁב ל׳ לְכַרְמֶל 29:17 (‖ יַעַר); יַרְכְּתֵי ל׳ with the same ref. Is 37:24 = 2 K 19:23; הַלּ׳ = trees of Lebanon Ho 14:6; Is 10:34; 40:16; ψ 29:6; 72:16; ל׳ Is 33:9 fig., as mourning; חֲמַס ל׳ Hb 2:17 i.e. violence done to Lebanon, prob. by cutting down its trees; בֵּית יַעַר הַלּ׳ a royal mansion of Sol., 1 K 7:2; and 10:17, 21 = 2 Ch 9:16, 20; ל׳ as home of wild beast 2 K 14:9 = 2 Ch 25:18 (in allegory); רֵיחַ לְבָנוֹן, of the odour of cedar forests Ct 4:11, cf. Ho 14:7 (in sim.; We thinks ל׳ here to be a specific plant).

† לִבְנֶה n.[m.] poplar (appar. = Arabic لُبْنَى named from exuding milky (white) gum De Ges al.; Ethiopic ልብን styrax officinalis; but 𝔊 λεύκη, cf. 𝔖 and Löw ^{No. 107});—Gn 30:37 מַקַּל ל׳ לַח וְלוּז וְעַרְמוֹן; as marking places of idolatrous incense-burning תַּחַת אַלּוֹן וְלִבְנֶה וְאֵלָה Ho 4:13.

† לְבֵנָה n.f. brick, tile (NH id.; Aramaic לְבִינְתָּא, ܠܒܶܢܻܬܳܐ; Zinj. לבן (?) DHM^{Sendsch. 37. 59}; Assyrian libittu; Arabic لِبْنٌ, لَبِنٌ, لَبِنٌ, لِبْنَةٌ, لَبِنَةٌ (loan-words according to Frä^{4 f.}); according to Thes and most from whiteness of clay, or light colour of sun-baked bricks; so Nö^{ZMG xl, 1886, 735} Lag^{BN 139}; >others regard as Assyrian loan-word VOJ ^{i, 22 ff.}; in Assyrian a deriv. from labânu, throw down, prostrate, is sought Dl^{Pr 93f. (cf. HWB 369});—ל׳ Gn 11:3 Ez 4:1; cstr. לִבְנַת Ex 24:10; pl. לְבֵנִים Gn 11:3 + 7 times; sf. מִלִּבְנֵיכֶם Ex 5:19;—

1. brick, as building-material, Gn 11:3 (sg. coll.; elsewhere pl.) v 3; Ex 1:14; straw used in making Ex 5:7, cf. v 8, 16, 18, 19; Is 9:9 (fig.; as inferior to גָּזִית hewn stone); incense burnt on Is 65:3 (= roof-tiles? cf. Che Di).

2. = tile, on which plan of city could be engraved (חקק) Ez 4:1.

3. = pavement, Ex 24:10 (cf. Di).

† [לָבַן] vb.denom. make brick (as Assyrian labânu from libittu Dl^{HWB 370});—

Qal Impf. 1 pl. נִלְבְּנָה Gn 11:3 (c. acc. cogn.); Inf. cstr. לִלְבֹּן Ex 5:7 (c. acc. cogn.), v 14 (abs.)

† מַלְבֵּן n.[m.] 1. brick-mould; 2. quadrangle (on meaning brick-mould, and fig. something rectangular, v. Hoffm^{ZAW 1882, 53–72} Dr 2 S 12:31, cf. NH מַלְבֵּן; Arabic مِلْبَنٌ; Syriac ܡܰܠܒܢܳܐ;)—

1. brick-mould, 2 S 12:31 Qr (Kt, by error, מלכן), Na 3:14.

2. quadrangle, Je 43:9 (at Tahpanhes).

לַבֵּן in עַל־מוּת ל׳ ψ 9:1 dubious meaning, v. Thes Bae ^{Psalmen, p. xvii}.

לִבְנָ֑ת v. שִׁיחוֹר לִבְנָ֑ת.

† לָבֵשׁ, לָבַשׁ vb. put on (a garment), wear, clothe, be clothed (NH id.; Aramaic לִבֵישׁ ܠܒܶܫ; Assyrian labâšu; Arabic لَبِسَ; Ethiopic ለብሰ );

