א Āleph, first letter; in post Biblical Hebrew = numeral 1 (and so in margin of printed MT); א̈= 1000; no evidence of this usage in OT times.
אָב v. II. אבה.
אבב (fresh, bright, Assyrian abâbu DlW, AGl.)
† [אֵב] n. [m.] freshness, fresh green (LagBN207 Inf. ibb; thence concr., cf. Arabic أَبٌّ herbage, pasture; above stem & meaning better than √אנב (spring) cf. Aramaic אִנְבֵּהּ (q.v.) DlHA65, Pr114) עֿדֶנּוּ בְאִבּוֹ while yet in its freshness (i.e. אָחוּ, reed) Jb 8:12; concr., pl. green shoots בְּאִבֵּי הַנַּחַל Ct 6:11 (‖ הֲפָֽרְחָה הַגֶּפֶן הֵנֵצוּ הָֽרִמֹּנִים׃).
† אָבִיב n.m. Lv 2:14 coll. (LagBN 207 Inf.)
1. fresh, young ears of barley Ex 9:31; indef. Lv 2:14 מִנְחַת בִּכּוּרִים ליהוה א׳ קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ.
2. חֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב month of ear-forming, or of growing green, Abib, month of Exodus & passover, Ex 13:4; 23:15; 34:18, 18 (JE), Dt 16:1, 1 (1st month = c. April = הָרִאשֹׁן, הַחֹדֶשׁ הָר׳ (q.v.) in P; v. Di Ex 12:2; = postexilic נִיסָן q.v.)
אֲבִגַיִל v. אֲבִיגַיִל sub II. אבה.
† אֲבַגְתָא n. pr. m. (Pers. cf. בִּגְתָא) eunuch of Ahasuerus Est 1:10.
† אָבַד vb. perish (MI אבד, Assyrian abâtu DlW184 Aramaic אֲבַד, ܐܶܒܰܕ.—
Qal Pf. א׳ Nu 21:30 +; אָֽבְדוּ ψ 10:16 + (+ Ez 6:3 𝔊 Co) etc.; Impf. יֹאבַד Jb 3:3 Je 4:9; יֹאבֵ֑ד Jb 20:7 + 2 times; 3 fs. תֹּאבַד Dt 22:3 + 4 times; תֹּאבֵ֑ד Jb 8:13 + 3 times; יֹאבְדוּ Ju 5:31 + 3 times; יֹאבֵ֑דוּ Jb 4:9 +; 3 fpl. וַתֹּאבַדְנָה 1 S 9:3; תֹּאבֵדוּן Dt 4:26 +; נֹאבֵ֑ד Jn 1:6; 3:9; נֹאבְדָה Jon 1:14 etc.; Inf. abs. אָבֹד Dt 4:26 + 2 times; cstr. אֲבֹד Dt 7:20 Pr 11:10; אֲבָדְךָ Dt 28:20; אָבְדֶ֑ךָ Dt 28:22; אֲבָדְכֶם Jos 23:13; אָבְדָם Ob 12 Pr 28:28; Pt. אֹבֵד אוֹבֵד Dt 26:5 + 7 times; cstr. אֹבַד Dt 32:28 (v. Di Bö§ 378); etc. 1. perish, die, of individuals (mostly late) Nu 17:27 (‖ גוע & (v 28 מות), (also Dt 26:5? cf. infr.) Jon 1:6, 14 Jb 31:19 cf. 29:13 Pr 31:6 Est 4:14, 16(×2) Mi 4:9 Je 40:15 cf. Is 57:1 Pr 11:10; 28:28 Ec 7:15 ψ 119:92; emphasis on mortality Jb 4:20 ψ 146:4 Ec 9:6; Saul & Jonath., under fig. of weapons 2 S 1:27; lion Jb 4:11; caravan Jb 6:18 (cf. Di); cf. מִן־הָאָרֶץ א׳ הָסִיד Mi 7:2, וא׳ מֶלֶךְ מֵעַזָּה Zc 9:5; perish, be exterminated (judgment for sin), of Israel Lv 26:38 Dt 8:19(×2), 20; 28:20, 22; 30:18(×2) Je 27:10, 15 cf. 6:21, Ob 12 cf. ψ 80:17 Is 27:13; other nations Dt 7:20 Je 10:15; 51:18 ψ 2:12; 10:16; 83:18 cf. 9:4 Am 1:8 Is 41:11; 60:12 cf. Jon 3:9 v. also Ex 10:7 Nu 21:29, 30 (JE) Je 48:46; house of Ahab 2 K 9:8; wicked in general Ju 5:31 Jb 4:9 cf. v 7, ψ 37:20; 49:11; 68:3 (‖ sim. of melting wax), 73:27; 92:10; also Pr 19:9; 21:28; לָנֶצַח א׳ Jb 20:7; cf. דֶּרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים א׳ ψ 1:6; sq. מֵעַל הָאָ֑רֶץ (of annihilation of Isr.) Dt 4:26(×2), 11:17 Jos 23:13, 16 (D); sq. מִתּוֹךְ הַקָּהָל (of Korah’s company) Nu 16:33 (JE); perish, be ruined, destroyed, of inanimate things, e.g. land Je 9:11 (‖ נִצְּתָה כַמִּדְבָּר) cf. 48:8; harvest Jo 1:11; Jonah’s gourd Jon 4:10; riches Je 48:36 Ec 5:13; vessel ψ 31:13; houses Am 3:15 (so often Assyrian DlW); city Ez 26:17 (but del. 𝔊 Co); cf. bamôth Ez 6:3 𝔊 Co; heavens & earth ψ 102:27. 2. fig. perish, vanish, subj. memory Jb 18:17 ψ 9:7; name ψ 41:6 (i.e. be forgotten); vigour Jb 30:2; wisdom Is 29:14; cf. אֹבַד עֵצוֹת Dt 32:28; אֱמוּנָה Je 7:28 (‖ נִכְרְתָה); חָזוֹן Ez 12:22; יוֹם Jb 3:3 (i.e. be blotted out); לֵב Je 4:9 (i.e. courage fail); תִּקְוָה ψ 9:19 Pr 10:28; 11:7 Ez 19:5; 37:11 Jb 8:13; so תַּאֲוָה ψ 112:10 (i.e. comes to naught); תּוֹחֶלֶת Pr 11:7, sq. מִן + agent La 3:18; תורה + עצה + דבר sq. מן + persons negligent Je 18:18 (cf. 49:7 Ez 7:26), especially א׳ מָנוֹס מִן־ (i.e. they could not escape) Am 2:14 Je 25:35 Jb 11:20 ψ 142:5. 3. be lost, property Dt 22:3; strayed, beasts 1 S 9:3, 20 Je 50:6 Ez 34:4, 16 ψ 119:176 (fig. of erring men); perhaps Dt 26:5.
Pi. caus. of Qal.—Pf. אִבַּד 2 K 21:3 + 2 times; sf. וְאִבַּדְךָ Co Ez 28:16 cf. infr.; אִבַּדְתִּי Je 15:7; וְאִבַּדְתִּ֫י Ez 6:3 (𝔊 Co וְאָֽבְדוּ) etc.; Impf. יְאַבֵּד Ec 9:18; וִיאַבֵּד Ec 7:7 Zp 2:13; 1 s. sf. וָאַבֶּדְךָ Ez 28:16 (for וָאֲאַבּ׳ Ew§ 72 c Ol§ 79 a KöI 338 Ges§ 68 fin; but Co 3 ms.; v. also Co 38:14); תְּאַבְּדוּן Dt 12:2 etc.; Inf. abs. אַבֵּד Dt 12:2 + 3 times; cstr. id. Ez 22:27 + etc.; Pt. מְאַבְּדִים Je 23:1. 1. cause to perish, destroy, kill, obj. pers. (mostly late) 2 K 11:1 Est 3:9; 4:7; 8:5; 9:24; ‖ הרג 9:6, 12; ‖ הרג + השׁמיד 3:13; 7:4; 8:11; ‖ המם 9:24; cf. ψ 119:95; obj. נְפָשׁוֹת Ez 22:27 (del. 𝔊 Co); in judgment, subj. י׳ ψ 5:7; cf. Pr 1:32; sq. מִתּוֹךְ Ez 28:16; obj. a people 2 K 13:7 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19; Jb 12:23; in judgment Dt 11:4 Je 12:17; 15:7 Zp 2:13 ψ 9:6 cf. 21:11; obj. inanimate things especially idols, bamôth etc., Nu. 33:52(×2) (J) Dt 12:2(×2) 2 K 21:3 Ez 6:3 (but cf. 𝔊 Co supr.); bars of Zion La 2:9 (‖ שִׁבַּר). 2. fig. cause to vanish, blot out, do away with names of idols Dt 12:3; voice of Babylon Je 51:55; memory of dead Is 26:14; substance Pr 29:3; understanding Ec 7:7; good (טוֹבָה q.v.) Ec 9:18. 3. cause to stray, lose; obj. Isr. under fig. of flock Je 23:1 (‖ הֵפִיץ); abs. Ec 3:6 (‖ בִּקֵּשׁ).
Hiph. Pf. וְהֶאֱבִיד Nu 24:19; הֶאֱבַ֑דְתָּ Jb 14:19 etc.; Impf. אֹבִידָה Je 46:8 (Ges§ 68, 2 R. 1). Inf. cstr. הַאֲבִיד 2 K 10:19 + etc.; Pt. מַאֲבִיד Dt 8:20. 1. destroy, put to death, in judgment, (subj. י׳) obj. pers. Lv 23:30 (sq. מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּהּ; ‖ כָּרַת v 29); Je 49:38 (sq. מִשָּׁם); Ob 8 (sq. מֵאֱדוֹם); obj. nation, Ammon Ez 25:7 (sq. מן־הארצות; ‖ כָּרַת), cf. v 16; Canaanites Dt 8:20 (sq. מִפְּנֵיכֶם); Canaan = Philistines Zp 2:5 (‖ כָּרַת); especially Isr. Dt 28:51, 63 (‖ הִשְׁמִיד), cf. Js 7:7; also abs. Je 18:7 (‖ לִנְתוֹשׁ וְלִנְתוֹץ); = 1:10 (+ וְלַהֲרוֹס) = 31:28 (+ וּלְהָרֵעַ); animals Ez 32:13 (sq. מֵעַל מַיִם רַבִּים); cf. Dt 7:10; ψ 143:12 (‖ הִצְמִית); (human subj.), obj. servants of Baal 2 K 10:19, obj. nation Dt 9:3, cf. Nu 24:19 (E; sq. מֵעִיר); 2 K 24:2; cf. Je 46:8; obj. inanimate, chariots Mi 5:9; idols Ez 30:13 (del. BCo). 2. fig., obj. name of kings Dt 7:24 (sq. מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם); hope Jb 14:19; voice of mirth etc. Je 25:10 (cf. 51:55 Pi. supr.)
† אֹבֵד n.[m.] destruction, עֲדֵי א׳ Nu 24:20, 24 (JE; on form with abstract sense v. BaNB 149).
† אֲבֵדָה n.f. a lost thing—abs. except Dt 22:3 cstr. אֲבֵדַת—Ex 22:8; with מָצָא Lv 5:22, 23; with אָבַד + מָצָא Dt 22:3;—(אבדה Pr 27:20 Kt cf. אֲבַדּוֹ infr.)
אֲבַדֹּה, אֲבַדּוֹ cf. אבדון infr.
† אַבְדָ֑ן & אָבְדַן (cstr.) n.[m.] destruction (Syriac ܐܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ ) Est 9:5 (מַכַּת־חֶרֶב וְהֶרֶג וְא׳), 8:6; (on form v. BeRy; Ol§ 215 b.1 BaNB 49, 487).
† אֲבַדּוֹן n.f.? Pr 27:20 abstr. nearly = n.pr. (place of) Destruction, Ruin, ʾAbaddôn (cf. ܐܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ 𝔊 Jb 28:22 etc.)—אֲבַדּוֹן Jb 26:6 (+ 4 times); abbrev. אבדה Kt אֲבַדּוֹ(ן) Qr †Pr 27:20.—Place of ruin in Sheʾôl for lost or ruined dead, as development of earlier distinction of condition in Sheʾôl (v. שְׁאוֹל). Only in WisdLt; Jb 31:12; ‖ שׁאול Jb 26:6 Pr 15:11; 27:20; ‖ מות Jb 28:22; ‖ קבר ψ 88:12.
† I. אָבָה vb. be willing, consent (cf. Assyrian abîtu, desire, DlW, Ethiopic አበየ: refuse, Arabic أَبَى, id., Nejd be willing SoDe Jes 3, p. 26; LCB 1880, 817)—
Qal (c. לֹא, אַל except Is 1:19 Jb 39:9; in Hex. rare & only JED, incl. Lv 26:21); Pf. אָבָה Ex 10:27 + אָבוּ Ju 19:25 + 7 times; אָבוּא Is 28:12 (Sta§ 31 R. 2; KöI, 414); Impf. יֹאבֶה Dt 29:19 + 2 times; 2 ms. juss. תֹּבֵא Pr 1:10 (Sta§ 143 e 1 fin; KöI, 576 f) etc.; Pt. אֹבִים Ez 3:7;—be willing, sq. Inf. with ל Ex 10:27 + 29 times; without ל Dt 2:30 + 8 times; subj. י׳ Dt 10:10; 23:6; 29:19 Jos 24:10 2 K 8:19; 13:23; 24:4 2 Ch 21:7; human subj. Gn 24:5, 8 Ju 19:10 2 S 2:21; 13:25; 14:29(×2); 23:16, 17 = 1 Ch 11:18, 19 1 Ch 19:19; in bad sense Ex 10:27 Dt 2:30; 25:7 Ju. 19:25; 20:13 2 S 13:14, 16; especially of perverse Isr. Lv 26:21 Dt 1:26 1 S 15:9 Is 28:12; 30:9; 42:24 Ez 3:7(×2); 20:8; subj. animal, רֵים Jb 39:9; abs. (no Inf.) 2 S 12:17 1 K 20:8; 22:50; cf. Pr 6:35, of jealous man; bad sense Ju 11:17 Is 30:15; good sense 1 S 22:17; 26:23; 31:4 = 1 Ch 10:4 2 S 6:10 Pr 1:10; + vb. fin. Is 1:19 (אִם תֹּאבוּ וּשְׁמַעְתֶּם) consent, yield to, sq. לוֹ Dt 13:9 (good sense); sq. לִי ψ 81:12; sq. לַעֲצָתִי Pr 1:30; sq. acc. תּוֹכַחְתִּי v 25 (all in bad sense).
† אֶבְיוֹן adj. in want, needy, poor,—so, always abs., Dt 15:4 + 40 times; אֶבְיֹנְךָ Ex 23:6 Dt 15:11; אֶבְיוֹנִים Am 4:1 + 14 times; אֶבְיוֹנֵי (אֶבְיֹנֵי) Ex 23:11 Is 29:19; אֶבְיוֹנֶיהָ ψ 132:15—(Hex. only JED; mostly poet., 23 times ψ) needy, chiefly poor (in material things); as adj. Dt 15:7(×2), 9; 24:14 ψ 109:16 (both ‖ עָנִי); elsewhere subst.; ψ 49:3 (‖ עָשׁיר); Dt 15:4, 11; subj. to oppression & abuse Am 2:6; 5:12 (both ‖ צַדִּיק) 4:1; 8:6 (all ‖ דַּל) Is 32:7; Am 8:4 Ez 16:49; 18:12; 22:29 ψ 37:14 Jb 24:4, 14 Pr 30:14—cf. ψ 109:16 supr.—(all ‖ עָנִי) Je 5:28 (‖ יָתוֹם) 2:34; cared for by good Jb 29:16; 30:25 (‖ קְשֵׁה־יוֹם) 31:19 ψ 112:9 Est 9:22; Pr 14:31 (‖ דַּל) 31:20 Je 22:16 (‖ עָנִי); care of them enjoined, negatively Ex 23:6; = cf. Dt 24:14 supr.—positively Ex 23:11 Dt 15:11 Pr 31:9 (both ‖ עָנִי)—cf. Dt 15:7(×2), 9 supr.—ψ 82:4 (‖ דַּל); cared for by God Je 20:13 ψ 107:41; 132:15 Jb 5:15; 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7 Is 14:30 (all ‖ דַּל) ψ 35:10; 140:13 (both ‖ עָנִי), cf. Davidic king ψ 72:12 (‖ עָנִי) = v 4 בְּנֵי אֶבְ׳ (‖ id.), v 13(×2) (‖ דַּל); needing help, deliverance from trouble, especially as delivered by God ψ 9:19; 12:6; 40:18 = 70:6; 74:21; 86:1; 109:22 Is 29:19; 41:17 (all ‖ עָנִי) Is 25:4 (‖ דַּל) ψ 69:34; 109:31.
† אֲבִיּוֹנָה n.f. caper-berry (as stimulating desire) Ec 12:5 (v. GFMJBL 1891, 55 ff.; so 𝔊 𝔙, Mish. אביונות, cf. NHWB; v. also 𝔖 i.e. capparis spinosa, cf. RiHWB; so Thes, Ew De, etc.; but Wetzst in De (Germ. ed. 1875) proposes אֶבְיוֹנָה (as fem. of אביון) the poor soul in sense = נִשְׁמָתוֹ הָאֶבְיוֹנָה cf. Symm 𝔖, where double translation).
† אֵבֶ֫ה n.[m.] reed, papyrus (etymology uncertain; = Arabic أَبَاءٌ, Assyrian abu DlW, AGl) אֳנִיּוֹת אֵבֶ֑ה Jb 9:26 (craft made of reeds, light & swift, Heliod.Aethiop. X, 460) = כְּלֵי־גֹמֶא Is 18:2.
II. אבה (perhaps at least formally justified as stem of אָב (cstr. אֲבִי), so Thes (cf. infr.), but existence & meaning wholly dub.; as real √ BaZMG 1887, 609 ff. Ol§ 123 c; according to DlW p. 22 אבה Assyrian abû = decide, אָב = he who decides; Thes (so RobGes NöZMG xl, 737 & cf. Sta§ 186 al.) makes אָב nom. prim. bilit., imitating infant’s speech cf. πάππας, pappa, papa (cf. Ew§ 106 a); also Assyrian bab JenZA 1886, 404).
אָב1191 n.m. father (Ph. אב, Assyrian abu, Arabic أَبٌ, Sab. אב CISiv, 1. 37 1. 2 al. Ethiopic አብ Aramaic אַבָּא, ܐܰܒܳܐ )—abs. אָב Gn 44:19 + 47 times; cstr. אַב Gn 17:4, 5 (cf. in אַבְרָהָם ib. & elsewhere in n.pr. On Hal’s proposes אֲבִר v. אברהם); אֲבִי (cf. Ge§§ 90, 3b, 96) Gn 4:20 +; sf. אָבִי Gn 19:34 + (MI אבי); אָבִיךָ Gn 12:1 +; אָבִיו Gn 2:24 +; אָבִ֫יהוּ Ju 14:10 + 6 times; pl. אָבוֹת Ex 12:3 +; cstr. אֲבוֹת Ex 6:25 + 7 times; sf. אֲבוֹתַי (אֲבֹתַי, אֲבוֹתָ֑י) Gn 47:9 + 15 times; אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם 1 Ch 4:38 + 32 times (late); אֲבוֹתָם Ex 4:5 + 106 times etc.;—
1. father of individual Gn 2:24 (+ אֵם) 11:28, 29(×2); 19:31, 32, 33, + often (mostly JED); of father as commanding Gn 50:16 (J) Je 35:6 f Pr 6:20 (cf. Gn 18:19 J 28:1, 6 P 1 S 17:20 1 K 2:1); instructing מוסר Pr 1:8; 4:1 (cf. Dt 8:5); specif. as begetter, genitor Pr 23:22 Zc 13:3(×2) (+ אֵם) Is 45:10; cf. Gn 49:4 (J) Lv 18:7, 8, 11 (P); rebuking Gn 37:10; loving Gn 37:4; 44:20 (JE; cf. 22:2; 25:28; 37:3 2 S 14:1); pitying ψ 103:13 (in sim. cf. 2 S 18:5); blessing Gn 27:41 (JE cf. 27:4 also 28:1 P +); as glad Pr 10:1; 15:20 cf. 29:3; grieving Gn 37:35 (JE; cf. 2 S 12:22; 19:1, 2 f) etc. Also as obj. of honour, obedience, love Ex 20:12 (E) = Dt 5:16; Ex 21:15, 17 (E) Dt 21:18, 19 Gn 28:7 (P), 50:1, 5 1 K 19:20 (all + אֵם) (J) Mal 1:6 etc. Hence metaph. of intimate connection Jb 17:14 to corruption I cry, My father art thou (‖ אִמִּי וַאֲחֹתִי לָֽרִמָּה).
2. of God as father of his people (v. RSSem 42), who constituted, controls, guides and lovingly watches over it: Dt 32:6 Je 3:4, 19; 31:9 Is 63:16(×2); 64:7 Mal 1:6; 2:10 (cf. Ex 4:22; 19:4 (JE) Dt 32:11 Ho 11:1); cf. Je 2:27 (of idolatr. Isr.) אֹמְרִים לָעֵץ אָבִי אַתָּה וְלָאֶבֶן אַתְּ ילדתני׃; especially God as father of Davidic line 2 S 7:14 ψ 89:27; f. of needy (late) ψ 68:6 (cf. 103:13) (in n.pr., f. of individ., cf. infr.)
3. head of household, family or clan; בֵּית אָבִי as abode Gn 38:11(×2) Lv 22:13 +; = family Gn 24:40 (‖ מִשְׁפַחְתִּי) 41:51; 46:31 + cf. Nu 18:1, 2 Jos 2:12, 18; 6:25; especially techn. of divisions of Isr. בֵּית אָב לְמִשְׁפָּחוֹת Nu 3:30, 35 = a father’s house, i.e. a family or clan; more often pl. (אבותם, אבותיו) בֵית אָבוֹת = fathers’ houses = families, clans (cf. Di on Ex 6:14) Ex 6:14; 12:3 Nu 1:2, 18 ff. (often in Nu) Jos 22:14(×2) without בית Jos 14:1; 19:51; 21:1(×2) (always P in Hex.); also 1 Ch 5:13, 15 + often in Ch; cf. רָאשֵׁי אבות הלוים (= ר׳ בית א׳) Ex 6:25 cf. 1 K 8:1 1 Ch 6:4; 7:11 + often Ch Ezr Ne.
4. ancestor (a) of individual; grandfather (instead of precise term) Gn 28:13; 32:10 (J; where used of Abr. & Isaac); greatgr. 1 K 15:3; gr.-greatgr. 1 K 15:11, 24 etc.; cf. 2 K 14:3; 15:38; 16:2; 18:3; 22:2; often pl. (= fathers, forefathers) Gn 15:15; 46:34 (JE) 1 K 19:4; 21:3, 4 2 K 19:12; 20:17 +; particularly שׁכב עם אבותיו 1 K 1:21; 2:10; 11:21; 22:40 +; joined with ויקבר עם אב׳ 1 K 14:31; 15:24; 22:51 2 K 8:24; 15:38 cf. v 7, 16:20 + (all of kings of Judah); intens., אֲבֹתֶיךָ וַאֲבוֹת אֲבֹתֶיךָ Ex 10:6 cf. Dn 11:24; (b) of people Gn 10:21 (J) 17:4, 5 (P) 19:37, 38 (J) 36:9, 43 (P) Dt 26:5 Is 51:2; 43:27 (where אביך הראשׁון thy first father, v. Che) cf. also Ez 16:3, 45 + often; pl. Ex 3:13, 15, 16 (E) Dt 1:8 Jos 1:6 Ju 2:1 1 S 12:6 +; 1 S 12:15 ad fin read וּבְמַלְכְּכֶם 𝔊 We Dr.