Qal Pf. 3 m.s. לָבֵ֣שׁ, לָ֫בֵ֥שׁ ψ 93:1; לָ֮בַ֤שׁ Jb 7:5 + 2 times; וְלָבַשׁ (cons.) Lv 6:3 + 3 times; sf. וּלְבֵשָׁם (cons.) Lv 16:4; 3 fs. לָֽבְשָׁה Ju 6:34 + 2 times, etc. (Ez 42:14 read prob. וְלָֽבְשׁוּ Qr, for ילבשׁו Kt, but cl. perhaps interpol., v. Co); Impf. 3 ms. יִלְבַּשׁ Dt 22:5 +; sf. וַיִּלְבָּשֵׁנִי Jb 29:14, יִלְבָּשָׁם Ex 29:30; 1 s. sf. אֶלְבָּשֶׁ֑נָּה Ct 5:3; 3 fpl. תִּלְבַּשְׁןָ 2 S 13:18, etc.; Imv. ms. לְבַשׁ 1 K 22:30, etc.; Inf. abs. לָבוֹשׁ Hg 1:6; cstr. לִלְבֹּשׁ Gn 28:20 Lv 21:10; Pt. act. pl. הַלֹּבְשִׁים Zp 1:8; pass. abs. לָבוּשׁ 1 S 17:5; Dn 10:5; לָבֻשׁ Ez 9:2 + 3 times; cstr. לְבוּשׁ Dn 12:6, 7, לְבֻשׁ Ez 9:11 + 3 times; pl. cstr. לְבֻשֵׁי Ez 23:6 + 2 times;— a. lit. put on (one’s own) garment (acc.) Gn 38:19; 1 S 28:8; 2 S 14:2; 1 K 22:30 = 2 Ch 18:29, Ex 29:30; Lv 6:3, 4; 16:4^(×2), 23, 24, 32; 21:10; Dt 22:5; Ez 44:17, 19, and so 42:14 Qr (v. supr.), Jon 3:5; Ct 5:3; Est 4:1; 5:1; c. acc. garment + עַל־בְּשָׂרוֹ Lv 16:3; of putting on armour Je 46:4; = wear (more or less habitually), c. acc. of garment, Is 4:1; Dt 22:11; Zp 1:8; Zc 13:4; of Jerus. under fig. of woman Je 4:30, of rulers under fig. of shepherds Ez 34:3, cf. כֵּן תִּלְבַּשְׁןָ 2 S 13:18 (no acc.) b. very often fig., put on, be clothed with, c. acc. of garment;—לָבַשׁ בְּשָׂרִי רִמָּה Jb 7:5 my flesh is clothed (i.e. covered) with worms; of Jerus., be clothed with inhabitants Is 49:18; of pasture, with flocks ψ 65:14; more often the garment is some abstract quality, e.g. righteousness, majesty, beauty, strength, etc.;—וַיִּלְבַּשׁ צְדָקָה כַּשִּׁרְיָן Is 59:17 he (י׳) hath put on righteousness as a breastplate, cf. v 17 (vengeance), ψ 93:1 (majesty), v 1 (strength), 104:1 (honour and majesty), Is 51:9 (strength); also Jb 40:10; said of men, 2 Ch 6:41 (salvation), ψ 132:9 (righteousness), Jb 29:14 (id.); of Zion Is 52:1^(×2); also in bad sense, clothed with terror, trembling, shame, etc., Ez 7:27; 26:16; Jb 8:22; ψ 35:26; 109:29, cf. v 18 (cursing). c. lit. put on, obj. om., נָתַן … בֶּגֶד לִלְבּשׁ Gn 28:20 Jb 27:17; Inf. abs. לָבוֹשׁ Hg 1:6 (there is) a clothing, but he has nothing for warmth. d. once c. בְּ, לְבוּשׁ … אֲשֶׁר לָבַשׁ בּוֹ Est 6:8. e. Pt. pass., clothed with, chiefly Ezek.;—c. acc. of garment, Ez 9:2, 3; Zc 3:3; Pr 31:21; Dn 10:5; of wearing armour 1 S 17:5; cstr. before garment, לְבֻשׁ הַבַּדִּים Ez 9:11; 10:2, 6, 7, cf. 23:6, 12; 38:4; Dn 12:6, 7. f. fig.:—וְרוּחַ י׳ לָֽבְשָׁה אֶת־גִּדְע֑וֹן Ju 6:34 and the spirit of י׳ clothed itself with Gideon, i.e. (GFM) took possession of him (cf. ܠܒܺܝܫ possessed); so 1 Ch 12:18; 2 Ch 24:20; צֶדֶק לָבַשְׁתִּי וַיִּלְבָּשֵׁנִי Jb 29:14 and it clothed itself in me, as it were, became incarnate in me.

Pu. only Pt. pl. מְלֻבָּשִׁים arrayed, c. acc. of garment 1 K 22:10 = 2 Ch 18:9, 2 Ch 5:12; abs. in full apparel Ezr 3:10.

Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. הִלְבִּישַׁנִי Is 61:10; 3 fs. הִלְבִּישָׁה Gn 27:16; 2 ms. וְהִלְבַּשְׁתָּ֫ Ex 28:41 + 3 times; sf. וְהִלְבַּשְׁתָּם (consec.) Ex 29:8; Nu 20:26; 1 s. sf. וְהִלְבַּשְׁתִּיו Is 22:21; 3 pl. הִלְבִּישׁוּ 2 Ch 28:15, וְהִלְבִּשׁוּ (consec.) Est 6:9; Impf. 3 ms. וַיַּלְבֵּשׁ Gn 41:42 + 5 times; sf. וַיַּלְבִּשֵׁם Gn 3:21; Lv 8:13; 3 fs. תַּלְבִּישׁ Pr 23:21, etc.; Inf. abs. הַלְבֵּשׁ Zc 3:4; cstr. הַלְבִּישׁ Est 4:4; Pt. sf. הַמַּלְבִּֽשְׁכֶּם 1 S 1:24;—clothe, array with. 1. usually c. 2 acc., a. lit. וַיּלְבֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ בִּגְדֵי־שֵׁשׁ Gn 41:42; 2 S 1:24; Is 22:21; Ex 28:41; 29:5, 8; 40:13, 14 Lv 8:7, 13 Nu 20:26, 28 Zc 3:4, 5; of clothing Jerus. under fig. of infant Ez 16:10; of putting armour on some one 1 S 17:38^(×2). b. fig., Jb 10:11 thou hast clothed me with skin and flesh; cf. 39:19 (quivering of horse’s neck); Is 50:3; 61:10; ψ 132:16, 18. 2. c. acc. garment only, Gn 27:16 (+ עַל־יָדָיו); fig., Pr 23:21. 3. c. acc. pers. only Gn 3:21; 27:15 2 Ch 28:15^(×2) Est 4:4; 6:9, 11.