5. originator or patron of a class, profession, or art Gn 4:20, 21.
6. fig. of producer, generator Jb 38:28 הֲיֵשׁ לַמָּטָר אָ֑ב (‖ מִי־הוֹלִיד אֶגְלֵי־טָֽל׃).
7. fig. of benevolence & protection Jb 29:16 אָב אָֽנֹכִי לָֽאֶבְיוֹנִים, cf. 31:18; of Eliakim Is 22:21; perhaps also of gracious Mess. king אֲבִי עַד Is 9:5 everlasting father (Ge Ew De Che Brd Di)—others divider of spoil (Abarb Hi Kn KueBrMP).
8. term of respect & honour (Abbas, Pater, Papa, Pope); appl. to master 2 K 5:13; priest Ju 17:10; 18:19; prophet 2 K 2:12(×2); 6:21; 13:14(×2) cf. 8:9; counsellor Gn 45:8 (E; cf. δευτέρου πατρός 𝔊 add. Est 3:13; τῷ πατρί 1 Mac 11:32); king 1 S 24:12; artificer 2 Ch 2:12; 4:16.
9. specif., ruler, chief (late) 1 Ch 2:24, 42(×2) etc. (cf. Ew§ 273b). See also EwGesch. i. 524 H i. 365. On the force of אָב in proper names (in many prob. a divine title), v. CheEncy. Bib., abi, names with Nöib., names, §§ 44, 45.
† אֲבִי־עַלְבוֹן n.pr.m. a hero of David 2 S 23:31 read אֲבִיאֵל so 𝔊 1 Ch 11:32, cf. DrS (WeS אבי־בעל (v. sub אביאל); otherwise KloS.
† אֲבִיאֵל n.pr.m. (Ēl is (my) father, cf. אביהו & Ph. אבבעל (fem.), also אביבעל; & אבנבעל our father etc.; Abi-ba’al KAT2 355; v. RSSem 45. NöZMG 1888, 480 makes אבי here, & in אביהו etc., cstr. but this seems unlikely; cf. also אליאב etc.; views differ much as to these n.pr. and uniform interpr. is impossible. Cf. in gen. Ol§ 277 f).
1. Saul’s grandfather 1 S 9:1; 14:51.
2. = foregoing, 1 Ch 11:32.
† אֲבִיאָסָף n.pr.m. (my father has gathered) son (descendant) of Korah Ex 6:24, Sam. אביסף, so אֶבְיָסָף 1 Ch 6:8, 22; 9:19 (cf. NesEg 185).
† אֲבִיגַ֫יִל n.pr.f. (my father is joy (?) orig. אבגל? (אֲבִגֵל?) cf. MT infr. & NöZMG 1883, 537 Anm2).
1. wife of Nabal, then of David 1 S 25:14, 23, 39, 40, 42; 27:3; 30:5 2 S 2:2 1 Ch 3:1; = אֲבִגַיִל 1 S 25:3, 36 אֲבִו֯גַיִל v 18, אֲבִיגָ֑ל v 32, אֲבִיגַ֯לִ 2 S 3:3.
2. sister of David 1 Ch 2:16, 17 = אֲבִיגַל 17:25.
† אֲבִידָן n.pr.m. (my father is judge) a prince of Benj. Nu 1:11; 2:22; 7:60, 65; 10:24.
† אֲבִידָע n.pr.m. (my father took knowledge) a son of Midian Gn 25:4 1 Ch 1:33. Cf. Sab. אבידע, HalMA 192, 202, also ידעאב, DHMZMG ’83, 399.
† אֲבִיָּ֫הוּ n.pr.m. & f. (Yah(u) is (my) father)—so †2 Ch 13:20, 21 = אֲבִיָּם †1 K 14:31; 15:1, 7(×2), 8 (𝔊 Ἀβιου, Ἀβια); = אֲבִי †2 K 18:2 (𝔊 Ἀβου, Ἀβουθ); = אֲבִיָּה 1 S 8:2 + 22 times—
1. king of Judah, son & successor of Rehoboam 1 K 14:31; 15:1, 7(×2), 8 1 Ch 3:10 2 Ch 11:20, 22; 12:16; 13:1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.
2. 2nd son of Samuel 1 S 8:2 1 Ch 6:13.
3. son of Jerob. I 1 K 14:1.
4. son of Becher, a Benjamite 1 Ch 7:8.
5. head of a priestly house 1 Ch 24:10.
7. wife of Hezron 1 Ch 2:24.
8. mother of Hezekiah 2 K 18:2 2 Ch 29:1.
אֲבִיהוּא n.pr.m. (he is father) a son of Aaron Ex 6:23; 24:1, 9; 28:1 Lv 10:1 + 7 times.
† אֲבִיהוּד n.pr.m. (my father is majesty, cf. הוֹד, עַמִּיהוּד) son of Bela, a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:3.
† אֲבִיחַ֫יִל n.pr.m. & f. (my father is might, Sab. אבחיל HalMA 234)—prob. = אֲבִיהַיִל 2 Ch 11:18, אֲבִיהָ֑יִל 1 Ch 2:29—
1. a Levite Nu 3:35.
2. a Gadite 1 Ch 5:14.
3. father of Esther Est 2:15; 9:29.
4. wife of Abishur 1 Ch 2:29.
5. wife of Rehoboam 2 Ch 11:18.
† אֲבִיטוּב n.pr.m. (my father is goodness) son of Shaharaim, a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:11.
† אֲבִיטָ֑ל n.pr.f. (my father is (the) dew) a wife of David 2 S 3:4 1 Ch 3:3—אֲבִיָּם v. אֲבִיָּ֫הוּ.
† אֲבִימָאֵל n.pr.m. (a father is Ēl; South-Arabic name) son of Joktan Gn 10:28 1 Ch 1:22. Cf. Sab. אבמעתֿתר, Abmi ʿAṯtar a father is ʿAṯtar ([עשׁתר] v. עַשְׁתֹּרֶת) HalM 86, DHMZMG 1883, 18.
אֲבִימֶ֫לֶךְ n.pr.m. (Melek (= Malik, Molech) is father)—אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ Gn 20:18 +—
1. king of Gerar Gn 20:2, 3, 4 +, 21:22, 25(×2) +, 26:1, 8 (24 times Gn).
†2. king of Gath ψ 34:1 error for אָכִישׁ, cf. 1 S 21:11f;—a better known Philist. name substituted for a less known (Hup3). > Others (Thes Ol De MV) think a title of Philist. kings, cf. Pharaoh.
3. son of Gideon Ju 8:31; 9:1, 3, 4 +, 10:1 (40 times Ju), 2 S 11:21.
†4. priest, son of Abiathar 1 Ch 18:16 error for אֲחִימֶלֶךְ q.v. (Sab. also n.pr.f. OsianderZMG 1865, 209).
† אֲבִינָדָב n.pr.m. (my father is noble)
1. a man of Gibeah in whose house the ark tarried 1 S 7:1 2 S 6:3(×2), 4 1 Ch 13:7.
2. a son of Jesse 1 S 16:8; 17:13; 1 K 4:11 (? perhaps otherwise unknown; Klo proposes אֲבִינֵר בְּ).
3. a son of Saul 1 S 31:2 1 Ch 8:33; 9:39; 10:2.
† אֲבִינֹ֫עַם n.pr.m. (my father is delight) father of Barak Ju 4:6, 12; 5:1, 12.
אֲבִינֵר n.pr.m. (my father is Nêr, or is a lamp cf. 2 S 21:17; according to LagBN 75 = אֲבֶן (= בֶּן) + נֵר = son of Ner; cf. 𝔊 Ἀβεννηρ)—so only 1 S 14:50, elsewhere אַבְנֵר—cousin of Saul, and captain of his host 1 S 14:50, 51; 17:55(×3) + 52 times 1 & 2 S + 1 K 2:5, 32 1 Ch 26:28; 27:21.
† אֲבִיעֶ֫זֶר n.pr.m. (my father is help)—= אִיעֶזֶר Nu 26:30—
1. a Manassite, called ‘son’ of Gilead Nu 26:30 (cf. Di) Jos 17:2 Ju 6:34; 8:2; and son of Gil.’s sister 1 Ch 7:18.
2. a Benjamite, a warrior of David 2 S 23:27 1 Ch 11:28; 27:12.
† אֲבִי הָעֶזְרִי adj.gent. Abiezrite Ju 6:11, 24; 8:32 = אִיעֶזְרִי Nu 26:30.
† אֲבִירָם n.pr.m. ((the) Exalted One is (my) father (v. BaeRel 156) cf. Assyrian Aburamu (?) KAT2 479 cf. DlL2, p. 91, 1. 225).
1. a Reubenite, son of Eliab Nu 16:1, 12, 24, 25, 27(×2); 26:9 Dt 11:6 ψ 106:17.
2. son of Hiel the Bethelite 1 K 16:34. Cf. also following.
אַבְרָם n.pr.m. (id., Thes al. exalted father) Abram Gn 11:26, 27 + 57 times Gn (to 17:5) + 1 Ch 1:27 Ne 9:7; = אַבְרָהָם Abraham Gn 17:5, 9, 15 + 172 times OT. (אברהם connected Gn 17:5 by word-play with הם of המון; really = אברם—רום = רהם which however is not found in Heb.—cf. Di > Hal RÉJ 1887, 177 f who proposes אֲבִר הַם גּוֹיִם cf. Gn 49:24 with Is 41:21; so that אֲבִר הָם chief of multitude is the new name of Gn 17:5 (הָם) √המה). SpiegelbergRandglossen 14 cp. Pal. n.pr. geogr. ḥḳrʾ ʾbrru = חקל אברם (c. Egyptian art. masc.), in Sheshonk list. As regards etym., Nöl.c. al. expl. as ‘the father [a divine title] is exalted’ (cf. יְהוֹרָם, מַלְכִּירָם, [אֲ]חִירָם).
† אֲבִישַׁג n.pr.f. (my father is a wanderer (שׁגג)?) a handmaid of David 1 K 1:3, 15; 2:17, 21, 22.
† אֲבִישׁוּעַ n.pr.m. (my father is rescue, or is opulence (cf. שׁוֹעַ rich Jb 34:19; also שׁוּעַ Jb 36:19? but v. שׁוע); LagBN 75 thinks from אֲבֶן (= בֶּן) + שׁוע cf. 𝔊 Ἀβεσσουε 1 Ch 8:4)
1. a son of Phinehas 1 Ch 5:30, 31; 6:35 Ezr 7:5.
2. a Benjamite, son of Bela 1 Ch 8:4.
† אֲבִישׁוּר n.pr.m. (my father is a wall, Sab. אבשור HalMA 148, cf. Assyrian Abudûru DlPr 202) son of Shammai 1 Ch 2:28, 29.
אֲבִישַׁי n.pr.m. (my father is Jesse; LagBN 75 thinks from אֲבֶן (= בֶּן) + ישׁי cf. 𝔊 Ἀβεσσα[ι] 1 S 26:6)—א׳ 1 S 26:6(×2) + 17 times 1 & 2 S = אַבְשַׁי 2 S 10:10 + 5 times 1 Ch.—grandson of Jesse; son of Zeruiah & brother of Joab 1 S 26:6(×2), 7, 8, 9 2 S 2:18, 24 + 20:6 (where read יואב 𝔖 Th We Dr) + 12 times 2 S + 20:7 (where insert אבישׁי 𝔊 We Dr) + 5 times 1 Ch.
אֲבִישָׁלוֹם n.pr.m. (my father is peace; according to LagBN 75 = (בֶּן)אֲבֶן + שָׁלֹם, cf. 𝔊 Ἀβεσσαλωμ)—א׳ †1 K 15:2, 10 = אַבְשָׁלוֹם 2 S 3:3 +, 2 Ch 11:20, 21, אַבְשָׁלֹם 2 S 13:4 +—
1. Rehob.’s father-in-law †1 K 15:2, 10 2 Ch 11:20, 21.
2. 3rd son of Dvd 2 S 3:3; 13:1 + 90 times 2 S (insert 2 S 13:27 𝔊 Th We cf. Dr; del. v 38 Dr cf. We), + †1 K 1:6; 2:7, 2 1 Ch 3:2 ψ 3:1.
אֶבְיָתָר n.pr.m. (the Great One is father (?) so BäRel. 156, cf. Sab. ותר) a priest, son of Ahimelech 1 S 22:20, 21, 22; 23:6, 9; 30:7(×2) 2 S 8:17 (read אב׳ בן־אחמלך so 𝔖 We Dr) + 22 times 2 S 1 K 1 Ch.
אבוגיל Kt 1 S 25:18 v. אֲבִיגַיִל sub II. אבה.
† אֲבוֹי interj. exclam. of pain, Oh! Pr 23:29 (‖ אוֹי woe!). Prob. akin to Syriac ܐܘܽܒܺܝܰܐ alas …! PS 53 (AW Ges less prob. as a subst. need from אָבָה, cf. אֶבְיוֹן).
אבח (DlBD Ez. x, Pr 75 comp. Assyrian [abâḫu], torment, but dub.)
[אִבְחָה] n.f. cstr. אִבְחַת חֶרֶב Ez 21:20; Dl, as above, slaughter; but prob. error for טבחת (v. טבח) Ges Co; 𝔊 σφάγια ῥομφαίας, cf. 𝔗.
אֲבַטִּיחִים v. II. בטח.
אָבִי v. ביי, בי. אָבִי (1 K 21:29) v. בּוֹא.
אֲבִי v. אֲבִיָּהוּ sub II. אבה.
אֲבִי הָעֶזְרִי v. אֲבִיעֶזֶר sub II. אבה.
אֲבִיָּה v. אֲבִיָּהוּ sub II. אבה.
אֲבִיהַיִל v. אֲבִיחַיִל sub II. אבה.
אֶבְיוֹן, אֲבִיּוֹנָה v. I. אָבָה.
אֲבִיָּם v. אֲבִיָּהוּ sub II. אבה.
אֶבְיָסָף v. אֲבִיאָסָף sub II. אבה.
† [אָבַךְ] vb. turn (?) (cf. Assyrian abâku DlW = הָפַךְ; Thes MV al. compare בוך)
Hithp. וַיִּתְאַבְּכוּ Is 9:17, roll, roll up, as volume of smoke (of Isr. under fig. of thickets of forest) v. De & cf. הִתִהַפֵּךְ Ju 7:3.
† I. אָבַל39 vb. mourn (Assyrian [abâlu] v. DlW)—
Qal Pf. אָבַל Is 24:7 + 2 times etc. Impf. 3 fs. תֶּאֱבַל Ho 4:3 + 3 times—mourn, lament (poet. & higher style); abs., human subj. Jo 1:9 Am 8:8; 9:5 Is 19:8 (‖ אנה) cf. Jb 14:22 (subj. נַפְשׁוֹ); sq. על Ho 10:5; more often fig., inanim. subj., gates Is 3:26; land 24:4; 33:9 Ho 4:3 Jo 1:10 Je 4:28 (sq. על) 12:4; 23:10 cf. 12:11 (sq. על), יְהוּדָה 14:2; pastures Am 1:2.
Hithp. —Pf. הִתְאַבֵּל 1 S 15:35; Impf. יִתְאַבָּ֑ל Ez 7:12, 27; וַיִּתְאַבֵּל Gn 37:34 + 3 times etc.; Imv. fs. הִתְאַבְּלִי 2 S 14:2; Pt. מִתְאַבֵּל 1 S 16:1 + 2 times etc.;—mourn (mostly prose) especially for dead, sq. על Gn 37:34 2 S 13:37; 14:2; 19:2 (‖ בכה) 2 Ch 35:24, cf. also Is 66:10 (over Jerusalem); abs. 1 Ch 7:22; cf. 2 S 14:2 play the mourner (where indic. by dress); over unworthy Saul sq. אֶל 1 S 15:35; 16:1; over sin sq. על Ezr 10:6 cf. (abs.) Ne 8:9; judgment of י׳ Ex 33:4 abs. (indic. by dress), Nu 14:39 Ez 7:27 (del. B Co); sq. כִּי 1 S 6:19; calamity Ne 1:4 Ez 7:12 cf. Dn 10:2.
Hiph. Pf. הֶאֱבַלְתִּי Ez 31:15; Impf. וַיַּאֲבֶל־ La 2:8;—cause to mourn; Ez 31:15 abs. MT, but A B Co obj. תהום sq. על, caused the deep to mourn over; La 2:8 obj. wall etc.; (both these fig.; cf. Qal).
† אֵ֫בֶל n.m. Gn 50:11 mourning—abs. Gn 50:10 + 17 times; cstr. 27:41 + 3 times; אֶבְלֵךְ Is 60:20; אֶבְלָם Je 31:13—for dead, cstr. Gn 27:41 Dt 34:8 (‖ בּכי) so א׳ יָחִיד sim. for grievous mourning Am 8:10, id. metaph. Je 6:26 (‖ מִסְפַּד תַּמְרוּרִים); Gn 50:11(×2) Je 16:7 cf. 2 S 19:3 עשה א׳ Ez 24:17 (v. Co) sq. לְ Gn 50:10 (v. also ii. אָבֵל ad fin.); for calamity, Est 4:3; 9:22 (‖ יָגוֹן; contr. יוֹם טוֹב) Jb 30:31 (‖ קול בכים) Is 60:20; 61:3 (where appar. = mourning garb, sq. מַעֲטֵה תְהִלָּה, v. also Bi Che on text; ‖ רוּחַ כֵּהָה; contr. שֶׁמֶן שָׂשׂוֹן); Je 31:13 (‖ שׂשׂון), La 5:15 (‖ מָחוֹל), Am 5:16 (‖ מִסְפֵּד); cf. א׳ כִּבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה Mi 1:8; = time, period of mourning 2 S 11:27; בֵּית א׳ Ec 7:2 (‖ בּ׳ מִשְׁתֶּה, v 4 (‖ בּ׳ שִׂמְחָה); בִּגְדֵי א׳ garments of mourning 2 S 14:2.
אֵבֶל מִצְרַיִם v. אָבֵל מ׳ sub II. אבל.
† I. אָבֵל adj. mourning—א׳ Gn 37:35 Est 6:12; cstr. אֲבֶל־ ψ 35:14; אֲבֵלִים Jb 29:25 Is 61:2 etc.;—for dead Gn 37:35 (cp. 50:11), calamity Est 6:12; fig. La 1:4 (pred., inanim. subj.), elsewhere as subst. mourner; sg. ψ 35:14 (cstr.) for dead (‖ קדר; pl. Jb 29:25 abs.; for calamity Is 57:18; 61:2, 3 (where mourners for Zion, or of Zion, v. Di).
II. אבל (perhaps أَبَلَ grow green, cf. ܝܺܒܶܠ grass; LagBN 45 proposes أَبَلَ withstand, hence אָבֵל as withstanding scorching sun (protected by trees, springs, hence also (Lag) إِبِلٌ camel). conject. very dub.; connex. (Lag) of أَبَلَ withstand, with أُبُلٌ herbage, forage (sometimes dry) improb., and of latter with إِبِلٌ herd of camels obscure; √ meaning grow green unattested; Syriac ܝܺܒܶܠ, ܝܰܒܠܴܐ, ܝܰܒܠܴܐ, Talm יַבְלָא, Pun. ιεβαλ, ‘grass,’ appar. = a specific kind of fodder, ἄγρωστις, v. LöwNö 141 (GFM, privately).)
† II. אָבֵל n.f.
1. meadow (?) 1 S 6:18 MT but read אֶבֶן cf. v 14, 15 𝔊 𝔖 We Dr.
2. n.pr.loc. city in N. Isr. 2 S 20:18, near Beth Maacah v 14 = אָבֵל בֵּית מַעֲכָה v 15 (so also v 14 Ew Th We Klo Dr), 1 K 15:20 2 K 15:29; = א׳ מַיִם 2 Ch 16:4 (= Abil el Ḳamḥ. wheat-meadow NW. of Dan & S. of Mutulleh RobBR III, 372).
3. אָבֵל הַשִּׁטִּים n.pr.loc. (= acacia-meadow) in lowlands of Moab Nu 33:49; = שִׁטִּים Nu 25:1 Mi 6:5 (= Tel Kefrein (?) Tristr & MerrillPESoc. 4th Statement, 89).
4. אָבֵל כְּרָמִים n.pr.loc. (= vineyard-meadow) in Ammon Ju 11:33 (v. Euseb. Ἀβελαμπελων).
5. אָבֵל מְחוֹלָה n.pr.loc. (= dance-meadow) Ju 7:22 1 K 4:12; Elisha’s birthplace 19:16 (v. Euseb. Ἀβελμαελαι).
6. אָבֵל מִצְרַיִם n.pr.loc. (= meadow of Egypt, i.e. fertile as Egypt?) E. of Jordan Gn 50:11 (where interpr. as if אֵבֶל מ׳, so 𝔊 𝔙; v. Di).
† אֲבָל adv.
1. in older Heb. with an asseverative force, verily, of a truth Gn 42:21 2 S 14:5 1 K 1:43 2 K 4:14, with a slight advers. force, nay, but Gn 17:19 (P).
2. in late Heb. as a decided adversative, howbeit, but Dn 10:7, 21 Ezr 10:13 2 Ch 1:4; 19:3; 33:17 (cf. Arabic بَلْ of a truth, sometimes, from the context, nay rather Qor 2:82, 94, 110, 129, 149, 165, 261; 3:143; 4:52 etc.)
III. אבל (cf. Arabic أَبِلٌ able to manage camels, from إِبِلٌ, coll., Sab. אבל camel DHMZMG 1883, 329).
† אוֹבִיל n.pr.m. (? camel-driver), GFM (privately) queries whether, if genuine, name may not be theophoric (x + īl), poss. error for אַדְבְּאֵל; or Aramaic Aph. from יבל (which in any case may have influenced pronunciation).), overseer of David’s camels 1 Ch 27:30.
אֻבָל, אוּבַל v. יבל.
אֶ֫בֶן274 n.f. Gn 29:2 (m. 1 S 17:40?) stone (Assyrian abnu, = the sharp, projecting? v. DlW, Pr 107; Ph. אבן; Aramaic. אֶבֶן, ܐܰܒܢܳܐ; Ethiopic እብን Sab. אבנ[ם] DHMZMG 1883, 341) = א׳ abs. Gn 28:22 +; אָ֑בֶן 11:3 +; cstr. 49:24 +; sf. אַבְנוֹ 2 K 3:25; אֲבָנִים Gn 31:46 +, etc.;—a stone (large or small).
1. in natural state, used as pillow Gn 28:11, 18 (E); seat Ex 17:12 (E); cover of well Gn 29:3(×2), 8, 10 (J) causing one to stumble Is 8:14; marring good ground 2 K 3:19, 25; hand-missile Ex 21:18 (JE) Nu 35:17, 23 (P) 2 S 16:6, 13, especially in judicial stoning, with vb. רָגַם Lv 20:2, 27; 24:23 Nu 14:10; 15:35, 36 Jos 7:25a (all P), so also Dt 21:21 2 Ch 24:21 Ez 16:40; 23:47; cf. 1 K 12:18 = 2 Ch 10:18; with vb. סָקַל Dt 13:11; 17:5; 22:21, 24 1 K 21:13; also Jos 7:25b (JE or D); sling-stones Ju 20:16 1 S 17:40, 49(×2), 50 2 Ch 26:14; hurled by engines 2 Ch 26:15; set up for inscribing law Dt 27:2, 4, 8 Jos 8:32 (all D); as memorial Jos 4:3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21 (JED) 1 S 7:12; as sacred pillar (מַצֵּבָה) Gn 28:18; 35:14 (anointed with oil), 28:22 (= בֵּיתאֵל) cf. יִשְׂרָאֵל (רֹעֶה)א׳ Gn 49:24 (v. Di); as witness 31:45 cf. Jos 24:26, 27 (all JE); pl. gathered into heap (גַּל) over dead, Jos 7:26 (v. Di) 8:29 cf. 10:18, 27 (JE) 2 S 18:17; גַּל on which meal was eaten, in a compact Gn 31:46(×2) (JE); built into altar Ex 20:25 Dt 27:5, 6 (JED) Jos 8:31 1 K 18:31, 32, 38; cf. 2 K 23:15 𝔊 Klo (for הבמה); of figured stone (forbidden) א׳ מַשְׂכִּית Lv 26:1 (H); א׳ גדולה where ark rested 1 S 6:14, 15 also v 18 (MT אבל q.v.); (v. for other noteworthy stones 9. infr.)
2. stone, as material, of tablets Ex 24:12; 31:18; 34:1 (pl.) v 4(×2) (JE) Dt 4:13; 5:19; 9:9, 10, 11; 10:1, 3; of vessels, hence prob. Ex 7:19 (P; א׳ = vessels of stone ‖ עצים) v. Di; idols (‖ עץ) Dt 4:28; 28:36, 64; 29:16 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19; also Je 3:9 Ez 20:32; pavement 2 K 16:17; edifice 1 K 6:7 cf. Gn 11:3; also 2 S 5:11 2 K 12:13 1 Ch 22:15; often pl. of (worked) stones Lv 14:40, 42(×2), 43, 45 (P; in wall of house) 2 K 22:6 +, cf. of city-wall Ne 3:35; of (ruined) city 1 K 15:22 Ne 3:34; tomb Is 14:19; אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֹת (costly building-stones) 1 K 5:31; 7:9, 10, 11 (v. also sub 3); אַבְנֵי־שַׁיִשׁ = marble (v. 𝔊) 1 Ch 29:2; אַבְנֵי גָזִית = hewn stones 1 K 5:31 1 Ch 22:2 Ez 40:42 (for altar-tables),—cf. גָּזִית; א׳ מַחְצֵב 2 K 12:13; 22:6 2 Ch 34:11; foundation-stone, corner-stone Is 28:16 Je 51:26 Jb 38:6 ψ 118:22; cap-stone, completing the building, הָא׳ הָרִאשֹׁנָה Zc 4:7 (but v. רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה ψ 118:22 as above), Zc 3:9 upon one stone seven eyes, prob. refers to this cap- or head-stone; the eyes are symbol of God’s watchfulness; perhaps explaining cup-stones found in Orient, v. GutheZPV 1890, 129; stone-cutters חָרָשֵׁי א׳ 2 S 5:11 1 Ch 22:15; חֹצְבֵי הָא׳ 2 K 12:13 cf. 1 Ch 22:2.
3. precious stone, gen. with modifying word א׳ יְקָרָה coll. 2 S 12:30 1 K 10:2 + often (v. 2); א׳ הַשֹׁהַם Gn 2:12 (J) cf. Ex 25:7; 28:9; 35:9, 27; 39:6 (P) 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ מִלֻּאִים Ex 25:7; 35:9, 27 cf. 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ סַפִּיר Ez 1:26; 10:1; אַבְנֵי אֶקְדָּח Is 54:12; א׳ חֵפֶץ ib.; אַבְנֵי פוּךְ וְרִקְמָה 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ חֵן Pr 17:8; on אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ (stones of fire) Ez 28:14, 16 as precious stones = Assyrian aban išâti (?) v. DlPa 118 & W 40; but Sm al. thunderbolts; also without distinctive modifier Ex 25:7; 35:9; חָרַשׁ א׳ engraver in stone Ex 28:11 cf. 31:5; 35:33 (P).
†4. stones containing metal, = ore, Dt 8:9 (v. Di) Jb 28:2 cf. v. 3.
†5. a weight, as orig. stone (v. Pr 27:3 cf. Eng. weight stone = 14 lb) אַבְנֵי־כִיס Pr 16:11 (cf. Assyrian DlW 38); א׳ הַמֶּלֶךְ 2 S 14:26 (i.e. according to royal standard; cf. COT Gn 23:16); א׳ וָא׳ Dt 25:13 Pr 20:10, 23 (i.e. different weights, for dishonest use); כִּיס אַבְנֵי מִרְמָה Mi 6:11; just weights אַבְנֵי־צֶדֶק Lv 19:36; א׳ שְׁלֵמָה Pr 11:1; hence also heavy mass of metal (lead) Zc 5:8.
†6. plummet Is 34:11 (stones of devastation, or emptiness, cf. on sense 2 K 21:13 Am 7:7, 8); also made of metal הא׳ הַבְּדִּיל Zc 4:10 (conversely plummet from plumbum).
†7. objectslike stones; partic. hail, explicitly, אַבְנֵי הַבָּרָד Jos 10:11 cf. Is 30:30; א׳ אֶלְגָּבִישׁ Ez 13:11, 13; 38:22; but also גְּדֹלוֹת אֲבָנִים Jos 10:11 (E) (cf. Assyrian DlW 38); lime-stones אַבְנֵי־גִד Is 27:9.
8. in sim. (mostly poet.) of sinking in water Ex 15:5 = Ne 9:11; motionlessness Ex 15:16; strength Jb 6:12; firmness 41:16; solidity (of ice) 38:30; in prose, of commonness 1 K 10:27 2 Ch 1:15; also metaph. of one in fear 1 S 25:37 (i.e. petrified with terror, cf. Ex 15:16 supr.); לֵב הָא׳ = perverse, hard heart Ez 11:19; 36:26; אַבְנֵי־נֵזֶר Zc 9:16 (of ransomed Isr.)—א׳ personif. Hb 2:11 cf. v 19; cf. Ez 13:11 (v. 7 supr.)
†9. In topogr. terms (nearly = n.pr.); אֶבֶן בֹּהַן Jos 15:6; 18:17; א׳ הָעֶזֶר 1 S 5:1 cf. 7:12, also 4:1 (We Dr); הָא׳ הָאָ֑זֶל 1 S 20:19, read הָאַרְגָּב הַלָּאז v. 𝔊 here & v 41 (We Dr Klo); א׳ הַזֹּחֶלֶת 1 K 1:9 (where WeSkizzen III,171 comp. Ar. Zuḥal = Saturn).
† [אֹבֶן] n.[m.] wheel, disc.—Du. הָאָבְנָ֑יִם—
1. potter’s wheel Je 18:3 (two discs revolving one above the other; name from likeness to mill-stones; v. AW18).
2. עַל־הָא׳ Ex 1:16 prob. = sella parturientis, = δίφροι λοχειαῖοι bearing-stool, midwife’s stool (fr. likeness to potter’s wheel; on custom of labor upon stool v. PlossDas Weib, 2nd ed. ii, 35, 179 etc. & Cesnola Coll. fr. Cyprus, Metrop. Mus., N. York, No. 614, terra cotta fig. fr. 4th or 5th cent. b.c.; Descriptive Atlas of Cesn. Coll. I, pl. lxvi. No. 435; cf. W. H. W[ard]PESoc. 2nd Statement 1873, p. 76). SpiegelbergZA xiv (1900), 269 ff.; Randglossen 19 ff. expl. as the two stones [read אַבְנַיִם], i.e. bearing-stool of ‘stones’ = bricks, tiles.
אבנה Kt 2 K 5:12 v. ii. אֲמָנָה.
אַבְנֵט v. בנט.
אַבְנֵר v. אֲבִינֵר sub II. אָבָה.
† [אָבַס] vb. feed, fatten (Mish. id.;? Ass. [abâsu] DlW 46)
Qal Pt. pass. fattened, אָבוּס of ox Pr 15:17; אֲבוּסִים of fowl 1 K 5:3.
† אֵבוּס n.m. Pr 14:4 crib (= feeding-trough, on form v. Ges§ 84 a 12. R.) of ass Is 1:3 (cstr.); oxen Pr 14:4 (abs.); אִם־יָלִין עַל־אֲבוֶּס֑ךָ Jb 39:9 (of wild-ox).
† [מַאֲבוּס] n.[m.] granary (= place of fodder;? Ass. bît abûsâti DlW 46) pl. sf. מַאֲבֻסֶיהָ Je 50:26.
אֲבַעְבֻּעֹת v. בוע.
אבץ (meaning unknown).
† [אֶ֫בֶץ] n.pr.loc. city in Issachar, אָ֑בֶץ Jos 19:20.
† אִבְצָן n.pr.m. judge of Isr. Ju 12:8, 10 (LagGN 1891, 19 (אֲ)בֶן צָן, 𝔊 Ἀβεσσαν, 𝔖 ܐܰܒܝܨܳܢ ).
אבק (Ar. أَبَقَ run away (cf. LagBN 51)).
† אָבָק n.m. Ez 26:10 dust—א׳ Dt 28:24 + 3 textual; cstr. אֲבַק Na 1:3; sf. אֲבָקָם Ez 26:10—dust (?fleeing, flying; syn. עָפָר = oft. dust lying on or composing ground) Ex 9:9 Ez 26:10 Dt 28:24 (‖ עָפָר) Is 5:24 (‖ מָק) 29:5 (‖ מֹץ); fig. of clouds under Yahweh’s feet Na 1:3.
† [אֲבָקָה or אַבְקָה] n.f. prob. coll., cstr. אַבְקַת רוֹכֵל Ct 3:6 powders of merchant = scent-powders. (On formation cf. LagBN 81.)
† [אָבַק] vb.denom.
Niph. wrestle (= get dusty, cf. κόνις, κονίω, v. also StrPirke Aboth, I, 4 מִתְאַבֵּק בַּעֲפַר רַגְלֵיהֶם = sit at their feet; others, e.g. Di, comp. חבק). וַיֵּאָבֵק עִם Gn 32:25; Inf. sf. בְּהֵאָֽבְקוֹ עִם v 26.
אבר (cf. Assyrian abâru, be firm, strong DlW)
† אֵ֫בֶר n.[m.] pinions (from strength, poet. & fig., pl. in sense) as of dove ψ 55:7; eagle Is 40:31; אֶרֶךְ הָא׳ of king, of Babyl. under fig. of eagle Ez 17:3 (‖ גְּדוֹל הַכְּנָפַיִם of broad, overshadowing wings).
† אֶבְרָה n.f. pinion (nom. unit., poet.) of ostrich Jb 39:13; אֶבְרָתוֹ of eagle, sim. for י׳ Dt 32:11; metaph. of י׳ ψ 91:4; אֶבְרוֹתֶיהָ of dove ψ 68:14; (all ‖ כּנף).
† [אָבַר] vb.denom.
Hiph. fly (= move pinions); of hawk יַאֲבֶר־נֵץ Jb 39:26.
† [אָבִיר] adj. strong; alw.= subst. the Strong, old name for God (poet.); only cstr. in אֲבִיר יַעֲקֹב Gn 49:24 & thence ψ 132:2, 5 Is 49:26; 60:16; א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 1:24 (cf. Che crit. n.)—BaNB 51 assigns this cstr. to אַבִּיר.
† אַבִּיר adj. mighty, valiant—א׳ Jb 34:20 + Is 10:13 Kt (Qr כַּבִּיר; cstr. id. 1 S 21:8; pl. אַבִּירִים Jb 24:22 +;—mighty (alw. = subst. & poet. exc.1 S 21:8).
1. men Jb 24:22(= violent) 34:20 Je 46:15 1 S 21:8 (read א׳ הָרָצִים Gr Dr, cf. 22:17; but LagProbebibel אֹבִיל הָעֲיָרִים v. Id. BN 45; Klo גִּבּוֹר), La 1:15; אַבִּירֵי לֵב stout of heart Is 46:12 (= obstinate) ψ 76:6.
2. angels ψ 78:25 (cf. 103:20).
3. animals; bull, sim. of king of Assyr. Is 10:13 (rd.כְּאַבִּיר & v. Di); elsewh. pl.; metaph. for enemies אַבִּירֵי בָשָׁן ψ 22:13 (‖ פּרים); for princes ψ 68:31; for Edomites Is 34:7; hence even as sacrif. ψ 50:13 (‖ עַתּוּדִים); of horses Ju 5:22 Je 8:16; 47:3; 50:11 but Je 46:15 many MSS. 𝔊 Aq Symm Theod 𝔙 many moderns read אַבִּירֶ֑ךָ thy bull, i.e. Apis
אַבְרָהָם v. אַבְרָם sub II. אבה.
† אַבְרֵךְ proclaimed before Joseph Gn 41:43 (mng. dub.; many Egypt. deriv. proposed; e.g. a-bor-k, Copt. = prostrate thyself! BenfeyVerh. d. äg. Spr. z. Sem. 302 f; āprek, = head bowed! ChabasRA I—but ā = ע, v. also WiedemannAltäg. Wörter 1883, 8; aprex-u, head of the wise, HarkavyBerl. äg. Zeftschr. 1869; ȧb-rek, rejoice thou! CookSpeaker’s Comm. Gn. ad loc. and p. 482; Lepage RenoufPSBA Nov. 1888, 5 f ȧb(u)-rek, thy command is our desire, i.e. we are at thy service; SayRel. Bab. 183 As. abrikku = Ak. abrik, vizier (unpub. tabl.), v. already DlW; L 134 c., 1. 11. 12 who cp. As. abarakku = title, perh. grand vizier; against Dl, v. COT & NöZMG 1886, 734). SpiegelbergRandglossen 14 ff. expl. as Egyptian ʾbrk = give attention!).
אַבְרָם, אַבְשַׁי v. אֲבִירָם, אֲבִישַׁי sub II. אבה.
אַבְשָׁלוֹם, אַבְשָׁלֹם v. אֲבִישָׁלוֹם sub II. אבה.
אגא (cf. Ar. أَجَأَ flee Frey). Authority for Arabic vb. أَجَأَ flee is slender, but word occurs as n.pr.mont., and elsewhere (GFM, privately).
† אָגֵא n.pr.m. (fugitive?) father of a hero of David 2 S 23:11 (ins. also 1 Ch 11:13 DrSm).
† אֲגָג (אֲגַג Nu 24:7) n.pr.m. (violent? As.agâgu DlW) king of Amalek 1 S 15:8, 9, 20, 32(×3), 33, also Nu 24:7 (E), as symbol of might; (Is א׳ then title? v. Di).
† אֲגָגִי adj.gent. of Haman (= Amalekite? so Jew. trad. & cf. Jos.Ant. xi, 6, 5 Est 3:1, 10; 8:3, 5; 9:24
אגד (bind, so Talm אָגַד, Aramaic אֲגַד. Aramaic א׳ (Talm, once, Levy) prob. Hebraism.)
† אֲגֻדָּה n.f. band (Mishn. אֲגוּדָּה cf. NHWB).
1. pl. cstr. אֲגֻדּוֹת מוֹטָה bands, thongs (fastening ox-bow) metaph. of fetters of slavery Is 58:6.
2. אֲגֻדַּת אֵזוֹב bunch of hyssop Ex 12:22.
3. א׳ abs. band of men (cf. חֶבֶל. Eng. band) 2 S 2:25.
4. אֲגֻדָּתוֹ vault of the heavens (as fitted together, constructed, cf. Ar. إِجَادٌ) Am 9:6.
† אֱגוֹז n.[m.] nuts (coll. (NH id., אַמְגּוֹזָא, Ar. جَوْزٌ, Eth. ገውዝ Aramaic ܓܰܘܙ, אֱגוּזָא; cf. Pers. گوز, whence prob. אֱגוֹז as loan-word) Ct 6:11.
אגל (HoffmHiob. 86 comp. Ar. اجل restrict, Eth.እገሌ a certain one (name withheld), etc.)
אֵ֫גֶל n.[m.] usually trans. drop, אֶגְלֵי־טָ֑ל dew-drops Jb 38:28 (‖ מָטָר) so Vrss De Di; Hoffm ‘Rückstände,’ ‘Ansammlungen,’ i.e. collections, stores, reserve-supply.
† אֶגְלַ֫יִם n.pr.loc. town in Moab Is 15:8; (meaning?);? cf. Αἰγαλειμ (Euseb.) 9 m. S. of Areopolis; v. LagOnom.228, 98; ed. 2, p. 244.
אגם (troubled, sad, As. agâmu DlW cf. Ar. أَجَمَ loathe; also أَجَمَةٌ marshy jungle); Arabic أَجِمَ also = spoil (of water); cf. أَجَمَةٌ (أَجَمٌ) = pool, reed-bed (also tangled thicket, etc.) Lane, and marsh Dozyi. 11.) cf. עגם.
† אֲגַם n.[m.] troubled pool (Aramaic id., ܐܶܓܡܳܐ, As. agammu DlW)—א׳ abs. Is 35:7; cstr. 41:18 + 2t.; אֲגַמִּים Ex 8:1 + 2t.; אַגְמֵי Is 14:23; אַגְמֵיהֶם Ex 7:19—
1. troubled or muddy (gloomy) pools or marshes, pl. א׳ מַיִם Is 14:23.
2. any pool, pond, sg. א׳ מַיִם Is 41:18 ψ 107:35; 114:8; pl. without מַיִם Ex 7:19; 8:1 (P) Is 42:15.
3. swamp-reed, rush (= אַגְמוֹן) Je 51:32.
† [אָגֵם] adj. sad (cf. Mish.) אַגְמֵי־נֶפֶשׁ Is 19:10.
† אַגְמֹן, אַגְמוֹן n.[m.] rush, bulrush.
1. used as cord or line Jb 40:26 (of twisted rushes, or spun of rush-fibre, cf. Di ad loc.); as fuel 41:12; sim. of bending head Is 58:5.
2. metaph. of the lowly, insignif. (‖ כִּפָּה) Is 9:13; 19:15.
אגן (prob. circular, round, cf. Ar. أُجْنَةٌ ball of cheek & v. Talm. אוֹגֶן curved rim of a vessel).
† [אַגָּן] n.[m.] bowl, basin (Talm. אוֹגָן, Aramaic אַגָּנָא, ܐܰܓܳܢܳܐ; Ar. إِجَّاذَةٌ, vessel in which clothes are washed; As. (pl.) aganâtē DlW).
1. basins used in ritual אַגָּנֹת Ex 24:6 (E).
2. אַגַּן הַסַּהַר, sim. of curves of body Ct 7:3.
3. metaph. of family of Eliakim. כְּלֵי הָאַגָּנוֹת = basin-vessels Is 22:24 (= bowl-shaped vessels Che) opp. כְּלֵי הַנְּכָלִים; both ‖ כְּלֵי הַקָּטָן.
אגף (As. stem of agappu, wing, cf. DlW)
† [אֲגַף] n.[m.] band, army (loan-word, orig. wing of army; As. agappu, Aramaic אגף, wing. Others, fr. גפף, Sta§ 256 b)—All Ez. & all pl. (or du.?) אֲגַפֶּיךָ Ez 38:9; 39:4; אֲגַפָּיו 12:14 + 3 textual; אֲגַפֶּיהָ 38:6 (all c. כָּל־ exc. 38:22)—bands, armies of king of Judah Ez 12:14; 17:21; hordes (RV) of Gog 38:9, 22; 39:4; specif. of גֹּמֶר 38:6; of תּוֹגַרְמָה ib.
† I. [אָגַר] vb. gather (food)—only
Qal —Pf. אָֽגְרָה, of ant Pr 6:8 (obj. מַאֲכָל; Impf. 2 ms. תֶּאֱגֹר of Isr. Dt 28:39 (obj. = grapes, not expr.); Pt. אֹגֵר בַּקַּיִץ subst. one who gathers (abs.) Pr. 10:5.
II. אגר (pay, hire, Ar. أَجَرَ Aramaicאֲגַר, ܐܶܓܰܪ, As. agâru DlW, Palm. אגר ReckZMG 1888, 396).
אָגוּר n.pr.m. (perhaps hireling, Ar. أَجِيرٌ Aramaic אֲגִירָא, ܐܰܓܺܝܪܳܐ v. PS, As. agîru, cf. HptBAS i. 124; others gatherer, fr. i. אגר) son of יָקֶה, an author of proverbs Pr 30:1.
† [אֲגוֹרָה] n.f. payment, אֲגוֹרַת כֶּסֶף 1 S 2:36.
אִגֶּ֫רֶת n.f. letter, letter-missive (late, prob. loan-word, As. egirtu DlW)—abs. Ne 2:8 + 2 textual; cstr. Est 9:29; pl. אִגְּרוֹת abs. 2 Ch 30:1 + 3 textual; cstr. Ne 2:9; אִגְּרֹתֵיהֶם Ne 6:17—letter, especially royal letter 2 Ch 30:1, 6 Ne 2:7, 8, 9; but also others Ne 6:5, 17, 19 Es 9:26, 29 (‖ סֵפֶר vv 20, 30; other syn. מִכְתָּב, נִשְׁתְּוָן q.v.)
אֲגַרְטָל v. גרטל.
אֶגְרֹף v. גרף.
אֵד, אוֹדוֹת, אֹדוֹת v. אוד.
† [אָדַב] vb. grieve;
Hiph. inf. לַאֲדִיב (= לְהַאֲדִיב Ges§ 53.3.R 7) to cause to grieve 1 S 2:33. (But Dr prop. לְהָדִיב from דוב q.v.)
† אַדְבְּאֵל n.pr.m. 3rd son of Ishmael (cf. Ar. أَدَبَ invite, discipline?) Gn 25:13 1 Ch 1:29 (As. Idibaʾil etc., name of north. Ar. tribe DlPa 301; cf. Minæan אדבל DHM in MV).
אדד (? cf. Ar. أَدٌّ strength).
† אִדּוֹ n.pr.m. a chief Israelite Ezr 8:17(×2).
אֲדַד n.pr.m. v. הדד.
אֲדַלְיָא n.pr.m. 5th son of Haman Est 9:8 (Pers.?).