† לְבוּשׁ, לְבֻשׁ n.m. ^{Jb 30:18} garment, clothing, raiment (on format. cf. Ges^{§ 84 a, 12} Lag^{BN 64, 179});—לְבוּשׁ abs. 2 K 10:22 + 9 times; cstr. לְבוּשׁ Est 4:2 + 2 times, לְבֻשׁ Is 14:19; sf. לְבוּשִׁי Jb 30:18 + 3 times; לְבוּשֶׁ֑ךָ Is 63:2; Pr 27:26; לְבוּשׁוּ Is 63:1; Jb 41:5, לְבֻשׁוֹ 2 S 20:8 + 2 times; לְבוּשָׁהּ ψ 45:14 + 2 times; לְבוּשְׁכֶן 2 S 1:24; לְבוּשָׁם Je 10:9; pl. sf. לְבֻשֵׁיהֶם La 4:14;—garment, clothing, Gn 49:11 (poem in J; ‖ סוּתֹה), Jb 24:7 (‖ כְּסוּת), v 10; 30:18; 31:19; Pr 27:26; ψ 22:19; La 4:14; of women’s raiment 2 S 1:24 Pr 31:22, also fig. עֹז וְהָדָר לְבוּשָׁהּ v 25; specif. of princess ψ 45:14; of warrior’s tunic 2 S 20:8, cf. Is 63:1, 2 (י׳ as warrior); raiment for worshippers 2 K 10:22; for mourners, לְבוּשִׁי שָׂ֑ק ψ 35:13, cf. 69:12; בִּלְבוּשׁ שָׂק Est 4:2; of royal apparel ל׳ מַלְכוּת Est 6:8; 8:15, cf. (without מ׳) 6:9, 10, 11; scaly coat of crocod. פְּנֵיּ לְבוּשׁוֹ Jb 41:5; cover garment with violence Mal 2:16, fig. of putting away a wife, cf. RS^{K, 269} We; in other fig. uses:—as changed ψ 102:27 (sim. of heavens and earth), as covering 104:6 (sim. of deep upon earth); of cloud as garment of sea Jb 38:9, sim. of terrestrial objects in the light v 14.

† מַלְבּוּשׁ [מַלְבֻּשׁ] n.m. ^{Zp 1:8} raiment, attire;—abs. 2 K 10:22 + 2 times; sf. מַלְבּוּשֵׁךְ Ez 16:3; pl. sf. מַלְבּוּשַׁי Is 63:3; מַלְבּוּשֵׁיהֶם 2 Ch 9:4^(×2), מַלְבֻּשֵׁיהֶם 1 K 10:5;—raiment, 2 K 10:22 (for worshippers, ‖ לְבוּשׁ), Jb 27:16 (as wealth); of Jerus. under fig. of infant Ez 16:13; מַל׳ נָכְרִי Zp 1:8 foreign attire (acc. with לָבַשׁ); pl. of garments of Sol.’s servants 1 K 10:5 = 2 Ch 9:4 a, + 2 Ch 9 4 b; of י׳ under fig. of warrior Is 63:3.

† תִּלְבֹּ֫שֶׁת n.f. raiment;—וַיִּלְבַּשׁ בִּגְדֵי נָקָם ת׳ Is 59:17 and he put on garments of vengeance as raiment (of י׳ as champion of Israel).

† לֹג n.m. ^{Lv 14:10} a liquid measure (NH id.; Aramaic לוּגָּה; also ܠܰܓܳܐ, ܠܰܓܬܳܐ a (dessert-)dish, etc.; meaning of √ dub.; Thes comp. Arabic لَجَّ be deep, لُجٌّ depth, abyss);—ל׳ abs. Lv 14:10; cstr. v 12 + 3 times Lv 14; always of oil (שֶׁמֶן); Lv 14:10, 12, 15, 21, 24 (P; all in law of purif. of leper); according to Talm. = 1/12 hin (v. הִין supr. p. 228; Zuckermann ^{Jüd. Masssystem, 49}) i.e. c. 1/2 litre; Benz^{Arch. 182, 184} Now^{Arch. i. 204 f.}

† לֹד n.pr.loc. = Λυδδα, 1 Makk 11:34 Acts 9:32, 35, 38, Lydda, mod. Ludd, c. 11 miles SE. from Jaffa, toward Jerusalem; Rob^{BR ii, 244–248} GASm^{Geogr. 100 ff.} Buhl^{Geogr. 197} 1 Ch 8:12 (ל׳ וּבְנֹתֶיהָ), Ezr 2:33 (בְּנֵי לֹד) = Ne 7:37, cf. 11:35; 𝔊 Λωδ, Λοδ, Λυδδων, Λυδδα.

† לִדְבִר n.pr.loc. only in גְּבוּל ל׳ Jos 13:26; E. of Jordan, in tribe of Gad; 𝔊B Δαιβων, A Δαβειρ, 𝔊L Δεβηρ; perhaps = לֹא דְבָר q.v., and cf. ii. דְּבִיר 2 b.

לֵדָה v. ילד, Inf. cstr.

לֹה v. לֹא.

להב √ of foll. (cf. Arabic لَهِبَ be thirsty [prob. burn with thirst Lane²⁶⁷⁴], ii. make a fire blaze fiercely, cf. iv; v. blaze fiercely (of fire), cf. viii; Aramaic [להב, ܠܗܒ] burn, in Shaph. Ishtaph. and deriv.; also לַהֲבָא, לַהֲבוּתָא flame; Ethiopic ለሀበ; Assyrian laʾabu, flame, Dl^{HWB 364}).

† לַ֫הַב n.m. flame, blade;—ל׳ abs. Ju 3:22^(×2) + 2 times; cstr. Ju 13:20 + 5 times; pl. לְהָבִים Is 13:8; cstr. לַהֲבֵי Is 66:15;—

1. flame, of altar, Ju 13:20^(×2) (ל׳ הַמִּזְבֵּהַ); ל׳ אֵשׁ אוֹכְלָה, of י׳’s judgment Is 29:6; 30:30; 66:15 (in all ‖ forces of nature, whirlwind, thunder, earthquake, rain, hail, etc.); fig. פְּנֵי ל׳ פְּנֵיהֶם Is 13:8 (i.e. hot with excitement, cf. Di); sim. Jo 2:5 בְּקוֹל ל׳ אֵשׁ (of rush of locusts); fig. of breath of crocodile Jb 41:13.

2. of flashing point of spear Jb 39:23; blade of sword Na 3:3; in prose, Ju 3:22^(×2).

† לֶהָבָה n.f. id.;—ל׳ Nu 21:28 + 13 times, לַהֶ֫בֶת cstr. 1 S 17:7; Ez 21:3; לַבַּת Ex 3:2 (= לַהְבַּת; Sam. להבת, v. Di); pl. לֶהָבוֹת ψ 105:32; cstr. לַהֲבוֹת ψ 29:7;—

1. flame, poet. (‖ or + אֵשׁ, except ψ 29:7 Dn 11:33); of fire consuming (לָהַט) Dathan, etc. ψ 106:18 (cf. Nu 16:35); wasting (לָהַט) mts. 83:15; consuming (אָכַל, בָּעֵר) chaff (in sim.) Is 5:24; of lightning (with hail) אשׁ ל׳ ψ 105:32 (cf. Ex 9:24), ψ 29:7 ל׳ אֵשׁ (on text of v. cf. Che); sim. of judgment, אֵשׁ ל׳ La 2:3 (vb. אָכַל) Ho 7:6 (vb. בָּעֵר) Is 47:14 (מִיַּד ל׳); cf. 10:17; Ob 18; ל׳ שַׁלְה׳ Ez 21:3; fig. of drought Jo 1:19, of locusts’ ravages 2:3 (vb. לָהַט in both); of war Nu 21:28 Je 48:45 (both vb. אָכַל); cf. Dn 11:33 (‖ חֶרֶב), of calamity Is 43:2; symb. נֹגַהּ אֵשׁ ל׳ of י׳’s presence Is 4:5 (cf. Ex 13:21); לַבַּת אֵשׁ Ex 3:2.

2. point, head of spear 1 S 17:7.

לַבַּת אֵשׁ Ex 3:2 v. לֶהָבָה.

† שַׁלְהֶ֫בֶת n.f. flame (Aramaic שַׁלְהוֹבִיתָא, ܫܰܠܗܶܒܺܝܬܳܐ )—in לַהֶבֶת שׁ׳ Ez 21:3, of judgment; so שַׁלְהָ֑בֶת Jb 15:30; רִשְׁפֵּי אֵשׁ שַׁלְהֶבֶתְיָה Ct 8:6 i.e. Yahweh-flame = powerful flame (> Jäger^{BAS i.471} Jastrow^{JBL xiii (1894), 111} expl. ־יָה here as encl. part.)

† לְהָבִים n.pr.gent. Gn 10:13 = 1 Ch 1:11, prob. = לוּבִים q.v.; 𝔊 Λαβιειμ.

להג √ of foll. (Arabic لَهِجَ be devoted, attached to a thing, apply oneself assiduously to it).

† לַ֫הַג n.m. (late) study, i.e. devotion to books; ל׳ הַרְבֵּה יְגִעַת בָּשָׂר Ec 12:12 (cf. Now).

† לָ֑הַד n.pr.m. son of יַ֫חַת of Judah 1 Ch 4:2, 𝔊 Λααθ, 𝔊L Λααδ (etym. and meaning unknown).

† [לָהָה] vb. languish, faint (= לָאָה) (𝔗 לְהִי, id.);—

Qal Impf. 3 fs. apoc. וַתֵּ֫לַהּ אֶרֶץ Gn 47:13 (of famine).

[לִהְלֵהַּ] vb.quadril. amaze, startle (cf. Syriac Palp. ܠܰܗܠܶܗ confudit, obstupefecit; Ethpalp. stupore percussus est; ܠܘܽܗܠܳܗܳܐ consternatio, all in Lexx., PS¹⁸⁹¹)—

Hithpalp. Pt. מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ as subst. = madman, sq. הַיֹּרֶה זִקִּים Pr 26:18 (v. Now).