I. אדם (cf. As. [adâmu] make, produce (?) DlW & Pr 104).
אָדָם560 n.m. Gn 1:27 man, mankind (Ph. אדם, Sab. id., CISiv. 1, 1. 4 al.; cf. As. admu, young (of bird) DlW, but NöZMG 1886, 722 identif. with Ar. أَذَامٌ coll. creatures)—Sg. abs. exc. cstr. Pr 6:12 cf. Thes; (בְּנֵי (הָ)א׳ oft. = pl. of א׳ Gn 11:5 + 39 textual, cf. בְּנוֹת הָא׳ Gn 6:2, 4)—
1. a man (= Ger. Mensch) = human being Gn 2:5, 7(×2), 8, 15, 16, 18 +, 16:12 (27 textual J) Lv 5:4 (‖ נֶפֶשׁ) 13:2, 9 (19 textual P) Ne 2:10 Is 13:12 (‖ אֱנוֹשׁ); הָאָ׳ הַגָּדוֹל Jos 14:15 (E); אָ׳ בְּלִיַּעַל Pr 6:12 (‖ אִישׁ אָוֶן cf. 1 S 25:25 & v. בליעל); = any one Lv 1:2 Nu 9:6, 7 Jb 20:29; 27:13 Pr 15:20; 21:16, 20; 24:30 Ec 7:20 + oft. WisdLt, Je 2:6; 4:25 Ne 2:12, cf. נֶפֶשׁ א׳ Nu 19:11, 13 +; seld. man opp. woman Gn 2:22(×2), 23, 25; 3:8, 12, 17, 20, 21 Ec 7:28.
2. coll. man, mankind Gn 1:26; 9:5, 6(×3) + (P 28 textual) 6:1, 5, 6, 7 (JE 24 textual) Dt 4:32 (D 6 textual) (on 2 S 7:19 cf. 1 Ch 17:17 v. DrSm); distinctly = men + women Gn 1:27; 5:1 Nu 5:6; given as name Gn 5:2; but = warriors Is 22:6 רֶכֶב א׳ (‖ פּרשׁים); ‖ beasts (41 textual) בְּהֵמָה Gn 6:7; 7:23 (J?) Ex 8:13, 14; 9:9, 10 (P) 9:19, 22, 25; 12:12; 13:2, 13, 15 (all J) +; late proph. Je 21:6; 31:27; 50:3; 51:62 Ez 14:13, 17, 19, 21; 25:13; 29:8, 11; 32:13 (del. Co) 36:11 Jon 3:8 Zp 1:3 Hg 1:11 Zc 2:8; 8:10; ‖ בָּקָר Ez 4:15; ‖ צֹאן, חֲמֹרִים, ב׳ Nu 31:28; ‖ id. + מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה v 30 cf. Jon 3:7; ‖ חַיָּה Gn 9:5 (P) cf. Ez 1:5, 8, 10, 26, & descript. of כְּרוּבִים Ez 10:8, 14, 21 cf. 41:19; ‖ trees Dt 20:19 (rd. הֶאָדָם v. Di); opp. God 1 S 15:29; 16:7(×2) Is 31:3 Ez 28:2, 9 1 Ch 21:13; 29:1 2 Ch 6:18 Mal 3:8 cf. Ex 33:20 Dt 5:21; so בֶּן־א׳ Nu 23:19 (‖ אישׁ Ez 2:1, 3, 6, 8 (87 textual Ez, alw. addressed to proph.); בְּנֵי הָא׳ 1 S 26:19; made in God’s image Gn 1:26, 27; 9:6 cf. Ec 7:29; as feeble, earthly, mortal Nu 16:29(×2) Ps 82:7; 144:3, 4 Jb 5:7; 14:1, 10 cf. 25:6 (בֶּן־א׳) Ec 12:5; as sinful 1 K 8:46 2 Ch 6:36 Je 10:14 cf. Nu 5:6 Jb 31:33 Ho 6:7; of men in general, other men (opp. to particular ones) Ju 16:17 (cf. אַחַד הָא׳ v 7, 11) 18:7, 28 ψ 73:5 Je 32:20 +; ‖ אִישׁ Is 2:9, 11, 17; 5:15 cf. Ez 23:42 (del. Co Vrss); בְּנֵי א׳ 2 S 7:14 (‖ אֲנָשִׁים) Pr 8:4 (‖ אִישִׁים); ψ 49:3; 62:10 (both ‖ בְּנֵי אִישׁ) = men of low opp. men of high degree—so oft. Ph. and = vassal Sab. DHMZMG 1875, 680 cf. 686; נֶפֶשׁ א׳ coll. Nu 31:35, 40, 46 1 Ch 5:21 Ez 27:13.
†3. n.pr.m. Adam, first man (without art. cf. שָׂטָן 1 Ch 21:1 over ag. הַשּׂ׳ Jb 1:6 etc.) Gn 4:25 (J) 5:1, 3, 4, 5 (P) 1 Ch 1:1. (Gn 2:20; 3:17, 21 rd. לָא׳ v. Di)
†4. n.pr.loc. city in Jordan valley (as built? Jos 3:16.
אֲדָמָה224 n.f. ground, land (as tilled, Ger. bebaut? DlPr 105, but Fleisch. (MerxArchiv I, 236 f) comp. Ar. أَدَمَة skin, as smoothly covering & close-fitting; √דם cf. Ar. دَمَّ smear (spread over surface); cf. also NöZMG 1886, 737)—א׳ Gn 1:25 +; cstr. אַדְמַת Gn 47:20 +; sf. אַדְמָתִי Jb 31:38 + 2 textual etc.; pl. אֲדָמוֹת ψ 49:12—
1. ground (as tilled, yielding sustenance) Gn 2:5, 9; 3:17, 23; 4:2, 3, 12; 5:29; 8:21; 19:25; 47:23 Ex 34:26 (all J); Ex 23:19 (E) Dt 7:13; 11:17; 26:2, 10, 15; 28:4, 11, 18, 33, 42, 51; 30:9; 2 S 9:10 Is 1:7; 28:24; 30:23(×2), 24 Je 7:20; 14:4; 25:33 Hg 1:11 Mal 3:11 ψ 83:11; 105:35 Pr 12:11 28:19 1 Ch 27:26 Ne 10:36, 38 cf. fig. Jb 5:6 (‖ עפר); personif. 31:38 Jo 1:10; also אִישׁ הָא׳ Gn 9:20 (J) tiller, husbandman; meton. אֹהֵב א׳ 2 Ch 26:10 i.e. lover of husbandry (or do these point to earlier meaning tillage? cf. DlPr 105) אִישׁ עֹבֵד א׳ Zc 13:5.
†2. piece of ground, landed property Gn 47:18, 19(×3), 20, 22(×2), 23, 26 (all J) ψ 49:12 (pl.)
†3. earth as material substance; of wh. man is made Gn 2:7 (עָפָר מִן־הָא׳); so animals v 19 (מִן־הָא׳); altar Ex 20:24; earthen vessels חַרְשֵׂי א׳ Is 45:9, on head, sign of woe 1 S 4:12 2 S 1:2; 15:32; of contrition Ne 9:1 (cf. אֵפֶר, עָפָר); מַעֲבֵה הָא׳ 1 K 7:46 cf. 2 Ch 4:17 (firmness of earth, firm earth, clay-ground, for casting-moulds; or clay-moulds (Be)? or is this n.pr.? Klo proposes בַּמְּעָרָה הָאֲדֻמָּה in the red cave); mule-loads of 2 K 5:17; in it lie the dead מִיְּשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־עָפָר Dn 12:2 cf. Gn 3:19, 23 ψ 146:4.
4. ground as earth’s visible surface; רֶמֶס הָא׳ Gn 1:25; 6:20 (both P) Ho 2:20 cf. Gn 7:8; 9:2 (J?) Lv 20:25 (P) Dt 4:18 Ez 38:20; also Gn 4:10 (J) Is 24:21 Am 3:5 Zp 1:2, 3; as wet with dew 2 S 17:12; rain 1 K 17:14; 18:1; cf. personif. פָּֽצְתָה הָא׳ אֶת־פִּיהָ Nu 16:30 (P) (‖ ארץ v 32), vid. v 31 Gn 4:11; of partic. place, spot א׳ קֹדֶשׁ Ex 3:5 especially as abode of man Ex 10:6 Dt 4:10, 40; 12:1 1 S 20:31 2 S 14:7; oft.פְּנֵי הָא׳ Gn 2:6; 4:14; 6:1, 7; 7:4, 23; 8:8, 13 Ex 32:12; 33:16 Nu 12:3 Dt 6:15; 7:6 (all J, D) 1 S 20:15 + 9 textual
5. land, territory, country (= ארץ Gn 47:19 (J) Lv 20:24 (J?—‖ ארץ) cstr. bef. n.pr. א׳ מִצְרַיִם Gn 47:20, 26; א׳ יְהוּדָה Is 19:17; א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Ez 11:17 + 16 textual Ez; espe. of land as promised or given by י׳ to his people = Canaan Gn 28:15 Ex 20:12 Nu 11:12; 32:11 (all J?) Dt 5:16 + 16 textual Dt, Jos; 1 K 8:34, 40 +, Je 16:15; 24:10; 25:5; 35:15 Ez 28:25 2 Ch 6:25, 31; 7:20; 33:8; cf. also Dt 12:19; 21:23; 29:27 2 K 17:23 Is 6:11; 7:16; 14:1 +, Ez 34:13, 27 +, Ne 9:25 (א׳ שְׁמֵנָה),—in all c. 41 textual + Jo 2:21 (personif.); א׳ הַקֹּדֶשׁ Zc 2:16 (cf. sub 4 supr. hence also as Yahweh’s land Dt 32:43 Is 14:2 Zc 9:16 2 Ch 7:20.
†6. whole earth, inhabited earth (seld.; cf. also פְּנֵי הָא׳ sub 4 supr.) Gn 12:3; 28:14 (both J cf. אֶרֶץ 18:18; 22:18; 26:4) Dt 14:2 Am 3:2 Is 24:21.
†7. n.pr.loc. city in Naphtali (as built cf. אָדָם 4? = ed-Dâme?) W. of L. Gennes. Jos 19:36 v. Di.
† אַדְמָה n.pr.loc. city in Vale of Siddim Gn 10:19; 14:2, 8 Dt 29:22 Ho 11:8.
אֲדָמִי הַנֶּ֫קֶב n.pr.loc. pass in Naphtali, Jos 19:33 v. נקב.
II. אדם (أَدُمَ, أَدِمَ, إِدَامٌ tawny, Ethi. አደመ (only in derivatives), As. adâmu? DlW; cf. LagBN 28).
† [אָדֹם, אָדֵם] vb. be red (on format. cf. LagBN 83 cf. 120)—
Qal Pf. 3 pl. אָֽדְמוּ ruddy, of Nazirites La 4:7;
Pu. Pt. reddened, dyed red, מְאָדָּם Na 2:4 (of shield), מְאָדָּמִים of rams’ skins Ex 25:5; 26:14; 35:7, 23; 36:19; 39:34 (all P).
Hithp. Impf. redden, grow or look red, יִתְאַדָּ֑ם Pr 23:31 of wine);
Hiph. Impf. emit (show) redness (cf. LagBN 120) יַאְדִּימוּ כַתּוֹלָע Is 1:18 (of sins) i.e. be glaring, flagrant (cf. also v 15).
† אָדֹם adj. red—א׳ Is 63:2 Zc 1:8 + Gn 25:30(×2), v. infr.; אָדוֹם Ct 5:10; f. אֲדֻמָּה Nu 19:2, pl. אֲדֻמִּים 2 K 3:22 + 2 textual;—ruddy, red, of man Ct 5:10; horse Zc 1:8(×2) (‖ שָׂרֹק cf. As.DlW 87 6:2 (‖ שָׁחֹר); heifer Nu 19:2; water 2 K 3:22 (א׳ כַּדָּם); cf. as subst. red, redness on garment Is 63:2; הָאָדֹם = the (red) lentils Gn 25:30(×2), but rd. הָאֱדֹם v. infr.; cf. also מַעֲלֶה.
† אֹ֫דֶם n.[f.] carnelian (fr. redness; 𝔊 σάρδιον; on format. cf. LagBN 144) Ex 28:17; 39:10 (P) Ez 28:13.
† אֱדֹם n.[m.] name of a condiment (Ar. إِدَامٌ v. Anderson in Di; cf. As. adumatu? DlW) הָאֱ׳ Gn 25:30(×2) (J; so rd. for הָאָ׳ MT; v. Di).
אֱדוֹם (†אֱדֹם Ez 25:14) n.pr.m.
1. Edom (name of a god? v. StaG.1, 121 RSSem 43; vid. n.pr. עבדאדם; but BaeRel 10 thinks dial. var. of אָדָם, בני אדום = בְנֵי אָדָם) = Esau, elderson of Isaac Gn 25:30 (J) (where etym. = red, cf. v 25 (E?) & sub אַדְמוֹנִי) 36:1, 8, 19 (P).
2. coll. (m. but f. Mal 1:4) Edomites, Idumeans as descend. of Esau Gn 36:9, 43 (P); also 1 S 14:47 + 31 textual + 2 S 8:13 (for MT ארם; 𝔊𝔖, v. 1 Ch 18:12 ψ 60:2, We Dr); perh. also v 12 (𝔊𝔖 1 Ch 18:11; MT ארם but v. We Dr); also 2 Ch 20:2 (v. Be); א׳ = king of Edom Nu 20:18, 20, 21; poet. בְּנֵי א׳ ψ 137:7 בַּת א׳ La 4:21, 22. v. now F BuhlGesch. Edomiter (1893).
3. land of Edom, Idumaea (f. Ez 32:29; 35:15 and 36:5) S. & SE. of Pal. Gn 36:32, 43 + 32 textual (incl. שְׂדֵה א׳ Gn 32:4; אֶרֶץ א׳ Gn 36:16, 17, 21, 31 Nu 20:23 21:4 33:37 +);—uncertain whether 2 or 3 are Ex 15:15 Nu 20:14; 24:18 + 9 textual (chiefly in מֶלֶךְ א׳ etc.)
† אֲדֹמִי adj.gent. Edomite Dt 23:8 1 S 21:8; 22:9, 18, 22 1 K 11:14 ψ 52:2; אֲדוֹמִים 2 Ch 25:14; 28:17; so 2 K 16:6 (Qr; Kt ארומים, v. ארם); אֲדֹמִיִּים 1 K 11:17; f. אֲדֹמִיּוֹת 1 K 11:1.
† אֲדַמִדָּם adj. reddish (cf. As.ada(m)mumu? DlW) of leprous sores Lv 13:42 (־דָּ֑ם) v 49 (־דָֹם); f. אֲדַמְדֶּמֶת v 24, 43; ־דָ֑מֶת v 19; f. pl. אֲדַמְדַּמֹּת 14:37.
† אַדְמוֹנִי adj. red, ruddy, of Esau as newborn babe Gn 25:25 (whence name Edom acco. to E? cf. Di); of youth 1 S 16:12; 17:42 (אַדְמֹנִי).
אֲדֻמִּים n.pr.loc. v. מַעֲלֶה sub עלה.
† אַדְמָתָא n.pr.m. a prince of Persia & Media Est 1:14 (cf. Pers. admâta, unrestrained).
אדן (m. disputed; (1) cf. As. [adannu] firm, strong; adv. adanniš, strongly, exceedingly DlW > (2) Fü. (a) make firm, fasten (cf. عدن) whence אֶדֶן; (b) determine, command, rule, whence אָדוֹן; (3) Thes Add., MV al. (a) intr. be under, low, inferior (cf. דּוּן, دان), whence אֶדֶן; (b) tr. put under command, rule over (cf. דִּין) whence אָדוֹן; v. also (4) LagM i. 102, אָדוֹן fr. ادى ).
[אֶ֫דֶן57] n.m. Ex 26:19 base, pedestal—אָדֶ֑ן Ex 38:27; pl. אֲדָנִים Ex 26:19 +; cstr. אַדְנֵי Ct 5:15 +, etc.
1. pedestals of fine gold, on wh. pillars of marble were set Ct 5:15.
2. pedestals of the earth on wh. its pillars were placed Jb 38:6 (‖ corner-stone).
3. (metal) pedestals, bases, or sockets in wh. tenons of planks & pillars of tabernacle were set up; two for each plank & one for each pillar Ex 26:19(×3) + 52 textual in Ex 26.27.35–40 Nu 3.4 (all P); cf. 𝔊 Sm Co for אָרְכּוֹ Ez 41:22, of altar.
אָדוֹן n.m. Mal 3:1 lord (Ph. אדן)—א׳ ψ 12:5 + cstr. אֲדוֹן Jos 3:11 +; pl. אֲדֹנִים Is 26:13 +; cstr. אֲדֹנֵי Dt 10:17 +; sf. אֲדֹנֵינוּ 1 S 25:14 + etc.; (אֲדֹנִי, אֲדֹנַי, אֲדֹנָי are variations of Mass. pointing to distinguish divine reference fr. human. Pl., with few except an intens. pl. of rank; word takes sf. as pl. in all other pers.; so doubtless here. Orig. reading prob. in all cases אֲדֹנַי (v. DalmanDer Gottesname Adonaj; LagBN 188 makes אֲדֹנָי an Aramaic format.); אֲדֹנִי now found in J 51 textual; in E †Gn 31:35; 32:19; 42:10 Ex 21:5; in P †Gn 23:6, 11, 15 Nu 36:2(×2) often S & K in Chr only in sources, 1 Ch 21:3(×3), 23 (= 2 S 24:3, 22) 2 Ch 2:13, 14; Is & Je only in hist. parts Is 36:8, 9, 12 Je 37:20; 38:9; elsewhere †Dn 1:10; 10:16, 17, 19; 12:8 Zc 1:9; 4:4, 5, 13; 6:4 ψ 110:1 Ju 4:18; 6:13 Ru 2:13; בִּי אֲדנָי †Ex 4:10, 13; Jos 7:8 (J) Ju 6:15; 13:8 is referred to God, but בִּי אֲדנִי †Gn 43:20; 44:18 Nu 12:11 (J) 1 S 1:26; 25:24 (+ אני) 1 K 3:17, 26 to human superiors. There is doubt as to אֲדֹנָ֯י Gn 18:3; 19:18; אֲדֹ֯נַי 19:2)—
†1. sg. lord, master (1) ref. to men: (a) supt. of household, or of affairs Gn 45:8, 9 (E) = ψ 105:21; (b) master ψ 12:5; (c) king Je 22:18; 34:5; (2) ref. to God, הָאָדוֹן יהוה the Lord Yahweh (v. יהוה) Ex 23:17; 34:23 (Cov’t codes); אֲדוֹן כָּל־הָאָרֶץ Lord of the whole earth Jos 3:11, 13 (J) ψ 97:5 Zc 4:14; 6:5 Mi 4:13; צְבָאוֹת הָא׳ י׳, earlier Is 1:24; 3:1; 10:33; 19:4 (אֲדֹנָי Is 10:16 in common MT; not Massora, doubtless scrib. error); הָא׳ Mal 3:1; אָדוֹן ψ 114:7.
2. pl. lords, kings Dt 10:17 = ψ 136:3; Is 26:13 masters Am 4:1, elsewhere intens. pl. of rank, lord, master, (1) ref. to men: (a) proprietor of hill Samaria †1 K 16:24; (b) master Gn 40:7 (E) Ex 21:4(×2), 6, 8, 32 (Cov’t code) Gn 24:9 + (J, 11 times) Dt 23:16 Ju 19:11, 12 + 13 times S & K; Jb 3:19 ψ 123:2 Pr 25:13; 27:18; 30:10 Is 24:2 Zp 1:9 Mal 1:6(×2) (c) husband Ju 19:26, 27 ψ 45:12; (d) prophet 2 K 2:3, 5, 16; (e) governor Ne 3:5; (f) prince Gn 42:10, 30, 33 (E) 44:8 (J) 1 S 29:10; (g) king Gn 40:1 (E) Ju 3:25 + 40 times S & K; Ch only in sources 1 Ch 12:19 cf. 1 S 29:4; 2 Ch 13:6; 18:16 = 1 K 22:17; Is 19:4; 22:18; 36:12; 37:4, 6 Je 27:4; (2) ref. to God Mal 1:6; אֲדֹנֵי הָאֲדֹנִים Lord of lords Dt 10:17 = ψ 136:3; אֲדֹנֵינוּ ψ 135:5; 147:5 Ne 8:10; י׳אֲדֹנֵינוּ ψ 8:2, 10 Ne 10:30; אֲדֹנַיִךְ י׳ Is 51:22 (prob. = thy husband, Yahweh); אֲדֹנָיו Ho 12:15 (possibly error for אֲדֹנָי).
3. sf. 1 s. אֲדֹנִי (אֲדֹנַי) (1) ref. to men: my lord, my master, (a) master Ex 21:5 (Cov’t code) Gn 24:12 +, 44:5 (J, 20 times) 1 S 30:13, 15 2 K 5:3, 20, 22; 6:15; (b) husband Gn 18:12 (J); (c) prophet 1 K 18:7, 13 2 K 2:19, 4:16, 28; 6:5; 8:5; (d) prince Gn 42:10 (E), 23:6, 11, 15 (P), 43:20; 44:18 +, 47:18, + (J, 12 times); Ju 4:18; (e) king 1 S 22:12 + (S & K 75 times); (f) father Gn 31:35 (E); (g) Moses Ex 32:22 Nu 11:28; 12:11; 32:25, 27 (J); 36:2(×2) (P); (h) priest 1 S 1:15, 26(×2); (i) theophanic angel Jos 5:14 Ju 6:13; (j) captain 2 S 11:11; (k) general recognition of superiority Gn 24:18; 32:5 +; 33:8 +; 44:7 + (J, 13 times), Ru 2:13 1 S 25:24 + (15 times); (2) ref. to God: אֲדֹנָי a. my Lord Gn 20:4 (?E) Ex 15:17 (Sam. יהוה) elsewhere in Hex, J; Gn 18:3(?), 27, 30, 31, 32; 19:2, 18(?) Ex 4:10, 13; 5:22; 34:9 Nu 14:17 Jos 7:8; also Ju 6:15; 13:8; not S; 1 K 22:6 2 K 19:23; noChron exc. memorials Ezr 10:3 (ref. to Ezra) Ne 1:11; 4:8; WisdLt only Jb 28:28 (doubtless scrib. error for יהוֹה of many MSS.); not Ho; Is 37:24; 38:16 (hist. part); exile Is 49:14 (cf. 51:22); Mi 1:2 ψ 16:2 + (47 times, chiefly this sense, exc. sub b.; cf. אֱלֹהַי וַאדֹנָי my Lord and my God ψ 35:23; (writers that use אֱלהִים seld. use אֲדֹנָי); b. Adonay n.pr. of God, parallel with Yahweh, substit. for it oft. by scrib. error, & eventually supplanting it. In earlier Is 3:17 + (19 times seeming to belong here), Am 7:7, 8; 9:1 Ez 18:25, 29; 33:17, 20; 21:12 (prob. אֲדֹנָי י׳ as in usual phrase); Zc 9:4 Mal 1:12, 14 La 1:14 + (14 times) ψ 2:4; 37:13; 78:65; 90:17 (? יהוה) 110:5 (Dalman puts most of these sub (a);—many cases are doubtful); 1 K 3:10, 15 (Mass. אדני for יהוה cf. Dalm. 2 K 7:6; Dalm. rightly questions; he reads יהוה). The phrases אֲדֹנָי אֱלֹהַי ψ 38:16; 86:12, Adonay my God; אֲדֹנָי הָאֱלֹהִים Dn 9:3, א׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ 9:9, 15, א׳ הָאֵל Dn 9:4 favour taking א׳ Dn 1:2; 9:7, 8 (יהוה?) v 16, 17, 19(×3) as the divine name.