† [לָהַט] vb. blaze up, flame (NH id.; Syriac ܠܗܶܛ; Assyrian laʾâṭu, in der. forms);—

Qal Pt. act. אֵשׁ לֹהֵט ψ 104:4 a flaming fire (so Bae; אֵשׁ וָלַהַט Bi Che, cf. Ol), made into י׳’s servants; pl. לֹהֲטִים 57:5 (fig. of enemies, cf. לְבָאִם v a).

Pi. Pf. 3ms. וְלִהַט Mal 3:19; 3 fs. לִהּטָה Jo 1:19; Impf. 3 fs. תְּלַהֵט Jo 2:3 + 4 times; וַתְּלַהֵט Dt 32:22; sf. וַתְּלַהֲטֵהוּ Is 42:25;—set ablaze, usually c. acc.;—foundation of mts., Dt 32:22 (subj. אֵשׁ, fig. of י׳’s judgment, ‖ קָדַח, יָקַד, אָכַל), cf. תְּל׳ הָרִים ψ 83:15 (in sim., subj. לֶהָבָה; ‖ כְּאֵשׁ תִּבְעַר־יָ֑עַר); of flame (לֶהָבָה) consuming trees Jo 1:19 (of effects of drought; ‖ אֵשׁ אָֽכְלָה); persons Mal 3:19 (subj. הַיּוֹם הַבָּא; ‖ בָּעַר); cf. ψ 97:3 (subj. אֵשׁ), 106:18 (subj. לֶהָבָה; ‖ וַתִּבְעַר־אֵשׁ); hyperb. of י׳’s wrath (חֵמָה אַפּוֹ וֶעֱזוּז מִלְחָמָה) consuming Jacob Is 42:25; of crocodile (hyperb.), נַפְשׁוֹ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵ֑ט Jb 41:13 his breath setteth coals ablaze; abs. Jo 2:3, fig. of devastation by locusts (subj. לֶהָבָה; ‖ אָֽכְלָה אֵשׁ).

† לַ֫הַט n.[m.] flame;—only cstr. לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַפֶּכֶת Gn 3:24 the flame of the whirling sword.

לְהָטִים v. לוּט.

† [לָהַם] vb. swallow greedily (= Arabic لَهِمَ; Di^{Lex. Ethiopic 25} comp. Ethiopic ላህም: ox, cow);—only

Hithp. Pt. מִתְלַהֲמִים Pr 18:8 i.e. bits greedily swallowed, dainties, = 26:22, sim. of tale-bearer’s words.

† לָהֵן conj. on this account, therefore, Ru 1:13^(×2) (either from לְ and הֵן (v. sub הֵ֫מָּה); or the Aramaic לָהֵן Dn 2:6, 9; 4:24: see the Aramaic Lex.)

† [לַהֲקָה] n.f. dub.; according to 𝔊𝔖𝔗 Aq Symm band, company (perhaps by transp. from קְהִלָּה, cf. Thes (קַהֲלָה) The Klo Bu; v. also HPS).—לַהֲקַת הַנְּבִיאִים 1 S 19:20.

לוֹ (Kt 1 S 2:16; 20:2), לוֹא, v. לֹא.

† לוּ₁₇ and לוּא (†1 S 14:30; Is 48:18; 63:19), also לֻא (Qr לוּ), †2 S 18:12; 19:7 (Arabic لَوْ, Aramaic ܠܘܰܝ, לְוַי, Mishn. לְוַי, Assyrian lû, with opt. force, Dl^{§§ 78 end, 93, 145}; cf. Kö^{ii. 333}), conj. if, O that:—

1. if (stating a case which has not been, or is not likely to be, realized): a. sq. pf. (so mostly), Dt 32:29 לו חכמו ישׂכילו זאת if they had been wise (which they are not), they would understand this; Mi 2:11 (apod. וְהָיָה); Ju 8:19; 13:23 לו חפץ י׳ להמיתנו לא לקח if J. had desired to slay us, he would not have taken, &c. 1 S 14:30 2 S 19:7. b. sq. impf. Ez 14:15 if I were to send, &c. (but read prob. אוֹ, cf. v 17, 19). c. sq. ptcp., 2 S 18:12 וְלֻא אָנֹכִי שֹׁקֵל and though I should be weighing 1000 pieces of silver upon my hand, I would not, &c. ψ 81:14–17 לו עמי שֹׁמֵעַ לי if my people were hearkening to me, … quickly would I bow down, &c. d. sq. יֵשׁ Job 16:4.—With the apod. omitted, Gn 50:15 לוּ יִשְׁמְמֵנוּ if Joseph were to hate us (how should we fare then?).

2. If only …! i.e. O that! would that! (cf. εἰ γάρ, εἴθε) usually sq. perf., as Nu 14:2^(×2) לוּ מַתְנוּ if only we had died in the land of Egypt! 20:3; Jos 7:7 וְלוּ הוֹאַלְנוּ וַנֵּשֶׁב Is 48:18; 63:19; sq. יֵשׁ Nu 22:29; sq. impf. Gn 17:18 לו יחיה O that Ishmael might live before thee! Jb 6:2; sq. juss. Gn 30:34 לו יהי כדברך; sq. imv. 23:13 אם אתה לוּ שׁמעני if thou—O that thou wouldst hear me! (+ prob. v 5 לאמר ׃ לוּ שׁמעני for לאמר לוֹ ׃ שׁ׳, and similarly v 15).—Read also prob. לֻא for Mas. לֹא Ju 21:22 (with כִּי עַתָּה for כָּעֵת), 1 S 13:13; 20:14^(×2) Jb 9:33 (sq. יֵשׁ); and perhaps 14:4 (Ew Kö).