4. אֲדֹנָי יהוה (a) my Lord Yahweh (v. יהוה) Gn 15:2, 8 (JE) Jos 7:7 (J, 𝔊 om. י׳) Dt 3:24; 9:26 Ju 6:22; 16:28 2 S 7 (6times) 1 K 2:26; 8:53; prob. Am 3:7, 8; 7:2, 4, 5; 9:8 Je 1:6; 4:10; 14:13; 32:17, 25 Ez 4:14; 8:1; 9:8; 11:13; 20:39; 37:3 (יָדַע כִּי אֲני א׳ י׳) 13:9; 23:49; 24:24; 28:24; 29:16 inappropriate in mouth of God; del. אֲדֹנָי (Co) or read י׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם (Dalm.); Mi 1:2 Zp 1:7 Ob 1 Zc 9:14 ψ 71:5, 16; 73:28; (b) appar. n.pr. Adonay Yahweh Is 25:8 Je 44:26; exil. Is 40:10 + (10 times, but 61:1, 11 read יהוה, 𝔊); (c) uncertain whether (a) or (b) in proph. formula אָמַר א׳ י׳ Is 7:7; 28:16; 30:15; 49:22; 52:4; 65:13 Je 7:20 Am 1:8; 3:11; 5:3; 7:6 Ob 1 Ez (131 times); נְאֻם א׳ י׳ Is 56:8 Je 2:22 Am 3:13; 4:5; 8:3, 9, 11 Ez (80 times); דְּבַר־א׳ י׳ Ez 6:3; 25:3; 36:4; נִשְׁבַּע א׳ י׳ Am 4:2; 6:8; כֹּה הִרְאַנִי א׳ י׳ Am 7:1, 4; 8:1.
5. יהוה אֲדֹנָי Yahweh my Lord ψ 68:21; 109:21; 140:8; 141:8 Hb 3:19.
6. אֲדֹנָי יהוה צְבָאוֹת (a) my Lord Yahweh Ṣ. (v. צבאות) ψ 69:7 Am 9:5 Is 10:23; 22:5, 12; 28:22 cf. י׳ אֱלֹהֵי הַצְבָאוֹת א׳, Yahweh, the God of Hosts my Lord Am 5:16; (b) a divine name, Adonay, Yahweh Ṣ. Je 46:10(×2); 50:25; (c) uncertain are כֹּה אָמַר א׳ י׳ צ׳ Is 10:24; 22:14, 15; נְאֻם א׳ י׳ צ׳ Is 3:15 Je 2:19; 49:5; 50:31.
† אַדָּן n.pr.loc. in Babylonia Ezr 2:59 (v. כְּרוּב n.pr.)
† אַדּוֹן id. Ne 7:61.
† אֲדֹנִי־בֶ֫זֶק n.pr.m. (or title) king of Can. city Bezek Ju 1:7; without Maqq. v 5, 6.* read prob. א׳־צֶ֫דֶק, v. GFM Ju 1:5.
† אֲדֹנִי־צֶ֫דֶק n.pr.m. Canaan. king of Jerusalem Jos 10:1, 3 (Lord of righteousness; my Lord is righteous, or my Lord is Ṣidiq—divine name—cf. מַלְכִּי צֶדֶק, אֲדֹנִיָּהוּ, Ph. אדנבעל etc.)
אֲדֹנִיָּ֫הוּ (אֲדֹנִיָּה) n.pr.m. (my Lord is Yahweh, cf. Ph. אדנאשמן, אדנבעל, אדנשמש etc., in Assyrian Adunibaʾal SchrKB II, 172)
1. fourth son of David 1 K 1:8 + 11 times, 2:13 + 5 times (= אֲדֹנִיָּה 2 S 3:4 1 K 1:5, 7, 18; 2:28 1 Ch 3:2).
2. a Levite †2 Ch 17:8.
3. a chief of the people †Ne 10:17 (= אֲדֹנִיקָם 7:18 Ezr 2:13 cf. 8:13).
† אֲדֹנִיקָם n.pr.m. (my Lord has arisen) head of a family Ezr 2:13; 8:13 Ne 7:18 (אֲדֹנִיָּהוּ Ne 10:17).
† אֲדֹנִירָם n.pr.m. (my Lord is exalted) official of Solom. 1 K 4:6; 5:28; so also 2 S 20:24 1 K 12:18 𝔊 We DrSm.
† אֲדֹרָם (contr. or corrupt, cf. foregoing) same official, under David 2 S 20:24, & Rehob. 1 K 12:18 (= הֲדֹרָם 2 Ch 10:18).
† [אָדַר] vb. (poet.) wide, great, (thence) high, noble (? Assyrian adâru DlW)—
Niph. Pt. majestic, glorious, of י׳, נֶאְדָּר Ex 15:11; cstr. נֶאְדָּרִי v 6 (v. Di);
Hiph. impf. יַאְדִּיר make glorious the teaching Is 42:21 (י׳ subj.)
† אֶ֫דֶר n.[m.]
1. glory, magnificence (Assyrian aduru, adiru) ironic. of price of shepherd (symbol.) Zc 11:13
2. mantle, cloak (as wide) Mi 2:8 (‖ שַׂלְמָה), but read אדרת (ת lost bef. foll. ת), so WRSProph 247.
† אֲדוֹרַ֫יִם n.pr.loc. (two hills?) city in Judah 2 Ch 11:9 (cf. Ἀδωρα, Δωρα, JosAnt. viii, 10, 1, xiv, 5, 3); now Dûra, W. of Hebron, RobBR II, 215.
† אַדָּר n.pr.m. (noble?).
1. son of Bela, grandson of Benjm. 1 Ch 8:3 (perhaps error—cf. Be—for אַרְדְּ q.v. Nu 26:40 Gn 46:21).
2. city in Judah Jos 15:3 (אַדָּ֫רָה); = חֲצַר אַדָּר (q.v.) Nu 34:4.
† אַדִּיר adj. majestic—א׳ ψ 8:2 +; f. אַדֶּ֫רֶת Ez 17:8? (v. infr.) etc.—
1. majestic (wide, lofty) of waters of sea Ex 15:10 ψ 93:4; a ship Is 33:21; a tree Ez 17:23; a vine Ez 17:8 (גֶּפֶן אַדֶּרֶת, so Fü; or א׳ n. abstr. v. sub אַדֶּרֶת infr.); also fig. of kings ψ 136:18; nations Ez 32:18; gods 1 S 4:8; of י׳ ψ 93:4; 76:5; of name of י׳ ψ 8:2, 10.
2. subst. majestic one, of nobles, chieftains, etc., Ju 5:13, 25 Na 2:6, 3:18 Je 14:3; 25:34 (אַדִּירֵי הַצֹּאן fig. so) 35, 36; 30:21 Zc 11:2 2 Ch 23:20 Ne 3:5; 10:30; of י׳ Is 10:34; 33:21; of servants of י׳ ψ 16:3 (= priests? cf. 1 Ch 24:5 & v. Che).
† אַדֶּ֫רֶת n.f. glory, cloak—א׳ abs. Jos 7:24; אַדָּ֑רֶת Ez 17:8; cstr. Gn 25:25 + 4times; אַדַּרְתּוֹ 1 K 19:13 + 3 times; אַדַּרתָּם Zc 11:3—
1. glory, magnificence, of vine Ez 17:8 (so Thes MV, but < adj. f. from אַדִּיר q.v.), of shepherds Zc 11:3 (or sub 2).
2. mantle, cloak (wide garment) of hair שֵׂעָר Gn 25:25 Zc 13:4 (as proph. mantle, so perhaps 11:3 of shepherds = false proph.) cf. of Elijah 1 K 19:13, 19 2 K 2:8, 13, 14; but אַדֶּרֶת שִׁנְעָר טוֹבָה (fine mantle of Shinar = Babylonian mantle—doubtless costly) Jos 7:21, 24 (J) & (late) א׳ alone Jon 3:6.
† אֲדָר n.pr.[m.] 12th (Babylonian) month = Mar.–Apr. (late Heb. loan-word, = Bab. A(d)-daru v. DlW p. 188, cf. Al3 93, meaning dub. perhaps adâru, be darkened, eclipsed, but v. DlW p. 190) Est 3:7, 13; 8:12; 9:1, 15, 17, 19, 21; cf. Palm. Nab. אדר Vog8 EutNab 24.
† אַדְרַמֶּ֫לֶךְ n.pr.m. (Adar is prince, Assyrian Adar-malik (?) v. KAT2 284, cf. ABK140; or A. is Counsellor, Decider, cf. DlK 52 f; otherwise SayceRel.Bab. 7; on Bab. god Adar v. SchrKSGW 1880, 19 f DlK 52 f, but SayceRel.Bab. 151 f; Jen;Ko 457 f al. read Assyrian name Ninib; on Carth. יתנאדר v. BaeRel. 54)
1. a god of Sepharvaim 2 K 17:31.
2. parricidal son of Sennacherib 2 K 19:37 Is 37:38.
אֲדַרְכּוֹן v. דרכמון.
אֲדֹרָם v. אדנירם sub אדון.
אֶדְרֶ֑עִי v. דרע.
אדשׁ only inf. abs. אָדוֹשׁ v. דושׁ.
אָהֵב216 vb. love—
Qal Pf. אָהֵ֑ב Gn 27:9 + 7times; אָהֵ֥ב Gn 27:14; אָהַב Gn 37:3 + 3 times; אֲהֵֽבְךָ Dt 15:16; 3 fs. אָֽהֲבָה Ct 1:7 +, etc.; impf. יֶאֱהַב (־הָ֑ב) Pr 3:12 +; 1 s. אֵהָ֑ב Pr 8:17 (cf. Ew§ 192 d Ges§ 68.1); וָֽאֹהַ֖ב Mal 1:2; וָאֹהֲבֵהוּ Ho 11:1; אֹהֲבֵם Ho 14:5; וָאֹהֲבֵם ψ 119:167; 2 mpl. תְּאֵהֲבוּ Pr 1:22 (cf. KöI p. 394 Ges§ 63 R. 2); תֶּאֱהָ֑בוּ Zc 8:17; תֶּאֱהָבוּן ψ 4:3; Imv. אֱהַב־ Ho 3:1; אֱהָבֶהָ Pr 4:6; אֶהֱבוּ ψ 31:24 Am 5:15; אֱהָ֑בוּ Zc 8:19; inf. cstr. אֱהֹב Ec 3:8; אַהֲבָה Dt 10:12 +; אֲהֲבַת Mi 6:8 + etc.; cf. also sub n. אהבה infr.; Pt. אֹהֵב (אוֹהֵב) Dt 10:18 + 26 times; f. cstr. אֲהֻבַת Ho 3:1 is prob. active cf. BaNB 174 ff; sf. אֹהֲבִי Is 41:8 etc.; f. אֹהֶ֫בֶת Gn 25:28; אֹהַ֫בְתִּי Ho 10:11 etc.; Pt. pass. אָהוּב Ne 13:26; אֲהוּבָה Dt 21:15(×2), 16.—love (mostly c. acc., sq. לִ + obj. Lv 19:18, 34 2 Ch 19:2 (late), sq. בְּ Ec 5:9; abs. Ec 3:8 & v. infr.), (affection both pure & impure, divine & human);— 1. human love to human object; abs., opp. hate שָׂנֵא Ec 3:8; of love to son Gn 22:2; 25:28; 37:3, 4; 44:20 (JE) Pr 13:24; so also 2 S 13:21 𝔊 Ew Th We, cf. Dr, of Dvd’s loving Amnon; never to parent, but mother-in-law Ru 4:15; of man’s love to woman; wife Gn 24:67; 29:20, 30 (cf. v 18) 32 (JE), also Dt 21:15(×2), 16 Ju 14:16 1 S 1:5 2 Ch 11:21 Est 2:17 Ho 3:1 Ec 9:9; but also Gn 34:3 (J) Ju 16:4, 15 2 S 13:1, 4, 15 (where of carnal desire) 1 K 11:1 cf. v 2 Ho 3:1; א׳ רֵעַ loving a paramour, v. BaNB 176; woman’s love to man 1 S 18:20 (so v 28 MT, but read וְכִי כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֹהֵב אֹתוֹ 𝔊 We Dr) Ct 1:3, 4, 7; 3:1, 2, 3, 4 (5 times subj. נַפְשִׁי; cf. also fig. of adulterous Judah Je 2:25 Is 57:8 Ez 16:37; of love of slave to master Ex 21:5 (JE) Dt 15:16; inferior to superior 1 S 18:22 cf. v 16; love to neighbour Lv 19:18 (וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעְךָ כָּמוֹ֑ךָ), partic. to stranger Lv 19:34 (both P), Dt 10:18, 19; love of friend to friend 1 S 16:21; 18:1, 3; 20:17(×2) Jb 19:19 Pr 17:17 cf. 2 S 19:7(×2) 2 Ch 19:2; v. also Pr 9:8; 16:13 cf. 15:12; v. especially Pt. infr. 2. less often of appetite, obj. food, Gn 27:4, 9, 14 (JE) Ho 3:1; drink Pr 21:17; husbandry 2 Ch 26:10; cf. fig. of Ephraim Ho 10:11 sq. inf.; length of life ψ 34:13; of cupidity Ho 9:1 Is 1:23 Ec 5:9(×2); of love of sleep Pr 20:13 cf. fig. of sluggish watchmen (sq. inf.)Is 56:10; also c. obj. abstr. wisdom (personif.), knowledge, righteousness, etc. Pr 4:6; 8:17, 21; 12:1; 22:11; 29:3 Am 5:15 Mi 6:8 (inf. ‖ infinitives) Zc 8:19 cf. Pr. 19:8 קֹנֶה לֵב אֹהֵב נַפְשׁוֹ; obj. folly, evil, etc., Mi 3:2 ψ 4:3; 11:5; 52:5, 6; 109:17 Pr 1:22; 8:36 17:19(×2), cf. 18:21 Zc 8:17, w. כֵּן Je 5:3 Am 4:5†, sq. inf. Ho 12:8 Je 14:10, especially of idolatry Ho 4:18 (where del. הֵבוּ cf. KöI, p. 395) Je 8:2. 3. love to God Ex 20:6 (JE) elsewhere Hex only Dt 5:10; 6:5; 7:9 + 9 times Dt + Jos 22:5; 23:11; also Ju 5:31 1 K 3:3 Ne 1:5 Dn 9:4 especially in (late) ψ 31:24; 97:10; 116:1; 145:20, but usually sq. name, law, etc. of י׳ ψ 5:12; 26:8; 40:17; 69:37; 70:5; 119:47 + 11 times ψ 119; cf. Is 56:6; cf. also of love to Jerusalem Is 66:10 ψ 122:6. 4. especially Pt. אֹהֵב = (a) lover, La 1:2 (fig. of Jerus.); (b) friend Hiram of David 1 K 5:15, cf. Je 20:4, 6 Est 5:10, 14; 6:13 ψ 38:12 (‖ רֵעַ) so 88:19, & Pr 14:20; also 18:24; 27:6 Abr. of God Is 41:8 2 Ch 20:7. 5. of divine love (a) to individual men Dt 4:37 2 S 12:24 Pr 3:12; 15:9 ψ 146:8 Ne 13:26; (b) to people Israel, etc. Dt 7:8, 13; 23:6 Ho 3:1; 9:15 11:1; 14:5 1 K 10:9 2 Ch 2:10; 9:8 Is 43:4; 48:14 Je 31:3 Mal 1:2(×3) ψ 47:5; to Jerusalem ψ 78:68; 87:2; (c) to righteousness, etc. ψ 11:7; 33:5; 37:28; 45:8; 99:4 Is 61:8 Mal 2:11.
†Niph. Pt. pl. הַנֶּאֱהָבִים 2 S 1:23 lovely, loveable of Saul & Jonath. (‖ הַנְּעִימִם).
†Pi. Pt. pl. sf. מְאַהֲבַי (־בָ֑י) Ho 2:7 + 3 times; מְאַהֲבַיִךְ (־בָ֑יִךְ) Je 22:20 + 6 times; מְאַהֲבֶיהָ Ho 2:9 + 4 times 1. friends Zc 13:6; 2. lovers in fig. of adulter. Isr. Ho 2:7, 9, 12, 14, 15 Ez 23:5, 9; Judah Je 22:20, 22; 30:14 La 1:19 Ez 16:33, 36, 37; 23:22.
† [אַ֫הַב] n.[m.] love only pl. אֲהָבִים, loves, amours; bad sense Ho 8:9, but אַיֶּלֶת א׳ loving hind Pr 5:19 (fig. of wife ‖ יַעֲלַת הֵן).
† [אֹ֫הַב] n.[m.] id. = loved object, sf. אָהֳבָם Ho 9:10 (= בֹּשֶׁת = בַּעַל v. Hi Now) i.e. the idol worshipped; pl. = amours (carnal sense) Pr 7:18.
† אַהֲבָה n.f. love (= Inf. of אהב q.v.)—abs. א׳ Pr 10:12 + 18 times; cstr. אַהֲבַת Je 2:2 + 3 times; sf. אַהֲבָתִי ψ 109:4, 5; אַהֲבָֽתְךָ 2 S 1:26; אַהֲבָתוֹ Is 63:9 Zp 3:17; אַהֲבָתָהּ Pr 5:19; אַהֲבָתָם Ec 9:6—love, especially WisdLt & late.
1. human (to human obj.) abs. Ec 9:1, 6 (both ‖ שִׂנְאָה) so Pr 10:12; 15:17 cf. 27:5; v. also 17:9; of man toward man ψ 109:4, 5; love for one’s self (נַפְשׁוֹ) 1 S 20:17; between man & woman Ct 2:4, 5; 5:8; 8:6, 7(×2); Pr 5:19 cf. also 2 S 1:26 (א׳ נָשִׁים); personif. Ct 2:7; 3:5; 7:7; 8:4; cf. fig. use 3:10; of mere sexual desire 2 S 13:15; fig. of Jerusalem’s love to י׳ Je 2:2 (א׳ כַּלוּלֹתַיִךְ), & of love of adulter. Jerus. v 33.
2. God’s love to his people Ho 11:4 (עֲבֹתוֹת א׳) Je 31:3 Is 63:9 Zp 3:17.
אהד (= אחד? v. Thes.)
† אֹ֫הַד n.pr.m. son of Simeon Gn 46:10 Ex 6:15.
† אֵהוּד n.pr.m.
1. a Benjamite, son of Gera, deliverer of Isr. from Moab Ju 3:15, 16, 20(×2), 21, 23, 26; 4:1.
2. a Benjamite, son of Bilhan (= foregoing?) 1 Ch 7:10.
† אֲהָהּ (آهْ, አህ ) interj. alas! Ju 11:35 2 K 3:10; 6:5, 15; with ל Jo 1:15 אֲהָהּ לַיוֹם alas for the day! for etc. In the combination אֲהָהּ אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִֹה Jos 7:7 Ju 6:22 Je 1:6; 4:10; 14:13; 32:17; Ez 4:14; 9:8; 11:13; 21:5.
† אַהֲוָא n.pr.loc. town or district in Babylonia, by which a stream is designated Ezr 8:15, also the stream v 21 (הנהר א׳), v 31 (נְהַר א׳).
† אֱהִי Ho. 13:10, 14(×2) adv. where? = אֵי, אַיֵּה. So 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 𝔗 AW in Ho 13:10, & 𝔊 𝔖 (cf. 1 Cor 15:55) AW in Ho 13:14. Taken by many of the older interpreters, and even by Ges in 13:14, as 1 s. impf. apoc. of היה I would be: but this is less suited to the context, and the jussive form is an objection, being unusual with the 1 ps.
I. אהל (settle down (?), Arabic أَهَلَ be inhabited, cf. Assyrian âlu, settlement, city, maʾâlu, maʾâltu, bed; DlW & Pr 105 NöZMG xi (1886), 154, 720 doubts אֹהֶל = أَهْلٌ = âlu; but أَهْل = dwelling actually in vulg.Ar. ac. to SoBuhl).
אֹ֫הֶל343 n.m. Gn 13:3 tent (cf. Assyrian âlu, supr., Arabic أَهْلٌ, fellow-dwellers, family, Sab. אהל DHMZMG 1883, 341 al., also in n.pr. Sab. & Ph. v. אהליאב)—abs. א׳ Gn 4:20 +; cstr. id. Ex 28:43 +; אֹ֫הֱלָה (ה loc.) Gn 18:6 +; sf. אָהֳלִי Jb 29:4 +; אָֽהָלְךָ ψ 61:5; אָֽהֳלֹה Gn 9:21 + 3 times (v. DrSm xxxv); pl. אֹהָלִים Gn 13:5 + (Ges§ 23.3); בָֽאֳהָלִים Ju 8:11 +; cstr. אָהֳלֵי Nu 16:26 +; sf. אֹהָלַי Je 4:20; אֹהָלֶיךָ Nu 24:5 +; אָהֳלֵיכֶם Jos 22:8 +, etc.—
1. tent of nomad Ct 1:5 Je 6:3; 49:29; ישֵׁב א׳ dweller in tents Gn 4:20; 25:27 (J); אָהֳלֵי מִקְנֶה tents of cattle 2 Ch 14:14; of soldier 1 Sa 17:54 cf. Dr, Je 37:10; 1 K 12:16 ישׂראל לְאֹהָלֶיךָ, exclam., to thy tents, Israel!, cf. 1 K 8:66 2 Ch 10:16 2 S 20:1 (but cf. Dr, 1 S 17:54); of pleasure-tent on house-top 2 S 16:22 (= bridal-tent, bridal pavilion, cf. חֻפָּה ψ 19:5 Jo 2:16 v. RSKinship 168).
2. dwelling, habitation; ψ 91:10 בְּאֹהֳלֶ֑ךָ home (lit. in thy tent), pl. לְאֹהָלֶֽךָ Ju 19:9; בֵּיתִי א׳ habitation of my house ψ 132:3 cf. Dn 11:45; א׳ דוד habitat. or palace of David where throne erected Is 16:5; א׳ בַת צִיּוֹן h. of daughter of Zion (= Jerusalem) La 2:4; אָהֳלֵי יַעֲקֹב Je 30:18 Mal 2:12 (‖ מִשְׁכָּן); א׳ יְהוּדָה Zc 12:7 (‖ בית דוד); א׳ רְשָׁעִים h. of wicked Jb 8:22, cf. א׳ רֶשַׁע ψ 84:11, א׳ יְשָׁרִים Pr 14:11; א׳ שֹׁחַד Jb 15:34; א׳ צַדִּיקִים ψ 118:15; א׳ אֱדוֹם = Edom itself, ψ 83:7 cf. א׳ קְדָר ψ 120:5 א׳ כוּשָׁן Hb 3:7; cf. Is 54:2 ψ 69:26.