† לוּלֵא Gn 43:10; Ju 14:18; 2 S 2:27; ψ 27:13, elsewhere לוּלֵי₁₀ if not, unless (from לוּ if, and לֵא, by dissim. (Kö^{ii 236, 489}) for לֹא not; cf. Arabic لَوْلَا ), the neg. of לוּ, and used similarly:—

a. sq. pf., Ju 14:18 לולא חרשׁתם … לא מצאתם unless ye had ploughed with my heifer, ye would not have found out my riddle, 1 S 25:34 (second כי resumptive: כִּי 1 d), ψ 106:23; with apod. introd. by כִּי עַתָּה Gn 31:42; 43:10; by אָז 2 S 2:27 (כי resumptive); by כִּמְעַט Is 1:9; with an aposiop. ψ 27:13 if I had not believed …!

b. sq. impf. Dt 32:27 אמרתי … לולי אגור I should have said, &c. … except I dreaded, &i>c.

c. sq. ptcp., 2 K 3:14.

d. without a verb, ψ 94:17 (apod. כמעט), 119:92 (apod. אָז). In the later language, ψ 124:1, 2 לוּלֵי י׳ שֶׁ- (apod. אֲזַי) except that … (cf. Aramaic ܕ ? … ܐܶܠܘܽ ܠܴܐ ψ 106:23, אִילּוּלֵי … דִּי ψ 27:13 𝔗).—Read also לוּלֵי for אוּלַי in Nu 22:33 (apod. כִּי עַתָּה). See further on לוּ and לוּלֵא Dr^{§§ 139–145} Kö^{iii. 487 f. 565}.

† לְמוֹ poet. for לְ, Job 27:14; 29:21; 38:40; 40:4, like כְּמוֹ for כְּ, בְּמוֹ for בְּ: see מוֹ.

† [לוּב], לוּבִים, לֻבִֿים n.gent.pl. Lybians, in N. Africa, W. of Egypt;—Na 3:9 (+ פּוּט), 2 Ch 12:3 (𝔊 Λιβυες; + מִצְרַיִם, סֻכִּיִּים, כּוּשִׁים), 16:8 𝔊 Λιβυες; (+ כּוּשִׁים); לֻבִֿים Dn 11:43 (v. Baer; c. מִצְרַיִם, כֻּשִֿׁים), Theod. Λιβυων; prob. = לְהָבִים (q.v.) Gn 10:13 = 1 Ch 1:11 A 𝔊L Λαβιειμ; read לוּבים perhaps also Je 46:9 (for ℌ לוּדִים, cf. Sta^{Javan 5 f.}), 𝔊 Λυδοι (פּוּט ib. = Λιβυες); 𝔊 Sm Co Sta^{Javan 6} Berthol read לוּב Ez 30:5 (for ℌ כּוּב, q.v.) See WMM^{As. Eur. 115}.

† לוּד, לוּדִים n.pr.m. et gent.

1. Lud, Lydia, Assyrian Luddu:—אַרְפַּכְשַׁד וְלוּד וַאֲרָם Gn 10:22 = 1 Ch 1:17 𝔊 Λουδ.

2. appar. a people in NE. Africa תַּרְשִׁישׁ פּוּל וְלוּד Is 66:19, 𝔊 Λουδ; פָּרַס וְל׳ וּפוּט Ez 27:10; כּוּשׁ וּפוּט וְלוּד 30:5 (+ לוּב q.v.), in both 𝔊 Λ(ο)υδοι; also pl. לוּדִים a ‘son’ of Miṣraim, Gn 10:13 𝔊 Λυδιειμ (‖ לְהָבִים) = 1 Ch 1:11 (לוּדִי֯ים); Je 46:9 (‖ פּוּט, כּוּשׁ) v. לוּב supr.—On this African לוּד v. Di Gn 10:13, opp. Sta^{Javan 5 ff.} cf. WMM^{As. Eur. 115}.

לוֹ דְבָר n.pr.loc. v. לֹא דְבָר.

† I. [לָוָה] join (intr.), be joined (NH Pi. לִוָּה (ליוה) trans., Hithp. intr.; Aramaic לַוֵּי accompany; so ܠܘܳܐ; BA^{ES 12} comp. Arabic وَلِىَ be near);—Qal (late) Impf. 3 ms. sf. יִלְוֶנּוּ. Ec 8:15, be joined to, attend (of mirth). Niph. נִלְוָה ψ 83:9 Is 14:1; 3 mpl. consec. וְנִלְווּ Nu 18:4 + 2 times, + Je 50:5 (Ges^Lbg Bö Kö^{i. 588} Gf Gie; >Imv. Ki Ew^{§ 226 c} Ol^{§ 264}); Impf. יִלָּוֶה Gn 29:34; יִלָּווּ Nu 18:2; Pt. נִלְוָה Is 56:3 (pointed as Pf., read prob. נִלְוֶח); pl. נִלְוִים Est 9:27; Is 56:6;—join oneself or be joined unto, sq. עַל Nu 18:2, 4 (מַטֵה לֵנִי to Aaron, by word-play), Is 14:1 (strangers to Isr.), Dn 11:34 (flatterers to the people), cf. Est 9:27; Is 56:6 (to י׳); sq. אֶל־ Is 56:3 (to י׳), Zc 2:15 (to י׳), Je 50:5 (to י׳), Gn 29:34 (J; husband to wife); sq. עִם ψ 83:9 (Aasshur with enemies of Isr.)

† II. [לָוָה] vb. borrow (NH id.; cf. Arabic لَوَى delay payment of debt (cf. BA^{ES 12}));—

Qal Pf. 1 pl. לָוִי֫נוּ Ne 5:4; Impf. 2 ms. תִּלְוֶה Dt 28:12; Pt. לֹוֶה Pr 22:7 + 2 times;—borrow, עֶבֶד לֹוֶה לְאִישׁ מַלְוֶה Pr 22:7 a borrower is slave to a man who lends; abs. Dt 28:12 Is 24:2 ψ 37:21; sq. כֶּסֶף Ne 5:4.

Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. consec. וְהִלְוִיתָה Dt 28:12; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יַלְוְךָ Dt 28:44; 2 ms. תַּלְוֶה Ex 22:24; sf. תַּלְוֶנּוּ Dt 28:44; Pt. מַלְוֶה ψ 37:26 + 3 times, cstr. מַלְוֵה Pr 19:17;—cause to borrow, i.e. lend to, c. acc. pers. + כֶּסֶף Ex 22:24 (E); c. acc. pers. Dt 28:12, 44^(×2); abs. ψ 37:26; 112:5; אִישׁ מַלְוֶה Pr 22:7 (v. Qal supr.); as subst. Is 24:2; מַלְוֵה י׳ Pr 19:17 a lender to י׳ is one shewing favour to the poor.

III. לוה (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic لَوَى turn, twist, wind; Assyrian lamû, surround, encircle; Dl^{HWB 368} Jen^{ZMG xliii (1889), 201}).

† [לִוְיָה] n.f. wreath;—cstr. לִוְיַת חֵן only fig. Pr 1:9 (‖ עֲנָקִים) of instruction of parents, 4:9 (‖ עֲטֶרֶת תִּפְאֶרֶת) of work of Wisdom.

† [לֹיָה] n.f. wreath? (meaning dubious, cf. Sta^{ZAW iii. 1883, 161}; poss. = לְוֹיָה);—pl. לֹיוֹת 1 K 7:29, 30, 36 of carved work on bases of lavers in Solomon’s temple.

† לִוְיָתָן n.m. ^{Jb 40:25} serpent, dragon, leviathan, poet. and rare (on format. from לוה c. fem. ת + ָן v. Thes and cf. Ges^{§ 85, 54} Kö^{ii, p. 99} Ba^{NB § 207 c}; Lag^{BN 205} (thinks foreign loan-word);—sea-monster = crocodile Jb 40:25; whale ψ 104:26 (v. Che); dragon producing eclipses (mythol.) Jb 3:8; fig. of Egypt as all-engulfing ψ 74:14 (‖ תַּנִּינִים v 13); cf. Is 27:1^(×2) (‖ נָחָשׁ בָּרִחַ, נָחָשׁ עֲקַלָּתוֹן), v. Che Di and especially (on ל׳ in gen.) Barton^{Tiamat, JAOS xv (1891), 22 ff.} Gunkel^{Schöpf. u. Chaos 46}.

† [לוּז] vb. (poet., mostly WsdLt) turn aside, depart (NH Niph., Hiph.; Arabic لَاذَ have recourse to, take refuge in);—

Qal Impf. אַל־יָלֻזוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ Pr 3:21 let them not (i.e. sound wisdom, etc., si vera l., cf. VB) depart from thine eyes (v. Hiph.).

Niph. Pt. נָלוֹז Pr 3:32 Is 30:12; cstr. נְלוֹז Pr 14:2; pl. נְלוֹזִים 2:15;—fig., devious, crooked, נ׳ בְּמַעְגְּלֹתָם Pr 2:15 (‖ עִקְּשִׁים); נ׳ דְּרָכָיו 14:2; as subst. of pers. 3:32; of course of action Is 30:12 (‖ עֹשֶׁק), i.e. crookedness = craftiness, cunning, cf. De Che Di.

Hiph. Impf. אַל־יַלִּיזוּ מֵעֵינֶיךָ Pr 4:21 (subj. דְּבָרַי) let them [my words] not depart (on form v. Ges^{§ 72 R. 9}) from thine eyes (strictly, let them not practise, exhibit, deviation, direct causat., Kö^{i. 205}).

† [לָזוּת] n.f. deviation, crookedness (fig.);—only cstr. לְזוּת שְׂפָתַיִם Pr 4:24 (on form cf. Ol^{§ 219 a} Kö^{ii. 166, 474}).

† I. לוּז n.[m.] almond-tree, almond-wood (NH id.; Aramaic לוּזָא, ܠܘܽܙܳܐ almond (Löw^{No. 319}), whence Arabic لَوْزٌ as loan-wd. (Frä¹⁴⁵ Lag^{BN 157 f.}), Ethiopic ለውዝ );—Gn 30:37 (J; + לִבְנֶה, עַרְמוֹן לַח of rods stripped by Jacob.

† II. לוּז n.pr.loc.

1. former name of Bethel Gn 28:19 (J), 35:6 (E), 48:3 (P), Jos 18:13^(×2) (P), Ju 1:23; appar. distinct from B. מִבֵּית־אֵל לוּ֫זָה Jos 16:2 (JE; but ל׳ here perhaps explan. gloss, v. Di); 𝔊 Λουζα, Gn 28:19 [Ουλαμ]μαυς.