3. the sacred tent in worship of God; הָאֹהֶל the tent; א׳ מוֹעֵד tent of meeting of God with his people (tent of congregation or assembly Ges MV al.) According to E Moses so called the tent which he used to pitch without the camp, afar off, into which he used to enter, & where God spake with him face to face, Ex 33:7–11 Nu 12:5, 10 Dt 31:14, 15; J seems to have same conception of an א׳ מ׳ outside the camp, Nu 11:24, 26; D has no allusion to such a tent; P mentions it 131 times as א׳ מ׳; 19 times as הָאֹהֶל (cf. Ez 41:1) & א׳ הָעֵדוּת, tent of the testimony Nu 9:15; 17:22, 23; 18:2 (as containing ark & tables of the testimony) cf. 2 Ch 24:6; this tent sometimes confounded with the מִשְׁכָּן but distinguished in מִשְׁכַּן א׳מ׳ Ex 39:32; 40:2, 6, 29, cf. 1 Ch 6:17; הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְהָאֹהֶל Nu 3:25; אֶת־הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְאֶת־אָהֳלוֹ Ex 35:11; tent was of three layers of skins, goatskins, ramskins, & tachash skins, each layer of eleven pieces stretched in form of a tent, covring & protecting the מִשְׁכָּן, wh. was in form of parallelopip. (Ex 26). An אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד was at Shilo 1 S 2:22 (om. 𝔊; v. Dr) cf. ψ 78:60, called א׳ יוֹסֵף v 67. The Mosaic א׳ מ׳ was later at Gibeon 2 Ch 1:3, 6, 13; courses of ministry arranged for service at א׳ מ׳ 1 Ch 6:17; 23:32 cf. 1 Ch 9:19 (הָא׳), v 21, 23 (בֵּית הָא׳); David erected an אֹהֶל for ark on Mt. Zion 2 S 6:17 1 Ch 15:1; 16:1; 2 Ch 1:4; Joab fled for refuge to א׳ יהוה 1 K 2:28–30; sacred oil brought from הָא׳ 1 K 1:39; the א׳ מוֹעֵד was taken up into temple 1 K 8:4 = 2 Ch 5:5; י׳ had not previously dwelt in a בַּיִת, but had gone מֵאֹהֶל אֶל־אֹהֶל from tent to tent, from one to another, 1 Ch 17:5, cf. 2 S 7:6; א׳ יהוה (‖ בַּיִת & הַר קֹדֶשׁ) is refuge & dwelling-place of righteous, ψ 15:1; 27:5, 6; 61:5 (cf. ψ 90:1).
† [אָהַל] vb.denom. tent, move tent from place to place (cf. Assyrian âʾilu(?) DlWNo. 4 & AGl) וַיֶּאֱהַל Gn 13:12, 18 (J), cf. ישֵׁב אֹהֶל (v. אֹהֶל);
Pi. Impf. יַהֵל (contr. for יְאַהֵל) pitch one’s tent like nomad Is 13:20.
† אָהֳלָה n.pr.f. Ohŏla (for אָהֳלָהּ she who has a tent, tent-woman, i.e. worshipper at tent-shrine, v. Sm) of Samaria, adulteress with Assyria Ez 23:4(×2), 5, 36, 44.
† אָהֳלִיאָב n.pr.m. Ohŏliab (Father’s tent, cf. Ph. אהלבעל, אהלמלך; Sab. אהלעתֿתר, אהלאל) chief assistant of Bezalel in construction of tabernacle, etc. Ex 31:6; 35:34; 36:1, 2; 38:23.
† אָהֳלִיבָה n.pr.f. Ohŏliba (= אָהֳלִיבָהּ tent in her = (in meaning) אָהֳלָה cf. Sm) of Jerusalem as adulterous wife of י׳ Ez 23:4(×2), 11, 22, 36, 44.
† אָהֳלִיבָמָה n.pr. Ohŏlibama (tent of the high place)
1. f. wife of Esau Gn 36:2, 5, 14, 18, 25.
2. m. an Edomite chief Gn 36:41 1 Ch 1:52.
† II. [אָהַל] vb.
Hiph. be clear, shine, Impf. 3 ms. יַאֲהִיל (subj. moon יָרֵחַ) Jb 25:5 (‖ זַכּוּ subj. כוכבים, cf. also יִזְכֶּה v 4) (= יָהֵל, from הלל; (by text error?) cf. Di so 𝔊 > = I. אָהַל KöI, 373, after Ki).
† III. [אהל] n.[m.] odorif. tree, aloe (?) (? loan-word from Skr. aguru, agaru, dial. aghil, cf. WilsonSkr. Dict.; M. Müller in Pusey Dn 2d ed. p. 647 f.; aloëxylon agallochum (cf. SigismundAromata, Leipz. 1884, p. 38 f, MV cite KondrackiBeitr.z.Kenntn.d.Aloe, Dorpat 1874 & BaerReden III, 293 f); others aloë succotrina (SchenkelBL, cf. Di ad Nu 24:6); Wetzst in DeCt 2d ed. 167 brings under I. אהל; he proposes cardamum, Ar. هَيْل from أُهَيْل = little tents, from three-cornered shape of capsules)
1. pl. אֲהָלִים trees planted by י׳ Nu 24:6 (‖ ארזים) perhaps error for אֵילִים cf. Di.
2. aloes, as sweet-smelling; perfume for bed, אֲהָלִים Pr 7:17 (‖ מֹר, קִנָּמוֹן); for garments אֲהָלוֹת ψ 45:9 (‖ מֹר, קְצִיעוֹת); of bride, under fig. of odorif. tree Ct 4:14 (‖ מֹר, כָּל־רָאשֵׁי בְשָׂמִים).
אַהֲרֹן346 n.pr.m. Aaron, elder brother of Moses Ex 7:7; the priest Ex 31:10 +; mentioned Ex 4:14; 15:20; 17:10; 24:1; 28:29 + (115 times Ex); Lv 8:12, 23 + (80 times Lv); Nu 20:24f; 33:39 + (101 times Nu); 1 Ch 5:29 +; Mi 6:4 (only here in proph.) ψ 77:21; 105:26; called הַכֹּהֵן Ex 31:10; 35:19; 39:41 Lv 7:34 +, v. ψ 99:6 משֶׁה וא׳ בְּכֹהֲנָיו; also בּן־א׳ הַכֹּהֵן Ex 38:21 Nu 3:32 + (all P) called קְדוֹשׁ יהוה ψ 106:16; often named with his sons Lv 2:3, 10; 6:2 +; בְּנֵי א׳ in strict sense Ex 28:1, 4, 40 + often; בְּנֵי א׳ הַכֹּהֲנִים Lv 1:5 + Nu 3:3; 10:8 Jos 21:19 1 Ch 6:42; of temple-priests in gen’l, as descendants of A., 2 Ch 26:18; 29:21; 31:19; 35:14(×2), v. also 13:9, 10 & cf. הַכֹּהֵן בֶּן־א׳ Ne 10:39; so בֵּית א׳ ψ 115:10, 12; 118:3; 135:19; אַהֲרֹן alone (= בֵּית א׳) 1 Ch 12:27(28) cf. 27:17.
אוֹ320 (أَوْ, ܐܰܘ, አው ), conj. or (whether aut or vel).
1. Gn 24:49; 31:43 Ex 4:11 Ct 2:9 Lv 13:24 Nu 5:30 + often (especially in laws); sometimes implying a preference, nearly = or rather Gn 24:55 יָמִים אוֹ עָשׂוֹר a few days or ten Ju 18:19 1 S 29:3. Prefixed to the first as well as to the second alternative (rare) either (whether) … or Lv 5:1; 13:48, 51; = or, if not Ez 21:15 (si vera l.) Ke Mal 2:17 Jb 16:3; 22:11.
2. introducing a sentence, especially a particular case under a general principle, or = or if Ex 21:31 אוֹ־בֵן יִגַּח וג׳ or if he gore a son, etc. v 36 Lv 4:23, 28 (v. Di) 5:21, 22; 25:49b; Nu 5:14 2 S 18:13 or if I had dealt falsely against his life, then, etc., Ez 14:17, 19 or if I send, etc.
3. if perchance, 1 S 20:10 if perchance thy father answer thee with something hard, Lv 26:41.
4. once, with the juss. (as in Arabic with the subjunct. v. Dr§ 175 = except: Is 27:5 I would burn them together, אוֹ יַחֲזֵק בְּמָעֻזִּי or else let him take hold (= except he take hold) of my strong-hold, etc.—אַו Pr 31:4 v. sub [אָוָה] on p. 16.
† אוּאֵל n.pr.m. a Judæan (will of God, cf. I. אוה; or contr. from אֲבוּאֵל cf. אִיעֶזֶר?) Ezr 10:34.
אוב (meaning? Thes comp. Arabic آبَ return, whence KöOff.-begr. ii 15 C StaG i.504; Bib. Theol. i. 186 NowArch. ii. 273 as rediens, “revenant”; but doubtful. أَيَّابٌ water-carrier; but cf. LagBN 90). MV comp. אבב (with conjectural sense) to get meaning have a hollow sound. Deriv. and signif. totally uncertain).*
אוֹב n.m. Jb 32:19 skin-bottle, necromancer, etc.—abs. א׳ Lv 20:27 + 8 times; pl. אֹבוֹת Lv 19:31 + 7 times—
1. skin-bottle, only pl. אֹבוֹת חֲדָשִׁים new (wine-) skins Jb 32:19.
2. necromancer, in phr. אוֹב אוֹיִדְּעֹנִי necrom. or wizard Lv 20:27 (H; usually tr. ‘a man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit or that is a wizard’ RV; but better a man or a woman, if there should be among them, a necromancer or wizard; no suff. reason for exceptional use of phrase here); א׳ וְיִדְּעֹנִי Dt 18:11 2 Ch 33:6 = 2 K 21:6 (where א׳ וידענים); הָאֹבוֹת וְהַיִּדְּעֹנִים Lv 19:31; 20:6 (H) 1 S 28:3, 9 2 K 23:24 Is 8:19 (where repres. as chirping & muttering, in practice of their art of seeking dead for instruction, prob. ventriloquism, & so 𝔊) 19:3.
3. ghost, Is 29:4 וְהָיָה כְּאוֹב מֵאֶרֶץ קוֹלֵךְ וּמֵעָפָר אִמְרָתֵךְ תְּצַפְצֵף and thy voice shall be as a ghost from the ground and from the dust thy speech shall chirp (so Ge MV Ew De Che al., but chirping might be of necromancer, as 8:19).
4. necromancy אֵשֶׁת בַּעֲלַת־אוֹב a woman who was mistress of necromancy 1 S 28:7(×2); (< RSJPh. xiv, 127 f makes אוֹב primarily a subterranean spirit, and signif. 2 only an abbrev. of בעלתא׳ etc.); קסם בָּאוֹב divine by necromancy 1 S 28:8, which seems to be interpr. of 1 Ch 10:13 שׁאל בא׳ inquire by necromancy. (In these three exx. אוֹב is usually interpreted as ghost or familiar spirit conceived as dwelling in necromancer; but this apparently not the ancient conception.)
† אֹבֹת n.pr.loc. (water-skins) station of Isr. in wildern. Nu 21:10, 11; 33:43, 44; not yet determ., prob. on eastern skirts of Idumæa not far from Moab; according to Wetzst in De Ct 168 Wêba, وَيْبَة in the Arabah, but identif. not prob.; cf. Di on Nu 21:10.
אוד (be curved, bent, also trans. burden, oppress, cf. Arabic أَوِدَ ).
† אוּד n.m. brand, fire-brand (orig. perhaps bent stick used to stir fire) א׳ מֻצָּל מִשְּׂרֵפָה Am 4:11 = א׳ מ׳ מֵאֵשׁ Zc 3:2, pl. זַנְבוֹת הָאוּדִים הָעֲשֵׁנִים Is 7:4, stumps of smoking firebrands.
† [אוֹדָה] n.f. cause (perhaps orig. circumstance, cf. Sab. אוד enclosing wall)—only pl. אוֹדֹת Gn 21:11 +; אֹדוֹת Nu 12:1 +; (8 times + 2 S 13:16 vid.infra); אֹדוֹתַי Jos 14:6; אֹדוֹתֶיךָ ib.;—cause, always with על, & cstr., except Je 3:8, where sq. אֲשֶׁר; עַל־א׳ because of Gn 21:11, 25 Ex 18:8 Nu 12:1; 13:24 Ju 6:7 Je 3:8 (+ כָּל־); = concerning (on occasion of) Gn 26:32 Jos 14:6(×2); in 2 S 13:16 read, for אל־אֹדוֹת, אַל אָחִי כִּי 𝔊L It. We Dr.
† אֵיד n.m. Jb 18:12 distress, calamity (under wh. one bends, cf. Arabic آىِٔدٌ burdening)—א׳ Jb 21:30 +; cstr. id. Jb 31:23 +; אֵידֵי 2 S 22:19 = ψ 18:19 etc.;—distress, calamity (poet. chiefly WisdLt & late); Pr 17:5; 27:10.
1. national calam. of Isr. (apostate) Je 18:17 Ez 35:5 Ob 13(×3); of Egypt Je 46:21; Moab 48:16; Edom (א׳ עֵשָׂו) 49:8; Hazor v 32.
2. of righteous sufferer 2 S 22:19 = ψ 18:19 cf. א׳ אֵל i.e. from God Jb 31:23 & אָרְחוֹת אֵידָם 30:12 their calamitous paths (sf. ref. to bereavement, pain, etc.)
3. often of wicked Jb 18:12; 21:17; 31:3 Pr 1:26, 27 (wisd. mocks at; ‖ פַּחַד) 6:15; 24:22; also יוֹם א׳ Dt 32:35 Jb 21:30 (cf. supr. 2 S 22:19 = ψ 18:19 Pr 27:10 Je 18:17; 46:21 Ob(×3) where ‖ יוֹם אֹבֶד יוֹם צָרָה v 12, 14, cf. יוֹם יהוה v 15). BevJPhil. xxvi. 302 der. from Arabic آدَ be strong [also oppress, burden], whence إِيَاد (or أَوَى) calamity.
† אֵד n.m. mist (deriv. dub.; Arabic آدَ = be strong; مُؤْيِدٌ that which affords protection, shade; otherwise DlW 125) Gn 2:6; אֵדוֹ Jb 36:27.* Arabic derivation very dub.; DlW 125, cf. WB 22 KS 2:4 HptJAOS 1896, 158 ff. Gunk Gn 2:6 Holz Gn 2:6 Buhl cp. Assyrian edu, flood, mass of waters (√ אדה), editu, overflow (for irrigation); 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Aq in Gn 2:6 have spring, 𝔗 cloud, so 𝔊 𝔗 Jb 36:27; add perhaps Jb 36:30 אֵדוֹ for אוֹרוֹ (Du Dr).
I. אוה 1. Arabic مُؤْيَدٌ betake oneself to a place for dwelling, etc.;
2. id., be tenderly inclined.
† I. אִי n.m. Is 20:6 (†f. Is. 23:2) coast, region (contr. from אֱוִי so Ol§ 152 b; place whither one betakes oneself for resting, etc., orig. from mariner’s standpoint)—אִי abs. Is 20:6 +; cstr. Je 47:4; (Jb 22:30 v. sub IV. אִי cf. Di) pl. אִיִּים ψ 72:10 +; אִיִּן Ez 26:18 (Co איים) אִיֵּי Gn 10:5 +;—coast, border region (mostly late), of Philistia & Phoenicia with adjacent country Is 20:6; 23:2, 6; so of Caphtor (= Crete) Je 47:4; מַלְכֵי הָאִי אֲשֶׁר בְּעֵבֶר הַיָּם Je 25:22; elsewhere pl., coasts of Kittim Je 2:10; Ez 27:6, of Elishah v 7; different countries (on or in sea) v 3, 15, 35; 26:15, 18(×2) (last del. Co cf. 𝔊) cf. 39:6, so also אִיֵּי הַגּוֹיִם Gn 10:5 (P); partic. אִיֵּי הַיָּם = coast-lands & islands Is 11:11; 24:15, ‖ הָאָרֶץ Est 10:1; v. (without הַיָּם) Dn 11:18, & ψ 72:10, so often Is 2 incl. inhabitants, 41:1, 5; 42:4, 10 (אִיִּים וְישְׁבֵיהֶם ‖ הַיָּם וּמְלֹאוֹ) v 12; 49:1; 51:5; 59:18; 60:9; 66:19; cf. Je 31:10 ψ 97:1, Zp 2:11 (אִיֵּי הַגּוֹיִם); islands, distinctly (taken up by י׳ as little things) Is 40:15; coasts, banks, i.e. habitable lands Is 42:15 (‖ נְהָרוֹת).
† אִיתָמָר n.pr.m. ((is) land of palms? Thes) youngest (4th) son of Aaron Ex 6:23; 28:1; 38:21; Lv 10:6, 12, 16; Nu 3:2, 4; 4:28, 33; 7:8; 26:60 (all P) 1 Ch 5:29; 24:1, 2, 3, 4(×2), 5, 6 Ezr 8:2.
† I. [אָוָה] vb. incline, desire (cf. Stem 2).
Pi. Pf. אִוָּה ψ 132:13; אִוְּתָה Mi 7:1 +, etc.; Impf. 3 fs. תְּאַוֶּה Dt 12:20 + 4 times—desire subj. usually נֶפֶשׁ, obj. fruit Mi 7:1 (in metaph.); flesh (to eat) 1 S 2:16, cf. Dt 12:20 (sq. inf. לֶאֱכֹל בָּשָׂר); food & drink Dt 14:26; of king desiring rule, וּמָלַכְתָּ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 2 S 3:21; 1 K 11:37; obj. evil (רַע) Pr 21:10; once obj. י׳ Is 26:9 נַפְשִׁי אִוִּיתִךָ בַּלַּיְלָה; of God וְנַפְשׁוֹ אִוְּתָה וַיַּעַשׂ Jb 23:13; as desiring Zion for dwelling-place (late, only cases without נפשׁ) ψ 132:13, 14;
Hithp. Pf. הִתְאַוָּה Pr 21:26; הִתְאַוֵּיתִי Je 17:16; הִתְאַוּוּ Nu 11:4; וְהִתְאַוִּיתֶם Nu 34:10; Impf. יִתְאַוֶּה Ec 6:2; וַיִּתְאַוֶּה 2 S 23:15; apoc. וְיִתְאַו ψ 45:12, וַיִּתְאַו 1 Ch 11:17, etc.—Pt. fs. מִתְאַוָּה Pr 13:4; mpl. מִתְאַוִּים Am 5:18; Nu 11:34—desire, long for, lust after, of bodily appetites; for dainty food Nu 11:4 (E; sq. acc. cogn.) = ψ 106:14, Nu 11:34 (E); sq. ל Pr 23:3, 6 cf. Ec 6:2 (sq. acc.), v. also Pr 13:4 (abs., subj. נֶפֶשׁ); abs. of extreme thirst 2 S 23:15 = 1 Ch 11:17; of king desiring the beauty (יֳפִי) of princess ψ 45:12 (sq. acc.); of covetous man Pr 21:26 (sq. acc. cogn.); obj. בֵּית רֵעֲךָ Dt 5:18 (‖ חמד); sq. inf. Pr 24:1 (of desiring evil companionship); obj. יוֹם י׳ Am 5:18 (acc.; of presumptuous, reckless longing) cf. Je 17:16. (Nu 34:7, 8 for תְּתָאוּ—Pi. of תאה—Di proposes תִּתְאַוֻּ, & queries whether this & הִתְאַוִּיתֶם v 10 are not from אוה, = desire for yourselves.)
[אַו] n.m. cstr. אוֹ, Kt Pr 31:4 desire, so Thes MV; but < Qr אֵי q.v.
† [אַוָּה] n.f. desire—cstr. אַוַּת Dt 12:15 + 5 times; sf. אַוָּתִי Ho 10:10—desire, will, usually sq. נֶפֶשׁ; of natural human desire (morally indiff.), for meat Dt 12:15, 20, 21; of longing for sanctuary 18:6; of royal good pleasure 1 S 23:20; without נֶפֶשׁ, of wild-ass Je 2:24; of divine will Ho 10:10.
† אֱוִי n.pr.m. (desire?) one of five chiefs of Midian Nu 31:8; Jos 13:21.
† [מַאֲוַי] n.[m.] desire pl. cstr. מַאֲוַיֵּי רָשָׁע ψ 140:9.
† I. תַּאֲוָה n.f. desire—abs. Gn 3:6 +; cstr. תַּאֲוַת ψ 10:3 + etc.;—
1. desire, wish Pr 13:12, 19; 18:1; of physical appetite, longing for dainty food מַאֲכַל ת׳ Jb 33:20; distinctly good sense ψ 10:17; 38:10 Pr 11:23, 19:22 (? cf. infr.) Is 26:8 (לְשִׁמְךָ וּלְזִכְרְךָ ת׳־נָ֑פֶשׁ); bad sense, lust, appetite, covetousness ψ 10:3 (ת׳ נַפְשׁוֹ) 112:10; Pr 21:25, 26 (as acc. cogn.); particularly of longing for dainties of Egypt Nu 11:4 ψ 106:14 (both acc. cogn.) 78:30 & in n.pr. given to place where it occurred קִבְרוֹת הַתַּאֲוָה (q.v.) Nu 11:34, 35; 33:16, 17 Dt 9:22.
2. thing desired, in good sense Pr 10:24 so ת׳ לִבּוֹ ψ 21:3; bad sense ψ 78:29; thing desirable (to senses) Gn 3:6 (ת׳ לְעֵינַיִם); perhaps also Pr 19:22 the ornament of a man is his kindness (Ra Ki, etc. but cf. supr.)*
† II. [אָוָה] vb. sign, mark, describe with a mark (so Ges (who compares תאה, תוה) DlPr 116 (not W)) only
Hithp. Pf. הִתְאַוִּיתֶם לָכֶם mark you out, measure, Nu 34:10 (P), so Vrss (cf. תְּתָאוּ לָכֶם v 7, 8; v. however Di, & sub I. אוה).—V. also [תָּאַר] on p. 1061.
אוֹת n.m.79 Ex 4:8 (f. Jos 24:17) sign (Arabic آيَة, pl. آىٌ, Aramaic אָתָא, ܐܳܬܳܐ )—א׳ Gn 4:15 +; cstr. 9:12 +; pl. אוֹתוֹת Ex 4:9 + etc.—
1. sign, pledge, token Gn 4:15 (J); אוֹת אֱמֶת true token Jos 2:12 (J); of blood of passover Ex 12:13 (P); אוֹת לְטוֹבָה token for good ψ 86:17; pledges, assurances of travellers Jb 21:29.
2. signs, omens promised by prophets as pledges of certain predicted events 1 S 10:7, 9 + v 1 where א׳ ins. 𝔊 𝔙, vid. We Dr; especially phr. זֶה הָאוֹת לְ Ex 3:12; 1 S 2:34; 14:10; 2 K 19:29; Je 44:29; Is 7:11, 14; prob. also Is 44:25 (of false proph.).
3. sign, symbol of prophets Is 8:18 cf. Ez 4:3.
4. signs, miracles, as pledges or attestations of divine presence & interposition Ex 4:8(×2), 9 (J) 7:3 (P) 8:19 (J) ψ 65:9; 74:9; 2 K 19:29; 20:8, 9 = Is 37:30; 38:7, 22; c. עָשָׂה Ex 4:17, 30; Nu 14:11, 22; Jos 24:17 (all JE) Dt 11:3; Ju 6:17; c. צִוָּה Ex 4:28 (J); c. שִׁית 10:1 (J); c. שִׂים Ex 10:2 (J) ψ 78:43; Is 66:19; הָאוֹת וְהַמּוֹפֵת (v. מוֹפֵת Dt 13:3 cf. 28:46 Is 20:3; א׳ אוֹ מ׳ Dt 13:2; אוֹתוֹת וּמוֹפְתִים Dt 4:34; 7:19; 26:8; 29:2; Je 32:21; c. נָתַן Dt 6:22; Ne 9:10; c. שִׂים Je 32:20 ψ 105:27; c. שָׁלַח Dt 34:11 ψ 135:9.