2. city in hands of Hittites Ju 1:26 (on conject. as to site v. GFM); 𝔊 Λουζα.

לוח (√ of foll., meaning unknown; cf. perhaps Arabic لَاحَ shine, gleam, flash (of star, lightning, etc.), or Syriac ܠܚܳܐ wipe out, efface, with ref. to smooth surface; but this = לחה).

† לוּחַ n.m. tablet, board or plank, plate (NH id., Aramaic לוּחָא, ܠܘܽܚܳܐ; Arabic لَوْحٌ (mod. pron. lûḥ, lôḥ, cf. e.g. Spiro^{Arabic-Eng. Vocab.} Buhl), Ethiopic ለውሕ, but Assyrian lêʾu (as if from לחה in Dl^{HWB 366}; see, however, lêjum (lêyum) Jäger^{BAS i, 486});—ל׳ abs. Is 30:8; cstr. Pr 3:3 + 4 times; du. לֻחֹתָ֑יִם Ez 27:5; pl. לוּחֹת (לֻחוֹת), לֻחֹת) abs. Ex 32:16 + 17 times; cstr. Dt 4:13 + 16 times;—

1. chiefly of stone tablets on which ten words were written Ex 24:12; 31:18b; 32:16^(×2), 19 (all E), 34:1^(×3), 4^(×2), 28 (all J), Dt 4:13; 5:19; 9:9, 10, 11, 17; 10:1, 2^(×2), 3^(×2), 4, 5 1 K 8:9 2 Ch 5:10; ל׳ הָעֵדֻת Ex 31:18a; 32:15 cf. v 15, 34:29 (all P); ל׳ הַבְּרִית Dt 9:9, 11, 15; tablet for writing prophecy Is 30:8 (‖ סֵפֶר), Hb 2:2, and fig., לוּחַ לִבְּךָ Pr 3:3; 7:3 (for writing wise counsel), cf. Je 17:1 (inscribing sin of Judah); (vb. mostly כָּתַב Ex 31:18b; 32:15; Dt 9:10; כ׳ עַל Ex 34:1, 28; Dt 4:13; 5:19; 10:2, 4 Pr 3:3; 7:3; Is 30:8; חָרַשׁ עַל Je 17:1; כָּרַת sq. acc. Dt 9:9 cf. 1 K 8:9 = 2 Ch 5:10; חָרַת עַל Ex 32:16; בֵּאֵר עַל Hb 2:2).

2. wooden boards, composing altar of tabern. Ex 27:8; 38:7; planks composing ship (fig. of Tyre) Ez 27:5; cf. נָצוּר עָלֶיהָ לוּחַ אָ֑רֶז Ct 8:9, of door.

3. (metal) plates on bases of lavers in Solomon’s temple 1 K 7:36.

† לוּחִית n.pr.loc. in Moab; c. art. מַעֲלֵה הַלּוּחִית Is 15:5; Je 48:5 Qr (הַלֻּחִית; Kt. הלחות); it lay S. of the Arnon; cf. Buhl^{Geogr. 24, 272} and reff.; 𝔊 Λουειθ.

[לוּט] vb. wrap closely, tightly, enwrap, envelop (Arabic لَاطَ cleave, stick to a thing; also trans. make to stick, or adhere);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. לָאט 2 S 19:5 (so read, for MT לָאַט, We Klo Dr Bu); Pt. act. לוֹט Is 25:7 (cf. Kö^{i. 445}); Pt. pass. f. לוּטָה 1 S 21:10;—לוּטָה בַשִּׂמְלָה 1 S 21:10 it is wrapped up in a garment (of sword of Goliath); fig. of covering as sign of mourning, פְּנֵי־הַלּוֹט הַלּוֹט עַל־כָּל־הָעַמִּים Is 25:7 the surface of covering which covereth over all the peoples (‖ מַסֵּכָה הַנְּסוּכָה).

Hiph. Impf. envelope, wrap וַיָּלֶ֫ט פָּנָיו בְּאַדַּרְתּוֹ 1 K 19:13.

† לָט, לָאט n.[m.] secrecy, mystery;—abs. לָט 1 S 18:22 + 2 times, לָאט Ju 4:21; pl. sf. לָטֵיהֶם Ex 7:22 + 2 times; לַהֲטֵיהֶם Ex 7:11;—always c. בְ:

1. בַּלָּט = secretly 1 S 18:22; 24:5; Ru 3:7; so בַּלָּאט Ju 4:21.

2. בְּלָטֵיהֶם with their mysteries = enchantments (i.e. of חַרְטֻמֵּי מִצְרַיִם) Ex 7:22; 8:3, 14 = בְּלַהֲטֵיהֶם 7:11 (all P). S. p. 31 for לְאַט gently.

† I. לוֹט n.m. envelope, covering;—Is 25:7 v. sub vb. supr.

II. לוֹט₃₃ n.pr.m. Lot son of Haran, and nephew of Abram; 𝔊 Λωτ;—Gn 11:27, 31; 12:4, 5; 13:1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11^(×2), 12, 14; 14:12, 16 + 15 times Gn 19; †בְּנֵי לוֹט = Moabites Dt 2:9; = Ammonites Dt 2:19; = both, ψ 83:9.