5. signs, memorials, stones from Jordan Jos 4:6 (J); metal of censers Nu 17:3 (P); Aaron’s rod Nu 17:25 (P); א׳ עוֹלָם Is 55:13 prob. also Ez 14:8 (‖ מָשָׁל); signs on hands, etc., Ex 13:9, 16 (J) = Dt 6:8; 11:18, prob. belong here; also memorial pillar in Egypt Is 19:20.
6. sign, pledge of covenant, א׳ הַבְּרִית (v. ברית) e.g. rainbow, of Noachian covenant Gn 9:12, 13, 17 (P); circumcision, of Abrahamic covenant Gn 17:11 (P); the sabbath Ex 31:13, 17 (P) Ez 20:12, 20.
7. ensigns, standards Nu 2:2 (P) ψ 74:4.
8. signs, tokens of changes of weather & times Gn 1:14 (P; of heavenly luminaries) אוֹתוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם Je 10:2 (changes of the heavens as omens to frighten the nations) cf. ψ 65:9.
† אוּזַי n.pr.m. a Judæan, Ne 3:25.
† אוֹי interj. (onomatop.; cf. ܐܘܽܝ, ܘܳܝ) woe! an impassioned expression of grief and despair: usually with dative אוֹי לִי Is 6:5 woe to me! for I am undone, so 24:16; Je 10:19; 15:10; אוֹי לָנוּ woe to us! 1 S 4:7, 8; Je 4:13; 6:4; אוֹי־נָא לִי Je 4:31; 45:3; אוֹי־נָא לָנוּ La 5:16. With the 2nd or 3rd ps. often implying a denunciation; אוֹי־לְךָ מוֹאָב Nu 21:29 (= Je 48:46) Je 13:27; Ez 16:23 repeated אוֹי אוֹי לָךְ; Is. 3:9 אוֹי לְנַפְשָׁם v 11 Ho 7:13 (‖ שֹׁד לָהֶם) 9:12. With a voc. (or implicit accus.) Ez 24:6, 9 אוֹי עִיר הַדָּמִים; absol. Nu 24:23. Used as a subst. Pr 23:29 לִמִי אוֹי (‖ לְמִי אֲבוֹי).
† אוֹיָה = אוֹי ψ 120:5 א֣וֹיָה לִּ֖י.
II. אוה (to cry אוֹי, howl cf. Arabic آهَ, to cry آهِ to be assumed prob. as source of two foll. words).
† II. [אִי] n.m. jackal (howler, for* אָוִי v. BaNB 188, cf. Arabic اِبْنُ آوَى, whence ܒ̈ܢܳܬ ܐܰܘܰܝ )—pl. אִיִּים, Is 13:22; 34:14; Je 50:39 (inhabitant of desert, ruin).
† I. אַיָּה n.f. hawk, falcon, kite (perhaps from cry; cf. Arabic يُؤْيُؤ, a kind of hawk) Lv 11:14; Dt 14:13 generic, cf.לְמִינָהּ & Di; Jb 28:7 (keen-sighted).
† II. אַיָּה n.pr.m. (falcon)
1. a Horite Gn 36:24; 1 Ch 1:40.
2. father of Rizpah 2 S 3:7; 21:8, 10, 11.
† אֱוִיל מְרֹדַךְ n.pr.m. (Bab. Avêl (Amêl) Maruduk, man of Merodach) son & successor of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, b.c. 562–60, 2 K 25:27 (v. COT) = Je 52:31.
I. אול (be foolish, cf.יאל, & Arabic آلَ grow thick (of fluids)).
אֱוִיל26 adj. foolish—א׳ Jb 5:2 +; pl. אֱוִילִים ψ 107:17 +, etc.;—foolish, Pr 29:9 (אִישׁ א׳) Ho 9:7 (pred. of prophet); cf. Is 35:8, elsewhere n.m. fool (always morally bad), who despises wisdom & discipline Pr 1:7; 15:5; mocks at guilt 14:9; is quarrelsome 20:3; licentious 7:22; it is folly & useless to instruct him 16:22; 27:22 (19 times Pr); cf. also Je 4:22; Jb 5:2, 3; Is 19:11 ψ 107:17.
† אֱוִלִי adj. id. Zc 11:15.
אִוֶּ֫לֶת25 n.f. folly.—abs. Pr 12:23 +; cstr. 14:8 +; sf. אִוַּלְתִּי ψ 38:6, etc.;—folly, special product of כְּסִילִים (v. כֶּסֶל) Pr 12:23 + (12 times); c. פְּתָאִים Pr 14:18; c.אֱוִלִים only 16:22; 27:22 (cf. 14:24) for alliteration. It is bound up in mind of boy, to be removed only by rod of discipline Pr 22:15; א׳ personif. tears down house built by חַכְמוֹת נָשִׁים Pr 14:1; it is contrasted with תְּבוּנָה Pr 14:29; 15:21.
II. אול, איל (be in front of, precede, lead; v. Thes NöMBA 1880, 774; SBA 1882, 1175, who comp. Arabic أَوَّلُ for آوَلُ, Targ. אוולא; cf. Sab. אול DHMEpigr. Denkm. 33. 34; v. on the other hand LagOr ii. p. 3; M i. p. 100 & sub I. אלה infr. Arabic أَوَّلُ, etc., from وَأَلَ, v. Lane.)
† I. [אוּל] n.[m.] body, belly; sf. אוּלָם (in contempt) ψ 73:4 (lit. their front, prominent part).
† II. [אוּל] n.[m.] leading man, noble; pl. cstr. אוּלֵי הָאָרֶץ 2 K 24:15 Kt (Qr אֵילֵי v. iii. [איל]).
† I. אוּלָם n.m. 1 K 7:8 porch (cf. אֵילָם)—א׳ abs. 1 K 6:3 +; אֻלָם Ez 40:48, 49; cstr. אוּלָם 1 K 7:6 +; אֻלָם Ez 40:7 + (margin אֻלָּם 1 K 7:7, 12, 21); pl. cstr. אֻלַמֵּי Ez 41:15 (Co sg. c. sf.; in Ez Co reads everywhere אילם vid. אֵילָם infr.)—porch (only K Ch Ez & Jo).
1. in Solomon’s temple 1 K 7:19; 2 Ch 29:7, א׳ יהוה v 17; 8:12 (altar in front of); א׳ יהוה 15:8 (id.), cf. בֵּין הָאוּלָם וּבֵין הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Ez 8:16 & Jo 2:17; א׳ הַהֵיכָל 1 K 7:21; א׳ הַבַּיִת v 12; תַּבְנִית הָא׳ 1 Ch 28:11.
2. in Sol.’s palace 1 K 7:8(×2); א׳ הָעַמּוּדִים 1 K 7:6 cf. v 6; א׳ הַכִּסֵּא 7:7 = א׳ הַמִּשְׁפָּט v 7.
3. in temple of Ezek.’s vision, partic. א׳ הַשַּׁעַר; Ez 40:7, 8, (del. Co vid. 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙) 9(×2), 15, 39, 40; 44:3; 46:2, 8; א׳ הַבַּיִת 40:48 cf. v 48, 49; 41:25, 26; אֻלַמֵּי הֶחָצֵר Ez 41:15 Co sg. ואילמו החיצון v. אֵילָם.—(iii. אוּלָם, adv., v. p. 19.)
II. אוּלָם n.pr.m. only geneal.
I. אַ֫יִל156 n.m. Gn 22:13 ram (as leader of flock, NHeb. & Aramaic id., Assyrian ailu DlW, Ph. איל, = אַיִל rather than אַיָּל, cf. CISi. p. 231)—אַיִל (אָ֑יִל) Gn 15:9 +; cstr. אֵיל Ex 29:22 +; pl. אֵילִים (אֵילִם, אֵלִים) Gn 32:15 +; cstr. אֵילֵי Gn 31:38 Is 60:7.—ram,
1. used as food Gn 31:38 (E) Dt 32:14 (cf. ram of sacrifice, infr. e.g. Ex 29:32 cf. Lv 8:31); as yielding wool 2 K 3:4; as tribute 2 Ch 17:11; as merchandise Ez 27:21; as gift Gn 32:15 (E); in sim. of leaping, skipping ψ 114:4 (הֶהָרִים רָקְדוּ כְּא׳) v 6; in Dn.’s vision, ram with two horns symbol. kings of Media and Persia Dn 8:3, 4, 6, 7(×4), 20; fig. of rich and powerful in Isr. Ez 34:17.
2. slain in ceremony of ratification of covenant betw. י׳ & Abr. Gn 15:9 (J); in Abr.’s sacrif. Gn 22:13(×2) (E); Balaam’s sacrif. Nu 23:1 + 5 times Nu 23 (JE); so in ritual (P), (a) in consecration ceremony of Aaron & his sons Ex 29:1 + 15 times Ex 29 (א׳ מִלֻּאִים v 22 cf. v 26, 27, 31) Lv 8:2 + 8 times Lv 8 (א׳ הַמִּלֻּאִים v 22, 29 א׳ הָעֹלָה v 18); (b) in guilt-offering (אָשָׁם) Lv 5:15, 16, 18, 25; 19:21, 22 cf. Ezr 10:19 & א׳ הַכִּפֻּרִים Nu 5:8; (c) burnt-offering (עֹלָה) Lv 9:2 & Nu 15:6, 11 & Ez 46:4, 5, 6, 7, 11, on day of atonement Lv 16:3, 5, Pentecost 23:18; (d) peace-offering (שְׁלָמִים) Lv 9:4, 18, 19; beginning of month Nu 28:11, 12, 14 cf. 29:2, 3; passover 28:19, 20 cf. Ez 45:23, 24; day of firstfruits Nu 28:27, 28; in 7th month 29:8 + 18 times Nu 29; (e) in law of Nazarite Nu 6:14, 17, 19; (f) in consecration of altar of tabernacle Nu 7:15 + 25 times Nu 7, cf. consecr. of Ezek.’s temple-altar Ez 43:23, 25; (g) more generally 1 S 15:22; Is 1:11 Mi 6:7 Jb 42:8 ψ 66:15, also Is 34:6; 60:7; at bringing ark to Jerus. 1 Ch 15:26; other occasions 29:21; 2 Ch 13:9; 29:21, 22, 32; Ezr 8:35; cf. fig. Je 51:40; Ez 39:18.
3. עֹרֹת אֵילִים מְאָדָּמִים rams’ skins dyed red, of covering of tabernacle Ex 25:5; 26:14 35:7, 23; 36:19 cf. 39:34 (all P).
II. אַ֫יִל n.[m.] projecting pillar or pilaster—א׳ abs. 1 K 6:31 (but v. infr.) cstr. id. Ez 40:14 (but del. Co) 16 (Co better אֵילָיו); אֵיל 41:3, אֵל 40:48; pl. אֵילִים 40:14 +; אֵילִם 40:10; sf. אילו Kt 40:9 + 7 times; אלו Kt 40:29 + 2 times Qr (in all) אֵילָיו, אֵלָיו; אֵלֵיהֵמָֿה 40:16;—pilaster or projection in wall at each side of entrance (cf. BöProben, 302; NÄ 927), in Sol.’s temple 1 K 6:31 (BöNÄ 525 reads אֵילָם), in Ezek.’s temple Ez 40:9, 10 + 14 times Ez 40.41 + 40:14a Ew Hi Co אילם cf. 𝔊B; 40:38 read אילם so Sm Co cf. 𝔊; 40:14b Co del. א׳.
† III. [אַ֫יִל ?] n.m. leader, chief (= ram, as leader of flock? cf. Di Ex 15:15 Ol§ 142 f LagBN 170 & v. Ez 34:17)—cstr. אֵל Ez 31:11; pl. cstr. אֵילֵי Ex 15:15 Ez 17:13; + 2 K 24:15 Qr (Kt אולי v. אוּל); אֵלֵי Ez 32:21 (del. Co, v. 𝔊).—leader, chief א׳ מוֹאָב Ex 15:15; א׳ הָאָרֶץ Ez 17:13 2 K 24:15 Qr; א׳ גּוֹיִם Ez 31:11 (אֵלִים Jb 41:17 v. sub i. -אלה; perhaps אֵלֵיהֶם Ez 31:14 but cf. infr. iv. איל & also אֶל Note 1).
† IV. [אַ֫יִל ?] n.m. terebinth (prob. as prominent, lofty tree, v. Di Gn 12:6; 14:6)—cstr. אֵיל only n.pr. אֵיל פָּארָן vid. infr.; pl. אֵילִים Is 1:29; אֵלִים Is 57:5 cstr. אֵילֵי Is 61:3; sf. אֵלֵיהֶם Ez 31:14 (> del. Co vid. 𝔙 𝔄).—terebinth (cf. אֵלָה); as marking idol-shrines Is 1:29; 57:5 (so Che Di etc. > gods); fig. of ransomed ones of Zion אֵילֵי הַצֶּדֶק; 61:3; perhaps of haughty ones Ez 31:14.
† אֵיל פָּארָן n.pr.loc. (terebinth (or palm? v. Di) of Paran) town & harbour at head of Ælanitic Gulf Gn 14:6 (v. Di); = אֵלָה 36:41; אֵילַת Dt 2:8; 2 K 14:22; 16:6; אֵילוֹת 1 K 9:26; 2 K 16:6; close to Ezion Geber (v. עֶצְיוֹן גֶּבֶר).
† [אֵילִים] always אֵילִם n.pr.loc. (= place of terebinths or other great trees, v. Di Gn 14:6 & Ex 15:27 (12 fountains & 70 palms)) 2nd station of Isr. in desert after passing sea Ex 16:1(×2) Nu 33:9, 10; אֵי֫לִמָה Ex 15:27 Nu 33:9; prob. = Wady Gharandel cf. RobBR i. 100, 105.
† I. אֵלָה n.f. terebinth (= אֵילָה (?) v. iv. איל > StaGesch. 455 wh. derives from אֵל = divine; but cf. ib. on lack of clear distinction betw. אֵלָה, אֵלוֹן & אַלּוֹן)—Gn 35:4 + 15 times + אֵילָה Gn 49:21 (for MT אַיָּלָה v. infr.)—terebinth = Pistacia terebinthus, Linn, a deciduous tree with pinnate leaves & red berries; occasional in Palestine; grows to great age; always of single tree; near Shechem Gn 35:4 (E) cf. †אַלָּה Jos 24:26 (E, read אֵלָה?), Ophrah Ju 6:11, 19; in Jabesh 1 Ch 10:12; tree in which Absalom was caught 2 S 18:9(×2), 10, 14; v. also 1 K 13:14; expressly of idol-shrine Ho 4:13 (‖ אַלּוֹן, לִבְנֶה) Ez 6:13; as fading, withering, sim. of Judah Is 1:30; as hewn down, sim. id. 6:13 (‖ אַלּוֹן); fig. of Naphtali אֵילָה שְׁלֻחָה Gn 49:21 (𝔊 Ew Ol Di > MT אַיָּלָה hind q.v.) a slender terebinth, v. Di & cf. ii. אֵלָה; in topogr. designat. עֵמֶק הָא׳ 1 S 17:2, 19; 21:10 (v. עֵמֶק).
† II. אֵלָה n.pr.m. (terebinth, cf. Gn 49:21 sub i. אֵלָה)
1. a chief of Edom Gn 36:41 = 1 Ch 1:52 (= אֵילַת n.pr.loc.? v. Di)
2. son of Baasha; reigned two years in Isr. 1 K 16:6, 8, 13, 14.
3. father of Hoshea who was last king of Isr. 2 K 15:30; 17:1; 18:1, 9.
4. a son of Caleb 1 Ch 4:15(×2).
5. a son of Uzzi 1 Ch 9:8.
† I. אֵלוֹן n.[f.] terebinth (= אֵלָה)—א׳ cstr. Gn 12:6 + 4 times; pl. cstr. אֵלוֹנֵי Gn 13:18 + 3 times—terebinth (or other tall tree, cf. infr. on 1 S 10:3; Ju 4:5), marking shrine, & hence used in topogr. designations; א׳ מוֹרֶה (teacher’s terebinth) Gn 12:6 (v. Di) so Dt 11:30; א׳ מְעוֹנְנִים (conjurors’ tereb.) Ju 9:37; distinguished by owner or ruler א׳ מַמְרֵא Gn 13:18; 14:13; 18:1; by neighbouring town (ב)צענים Ju 4:11; cf. א׳ בְּצַעֲנַנִּים Jos 19:33 (edd. אַלּוֹן, but v. Norzi Baer Di); אֵ׳ מֻצָּב אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁכֶם Ju 9:6 (cf. אֵלָה Gn 35:4); א׳ תָּבוֹר 1 S 10:3 read א׳ דְּבוֹרָה (& cf. אַלּוֹן בָּכוּת Gn 35:8, & תֹּמֶר דְּבוֹרָה Ju 4:5) cf. EwGesch. iii. 31 Th Di Gn 35:8 (v. also sub אַלּוֹן).
† II. אֵלוֹן n.pr.m. (= id. cf. אֵלָה n.pr.)
1. a son of Zebulun Gn 46:14 Nu 26:26.
2. אֵילֹן Gn 26:34; אֵילוֹן 36:2 a Hittite, father-in-law of Esau.
3. אֵילוֹן Ju 12:11, 12 a judge of Isr., of tribe of Zeb.
4. n.pr.loc. אֵילוֹן Jos 19:43 a town of Dan; so 1 K 4:9 (where read א׳ וּבֵית ח׳ Th Klo).
† אֵלֹנִי adj.gent. of אֵלוֹן 1. (as n. coll.) Nu 26:26.
† אֵילַת n.pr.loc. (lofty tree(s coll.?) i.e. palms? cf. Di Gn 14:6) town & harbour, N.E. arm of Red Sea, hence called Ælanitic Gulf (= Gulf of Akaba, from neighbouring fortress) Dt 2:8; 2 K 14:22; 16:6(×2) (perhaps later designat. for fuller איל פארן q.v.) = 𝔊 Αἰλων, Αἰλαθ, Gr. Αἰλανα, etc.; = אֵלָה (? Gn 36:41 v. Di), אֵילוֹת infr.
† אֵילוֹת n.pr.loc. id. (grove of lofty trees (palms?)) 1 K 9:26 2 K 16:6; 2 Ch 8:17; 26:2 (cf. אֵיל פָּאוָן, אֵילַת).
[אֵילָם] n.m. porch (= אוּלָם, q.v.; only Ez, where Co always for אוּלָם, cf. 𝔊 αἰλαμ; BöNÄ 929 makes אילם vestibule, אולם porch)—אֵילָם read for אֵילִים Ez 40:37 (so Sm Co); sf. אילמו Kt Ez 40:22(×2) + 4 times (Qr אֵילַמָּיו) + 41:15 Co (for MT אֻלַמֵּי); אלמו Kt Ez 40:21 + 6 times (Qr אֵלַמָּיו).—Co all sg.:—pl. אֵלַמּוֹת Ez 40:16 (Co sg.) v 30 (del. Co cf. MSS. of ℌ, B etc., also Ew Hi Sm).—porch, of Ezek.’s temple Ez 40:16, 21 + 13 times.
† אַיָּל n.[m.] (f. ψ 42:2) hart, stag, deer (Aramaic id., ܐܰܝܠܴܐ Arabic إِيَّلٌ Assyrian ailu DlW, but dub., v. HptBAS i. 170, Ethiopic ሀየል = leader? cf. אַיִל. Arabic إِيَّلٌ = ibex (i.q. وَعْلٌ, وَعِلٌ).) א׳ abs. Dt 12:15 + 6 times; pl. אַיָּלִים Ct 2:9 + 3 times;—hart, stag, allowed as food Dt 12:15, 22; 15:22 (all ‖ צְבִי); 14:5 (‖ צְבִי, יַחְמוּר etc.); eaten in Sol.’s household 1 K 5:3 (‖ as Dt 14:5); sim. of leaping Is 35:6; id. עֹפֶר הָא׳ Ct 2:9, 17; 8:14 (all ‖ צְבִי); as in search of pasture, sim. of princes of Judah La 1:6; as longing for water, sim. of longing for י׳ ψ 42:2.
† אַיָּלָה n.f. hind, doe—א׳ abs. Gn 49:21 (but read אֵילָה v. infr.); אַיֶּ֫לֶת Je 14:5; cstr. אַיֶּ֫לֶת ψ 22:1 Pr 5:19; pl. אַיָּלוֹת ψ 29:9 + 4 times; cstr. אַיְלוֹת Ct 2:7; 3:5—hind, doe, as calving Jb 39:1 (חֹלֵל א׳ ‖ לֶדֶת יַעֲלֵי סָ֑לַע) cf. ψ 29:9 קוֹל יָ׳ יְחוֹלֵל א׳; in adjuration בִּצְבָאוֹת אוֹ בְּא׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Ct 2:7; 3:5; in sim. מְשַׁיֶּה רַגְלַי כָּא ψ 18:34; = 2 S 22:34 cf. וַיָּשֶׂם ר׳ כָּא׳ Hb 3:19 i.e. surefooted, secure, cf. ‖ וְעַל בָּמֹתַי יַעֲמִידֵנִי ψ 18:34 2 S 22:34; so Hb 3:19 but vb. יַדְרִכֵנִי; metaph. of Naphtali Gn 49:21 א׳ שְׁלֻחָה, but read אִילָה, cf. sub i. אֵלָה; in name of a melody ψ 22:1 עַל־אַיֶּלֶת הַשַּׁחַר cf. De, & for hind as fig. of dawn Yom.29 a.
† אַיָּלוֹן n.pr.loc. (Deer-field) Aijalon—א׳ Jos 10:12 + 8 times; אַיָּלֹ֫נָה 1 S 14:31—
1. city in Dan Jos 19:42; 21:24 (Levit. city) Ju 1:35; 1 S 14:31 doubtless same; so 1 Ch 6:54 (where Dan om.); app. later in Benj. 1 Ch 8:13 2 Ch 11:10; 28:18 (v. Be); עֵמֶק אַיָּלוֹן Jos 10:12 almost certainly named from same; = Epiph. Ἰαλω, mod. Jâlo RobBR ii. 253, Surveyiii. 19.
2. city in Zebulun Ju 12:12.
† I. [אוּלַי] n.pr.fl. Ulai, Eulaeus (Assyrian Ulâi, cf. DlPa 329 Gr. Εὐλαιος) only אוּלָ֑י, river of Elam Dn 8:2, 16; = (at least in lower part) mod. Karûn (old Pasitigris) v. DlPa 177.189.329; in upper part perhaps also = mod. Kerkhah (= Choaspes), which was formerly connected with Karûn not far from Susa (LoftusTrav. & Researches, 423 ff Schaff-Herz.iii. 2178, art. Shushan).
II. אוּלַי44 and (Gn 24:39) אֻלַי adv. (perhaps from אוֹ & לַי = לֵי, לֵא, as in לוּלֵא, = or not?)
1. peradventure, perhaps; usually expressing a hope, as Gn 16:2 Nu 22:6, 11; 23:3 1 S 6:5 Je 20:10; but also a fear or doubt, as Gn 27:12 Jb 1:5, sq. לֹא Gn 24:5, 39; in mockery Is 47:12; Je 51:8.
2. followed by another clause ἀσυνδέτως, it expresses virtually the protasis = if peradventure Gn 18:24, 28 (cf. v 29–32) Ho 8:7 the blade shall yield no meal; אוּלַי יַעֲשֶׂה זָרִים יִבְלָעֻהוּ if perchance it yield strangers shall swallow it up.
3. in Nu 22:33 לוּלֵי (q.v.) must be read; unless she had turned aside from me, surely, etc.
I. & II. אוּלָם n.m. & n.pr.m. v. sub II. אול.
† III. אוּלָם and (Jb 17:10, perhaps for sake of assonance with following כֻּלָּם) אֻלָּם adv. but, but indeed, a strong adversative Jb 2:5; 5:8; 13:3 (where 𝔊 excellently οὐ μὴν δὲ ἀλλά). More usually with וְ, וְאוּלָם Gn 28:19 (cf. Ju 18:29) 48:19 howbeit his younger brother shall be greater than he, Ex 9:16 but in very deed, Nu 14:21 (cf. 1 S 20:3; 25:34) 1 K 20:23 Mic 3:8 Jb 1:11; 11:5; 12:7; 13:4; 14:18; 17:10; 33:1.
I. און (cf. Arabic آنَ (med. ى) be fatigued, tired, أَيْن weariness, sorrow, trouble. cf. also BevJPhil. xxvi. 300–2.*)
אָ֫וֶן85 n.m. Jb 5:6 trouble, sorrow, wickedness—abs. Nu 23:21 +; sf. אוֹנִי Gn 35:18 etc.; pl. אוֹנִים Ho 9:4—
1. trouble, sorrow בֶּן־אוֹנִי son of my trouble or sorrow Gn 35:18 (E); לֹא הִבִּיט אָוֶן בְּיַעֲקֹב Nu 23:21 (song of Balaam), he doth not behold trouble in Jacob (‖ he doth not see mischief— עָמָל—in Isr.); often ‖ עָמָל, ψ 7:15 (הִנֵּה יְחַבֶּל־אָוֶן lo he travaileth with trouble ‖ וְהָרָה עָמָל וְיָלַד שָׁ֑קֶר, yea he hath conceived misery & brought forth a lie), prob. thence Jb 15:35 (הָרֹה עָמָל וְיָלֹד אָוֶן) = Is 59:4; cf. עָמָל וָאָוֶן ψ 10:7; 55:11; 90:10; Jb 4:8; 5:6 Is 10:1 (v. עָמָל); also זוֹרֵעַ עַוְלָה יִקְצָר־אָוֶן Pr 22:8 the sower of iniquity shall reap trouble; in this sense elsewhere only Dt 26:14 Pr 12:21 Je 4:15 Hb 3:7 Am 5:5, pl. intens. לֶחֶם אוֹנִים bread of trouble, sorrow, or mourning Ho 9:4.
2. idolatry Ho 12:12; אָוֶן וּתְרָפִים הַפְצַ֑ר stubbornness is idolatry & (the use of) teraphim 1 S 15:23 (poet. source); בֵּית אָוֶן Ho 4:15 (for בֵּית אֵל because Bethel, house of God, is given over to idolatry) so also 5:8; 10:5 cf. בָּמוֹת א׳ Ho 10:8; בִּקְעַת א׳ Am 1:5 (Baalbek); בַּחוּרֵי א׳ read אוֹן, אֹן = On, Heliopolis Ez 30:17;—abstr. for concr. = idols Is 41:29; 66:3.
3. trouble of iniquity, wickedness, מְתֵי אָוֶן Jb 22:15; אַנְשֵׁי א׳ 34:36 = men of trouble, troublers, wicked men; cf. אִישׁ א׳ Pr 6:12; Is 55:7; פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן workers of trouble, evil-doers, workers of iniquity Jb 31:3; 34:8, 22 ψ 5:6 + (16 times chiefly late ψ) Pr 10:29; 21:15 Is 31:2 Ho 6:8; מַחְשְׁבוֹת אָוֶן thoughts of trouble, wicked imaginations Pr 6:18 Is 59:7 Je 4:14; often of words & thoughts Jb 11:11 + (5 times) ψ 36:5 + (9 times) Pr 17:4; 19:28; 30:20 Is 29:20; 32:6; 58:9; 59:6 Ez 11:2 Mi 2:1 Hb 1:3 Zc 10:2; לֹא אוּכַל אָוֶן וַעֲצָרָה Is 1:13 I cannot bear iniquity with the solemn meeting (RV & most mod.; AV it is iniquity, even the solemn meeting).
† תְּאֻנִים n.[m.] toil Ez 24:12 תּ׳ הֶלְאָת she hath wearied (me or herself) with toil (but Co del. as dittogr. cf. 𝔊).
II. און (cf. Arabic آنَ (med. و) be at rest, at ease, enjoy life of plenty; آىِٔنٌ one enjoying a life of ease, freedom from toil & trouble).
† I. אוֹן n.m. vigour, wealth—abs. Ho 12:9, sf. אוֹנִי Gn 49:3 + etc.; pl. אוֹנִים ψ 78:51 +.
1. manly vigour בְּאוֹנוֹ שָׂרָה אֶת־אֱלֹהִים Ho 12:4 (of Jacob); רֵאשִׁית אוֹן beginning of manly vigour Gn 49:3 (of Reuben, first-born of Jacob); Dt 21:17 ψ 105:36 (first-born of Egyptians), so 78:51, רֵאשִׁית אוֹנִים where א׳ is assim. to מִצְרַיִם, or intens. pl.
2. strength of man Jb 18:7, 12; behemoth Jb 40:16; pl. intens. מֵרֹב אוֹנִים Is 40:26 because of the abundance of great strength (of God); of man אֵין אוֹנִים Is 40:29 one not having strength; תּוֹחֶלֶת אוֹנִים Pr 11:7 hope in strength (not the hope of iniquity RV, or of unjust men AV).
3. wealth Jb 20:10 Ho 12:9 מָצָאתִי א׳ לִי (‖ עָשַׁרְתִּי).
† II. אוֹן n.pr.m. (vigour) a chief of tribe of Reuben Nu 16:1.
אוֹנוֹ n.pr.loc. (vigorous, for אונון) city in Benjamin Ezr 2:33; Ne 7:37; 11:35; 1 Ch 8:12; valley of same name Ne 6:2; prob. Kefr ʿAnâ, NW. of Lydda, SurveyII, 251.
† אוֹנָם n.pr.m. (vigorous).
1. chief of Horites Gn 36:23; 1 Ch 1:40.
2. chief of tribe of Judah 1 Ch 2:26, 28.
† אוֹנָן n.pr.m. (vigorous) son of Judah Gn 38:4, 8, 9; 46:12(×2); Nu 26:19(×2); 1 Ch 2:3.
III. אוֹן n.pr.loc. v. אֹן.
אוניות 2 Ch 8:18 Kt v. אֳנִיָּה sub ii. אנה.
† אוּפָז (n.pr.loc. unknown & dub.) whence came gold, זָהָב מֵא׳ Je 10:9; כֶּֽתֶם א׳ Dn 10:5; so Thes 1 K 10:18 זָהָב מוּפָז (מוּפָז = מֵא׳); but 𝔊 δόκιμος, & 2 Ch 9:17 טָהוֹר, whence MV Klo make מוּפָז Hoph. Pt. from פזז q.v. Klo reads אוֹפִיר (q.v.) for אוּפָז Je 10:9; Dn 10:5, in view of כֶּתֶם אוֹפִיר Is 13:12. crpt., v. SiegfThLZ, Nov. 7, 1883, 530; he expl. מֵא׳ Je 10:9 as error for מוּפָז 1 K 10:18, and א׳ Dn 10:5 as borrowed from Je 10:9; in Je 10:9 Gie reads מֵאוֹפִיר, Du either this or מוּפָז (v. פזז); read מֵאוֹפִיר perhaps also Dn 10:5 (Dr).
אוֹפִיר n.pr. Ophir—א׳ 1 K 10:11 +; אוֹפִ֫ירָה 9:28 + אוֹפִר †Gn 10:29; אֹפִיר †1 K 10:11—
1. n.pr.m. 11th son of Joktan Gn 10:29 (J) = 1 Ch 1:23; 𝔊 Οὐφειρ, Ὠφειρ, name of an Arabian tribe, vid. Gn 10:30 & Di.
2. n.pr.loc. (land or city S. or SE. from Palestine, exact position unknown, cf. infr.; 𝔊 Σωφηρα, Σωφειρα, Σουφειρ, etc.; Jb 28:16 Ὠφειρ AC, cf. 1 K 22:49 A Ὠφειρδε, B om.) place whither Sol.’s ships went from Ezion Geber, bringing thence gold 1 K 9:28—cf. 22:49—2 Ch 8:18; gold, almug-(sandal-?) wood & gems 1 K 10:11(×2), cf. 2 Ch 9:10; prob. 1 K 10:22 ref. to same ships; they came once in 3 years with gold, silver, ivory, apes & peacocks (all from Ophir?); 2 Ch 9:21 makes these ships go to Tarshish (but on Tarshish-ships, i.e. large, sea-going vessels, merchantmen, v. 1 K 22:49 & sub תַּרְשִׁישׁ).
3. characteristic of fine gold (poet. & late) זְהַב א׳ 1 Ch 29:4; כֶּחֶם א׳ Is 13:12; Jb 28:16 ψ 45:10.
4. hence for fine gold itself Jb 22:24 (‖ בֶּצֶר).—(If 2 = 1, the southern, prob. south-eastern, Arabia (cf. Di Gn 10:29) furnished the gold; and other articles, which point farther E. (e.g. to India, toward which the words קוֹפִים apes & תֻּכִּיִּים peacockes seem to lead), were either brought to Ophir by traders, & so found there by Sol.’s men, or were found elsewhere by the latter, whose cruise may have taken them beyond Ophir, the name of Ophir alone, as source of gold-supply, being preserved. If (less likely) 1 & 2 are not the same, the only data for determining loc. of 2 are the articles brought, & one may look toward India, Ceylon or other islands, or even lower Africa. Particular theories have as yet no adequate support; e.g. (a) old city Supara, or Uppara, in the region of Goa, Malabar coast (cf. 𝔊 supr. 2, but also 1; form with Σ said on Copt. authority to denote India, v. JablonskiiOpusc. ed. te Water i. 337; cf. also JosAnt. 8:6, 4; in that case its use by 𝔊 may indicate a theory of the location of Ophir); (b) peninsula Malacca; (c) island Sumatra; (d) Sofâla, with city Zimbabye (SE. Africa); (e) west coast of Arabia (where gold & silver formerly found), etc. On these & other theories, v. Di Gn 10:29 RiHWB, Herzog, SmithDict. Bib.; cf. GlaserSkizze ii. 367 ff. WMMAs. u. Eur. 111 identifies with Egypt. Pvnt, on W. coast of Red Sea).
† [אוּץ] vb. press, be pressed, make haste—
Qal Pf. אָץ Jos 10:13; 17:15; אַ֫צְתִּי Je 17:16 Pt. אָץ Pr 19:2 + 3 times Pr; אָצִים Ex 5:13;— 1. press, hasten (trans. but obj. not expr.) Ex 5:13 (E). 2. (intr.) be pressed, confined, narrow Jos 17:15 כִּי אָץ לְךָ הַר־אֶפְרַיִם. 3. hasten, make haste, sq. ל + Inf. Jos 10:13 לֹא אָץ לָבוֹא (J, of sun); Pr 28:20 א׳ לַהַעֲשִׁיר; sq. מִן Je 17:16 לֹא א׳ מֵרוֹעֶה; sq. ב (of particular in wh. one hastens) Pr 19:2 (בַּרַגְלַיִם); 29:20 (בִּדַבָרִים); cf. also Pr 21:5 וַכָל־אָץ אַךְ לַמַחַסוֹר.
Hiph. Impf. וַיָּאִיצוּ Gn 19:15; תָּאִיצוּ Is 22:4—hasten (tr.) sq. ב Gn 19:15 (J); sq. ל + Inf. אַל־תָּא׳ לְנַחֲמֵנִי Is 22:4. (May be Qal Impf., & vb. ע׳י.)
[אוֹר43] vb. be or become light (cf. Arabic أَوَّرَ enkindle, Aramaic (Nasar.) ܐܘܪ Aph. illumine, & deriv. in Assyrian)—
Qal Pf. אוֹר Gn 44:3 +; אֹ֫רוּ 1 S 14:29; Impf. 3 fpl. וַתָּאֹרְנָה 1 S 14:27 Qr; Pt. אוֹר Pr 4:18 (Ges§ 72 R. 1); Imv. fs. א֫וֹרִי Is 60:1;—become light, shine of sun (especially in early morn.) Gn 44:3 (J) 1 S 29:10 Pr 4:18 Is 60:1; of eyes (owing to refreshment) 1 S 14:27(Qr) 29.
Niph. Impf. וַיֵּאֹר 2 S 2:32; Inf. c. לֵאוֹר Jb 33:30; Pt. נָאוֹר ψ 76:5—become lighted up of day-break 2 S 2:32; by light of life, revival Jb 33:30; by light of glory, enveloped in light ψ 76:5.
Hiph. Pf. וְהֵאִיר Ex 25:37, etc.; Impf. יָאִיר Jb 41:24 +; יָאֵר Nu 6:25 +; וַיָּ֫אֶר ψ 118:27 +, etc.; Imv. הָאֵר ψ 80:20 +, הָאִ֫ירָה ψ 31:17 +; Inf. הָאִיר Gn 1:15 +; Pt. מֵאִיר Pr 29:13; מְאִירַת ψ 19:9; מְאִירוֹת Is 27:11— 1. give light, of sun, moon & stars Gn 1:15, 17 (P), of moon Is 60:19; of pillar of fire (sq. ל) Ex 13:21; 14:20 (both JE) ψ 105:39 Ne 9:12, 19; of sacred lamp Ex 25:37 Nu 8:2 (both P); fig. of the words of God ψ 119:130. 2. lightup, cause to shine, shine, sq. acc. הֵאִירוּ בְרָקִים תֵּבֵל lightnings lighted up the world ψ 77:19; 97:4; abs. הָאָרֶץ הֵאִירָה מִכְּבֹדוֹ Ez 43:2; the earth shined with his glory (of theophany); of leviathan, which makes path shine behind him Jb 41:24; לַיְלָה כַּיּוֹם יָאִיר night shineth as day ψ 139:12. 3. light a lamp ψ 18:29; wood Is 27:11; altar(-fire) Mal 1:10. 4. lighten, of the eyes, הָאִיר עֵינַיִם, subj. י׳, his law, etc. Pr 29:13 ψ 13:4; 19:9 Ezr 9:8. 5. make shine, of face of God יָאֵר י׳ פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ Yahweh make his face shine upon thee Nu 6:25 (priest’s blessing), reappearing ψ 31:17 (sq. עַל־), 67:2 (sq. אֶת־), 80:4, 8, 20; 119:135 (sq. ב), Dn 9:17 cf. ψ 4:7; without פָּנִים (sq. ל) ψ 118:27; once, of face of man, Ec 8:1 חָכַמַת אָדָם תָּאִיר פָּנָיו the wisdom of a man lighteth up his face.
אוֹר121 אוֹר121 f. Jb 36:32; Je 13:16; cf. Gn 1:3 light (Assyrian urru = ûru DlW)—abs. Gn 1:3 +; cstr. Ju 16:2 +; sf. אוֹרִי ψ 27:1, etc.; pl. אוֹרִים ψ 136:7;—
1. light as diffused in nature, light of day Gn 1:3, 4, 5 (P) Jb 3:9; 38:19 +.
2. morning light, dawn, אוֹר הַבֹּקֶר light of the morn. Ju 16:2 1 S 14:36; 25:34, 36 2 S 17:22 2 K 7:9 Mi 2:1; א׳ בֹּקֶר 2 S 23:4 (poem of David); עַד־הָא׳ Ju 19:26 (cf. עַד־הַבֹּקֶר v 25); לָאוֹר Jb 24:14; מִן־הָאוֹר עַד מַחֲצִית הַיּוֹם from dawn till mid-day, Ne 8:3 cf. Pr 4:18.
3. light of the heavenly luminaries; א׳ הַלְּבָנָה, ‖ א׳ הַחַמָּה moonlight & sunlight Is 30:26; כּוֹכְבֵי אוֹר stars of light ψ 148:3; מְאוֹרֵי אוֹר luminaries of light Ez 32:8; אוֹרִים = מְאוֹרִים ψ 136:7; so עֲלֵי־אוֹר in sunshine Is 18:4; the sun itself Jb 31:26.
4. daylight אוֹר רְשָׁעִים light of the wicked Jb 38:15 (their work-day being the night); יוֹם אוֹר a day of light Am 8:9 (= a clear, sunshiny day).
5. lightning Jb 36:32; 37:3, 11, 15 cf. Hb 3:11.
6. light of lamp Pr 13:9 Je 25:10; of crocodile’s hot breath Jb 41:10.
7. light of life א׳ חַיִּים Jb 33:30 ψ 56:14; cf. אוֹר Jb 3:16, 20.
8. light of prosperity Jb 22:28; 30:26 ψ 97:11 La 3:2.
9. light of instruction נֵר מִצְוָה וְתוֹרָה אוֹר Pr 6:23 the commandment is a lamp and instruction a light; so the Messian. servant is אוֹר גּוֹיִם Is 42:6; 49:6; cf. א׳ עַמִּים Is 51:4; the advent of Mess. is shining of great light Is 9:1(×2).
10. light of face אוֹר פָּנִים = bright, cheerful face (of men) Jb 29:24; betokening king’s favour Pr 16:15 (cf. א׳ עֵינַיִם ψ 38:11); of God = his shining, enlightening, favouring face ψ 4:7; 44:4; 89:16.
11. Yahweh is א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 10:17, as source of enlightenment & prosperity; light & salvation ψ 27:1; light to guide Mi 7:8 cf. ψ 43:3; everlasting light of Zion, instead of sun & moon Is 60:19, 20; house of Jacob is to walk in his light Is 2:5.
† I. אוֹרָה n.f. light (late, Mish. id., cf. Aramaic אוּרְתָּא evening-light, moon-light, star-light, etc.)
1. light (opp. חֲשֵׁיכָה) ψ 139:12.
2. light of joy & happiness Es 8:16; pl. intens. אוֹרוֹת light of life Is 26:19 (light that quickens dead bodies as dew the plants Ew Hi De Che Di RVm; vid. BrMP 303 cf. אוֹר חַיִּים; but Ki Ges MV Bö RV transl. herbs).
† II. [אוֹרָה] n.f. herb (so Mish., Ges cf. נצץ, Arabic اذوار = lights & flowers, & Sam. יאר = דֶּשֶׁא of Gn 1:11, 12) only pl. אֹרֹת herbs 2 K 4:39 (cf. Is 26:19 supr. sub i. אוֹרָה).
† I. אוּר n.m. flame. לְכוּ בְאוּר אֶשְׁכֶם walk in the flame of your fire Is 50:11, & so fire itself, whose light & flame were seen 44:16; 47:14—exile Is. + 31:9 & Ez 5:2 (Co אשׁ).
† אֻרִים n.[m.]pl. region of light, East Is 24:15 (so Ges MV Ew De Di RV; Lo Hi Kn Che read איים = coasts, so Cdd. 𝔊;—𝔊 mostly om. 𝔙 in doctrina, thinking of Urim, vid. BrMP 297).
† אוּרִים n.m. Urim (pl.intens., mostly c. art. the Urim, and mostly joined with תֻּמִּים q.v.) תֻּמֶּיךָ וְאוּרֶיךָ לְאִישׁ הֲסִידֶךָ Dt 33:8 thy Thummim and thy Urim has the man of thy favour, i.e. the Levite tested at Massah & Meribah; הָאוּרִים וְהַתֻּמִּים were put into the חֹשֶׁן הַמִּשְׁפָּט of the high priest Ex 28:30 Lv 8:8 (P); this חֹשֶׁן (q.v.) was a little bag or pouch worn on breast of high priest, to hold the Urim & Thummim; the name ח׳ הַמִּשְׁפָּט was given because of decisions made by that which was within it; thus, Eleazar was to inquire of י׳ for Joshua בְּמִשְׁפַּט הָאוּרִים Nu 27:21 (P); Saul prayed הָבָה אוּרִים, opp. הבה תֻּמִּים, 1 S 14:41 𝔊, so We Dr (MT om. former, and reads תָּמִים in latter); י׳ did not answer Saul בָּאוּרִים, or by dreams or prophets 1 S 28:6; postex. Jews reserved difficult questions until there stood up a priest לְאוּרִים וּלְהֻמִּים Ezr 2:63 Ne 7:65 (here alone without art.) These passages give little information; 𝔊 δήλωσις καὶ ἀλήθεια, 𝔙 doctrina et veritas, Sym Φωτισμοὶ καὶ τελειότητες; JosAnt. 3:8, 9 thinks of the twelve gems of face of bag as giving decision by shining; PhiloVit. Mos. iii thinks of two small images (א׳ & ת׳), prob. embroidered in the cloth of the bag, like oracle-images of Egypt (DiodI, 48, 75 AelianVar. Hist. 14, 34); EwGesch. iii, 309; Antiq. 295, of two stones of different colours for sacred lot, on this v. Dr 1 S 14:41 where 𝔊 אוּרִים & תֻּמִּים as obj. of give, δός = הָבָה; cf. הַפִּילוּ v 42, וַיִּלָּכֵד v 41 (used of taking by lot 10:20 Jos 7:14, 16); v. also We & RSOTJC Lect x. N 4; BährSymbolik, of one thing within bag, a sacred pledge to high priest of the enlightenment & perfection he would receive from י׳ when called to make sacred decisions; Ka Ex 544 sees the sacred pledge in the twelve sacred gems themselves, that stimulate priest to self-sacrifice & perfect sanctification.
† II. אוּר n.pr.m. (flame) father of one of David’s heroes 1 Ch 11:35 (iii. אוּר n.pr.loc. v. infr.)—iii. אוּר in אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים. Ur of the Chaldees Gn 11:28, 31; 15:7 Ne 9:7.
† אוּרִי n.pr.m. (fiery, or contr. for אוּרִיָּה)
1. prince of Judah Ex 31:2; 35:30; 38:22 1 Ch 2:20 2 Ch 1:5;
2. a porter Ezr 10:24;
3. father of an officer of Solomon 1 K 4:19.
† אוּרִיאֵל n.pr.m. (flame of Ēl or my light is Ēl, v. אֵל sub אלה; cf. Ph. ארמלך in Assyrian Urumilki (SenTaylor Cylind. ii. 50, cf. COT 2 K 18:13))
1. chief of Levit. line of Kohath, in time of David 1 Ch 6:9; 15:5, 11.
2. maternal grandfather of Abijah 2 Ch 13:2.
אוּרִיָּה n.pr.m. (flame of Yah or my light is Yah v. יָהּ).
1. Hittite husband of Bathsheba 2 S 11:3f; 23:39.
2. priest in reign of Ahaz Is 8:2 2 K 16:10f.
3. priest in time of Nehemiah Ezr 8:33 Ne 3:4, 21; 8:4.
† אוּרִיָּ֫הוּ n.pr.m. (flame of Yahweh or my light is Yahweh v. יהוה) a prophet slain by Jehoiakim Je 26:20.
† יָאִיר n.pr.m. (he enlightens, or one giving light).
1. son of Manasseh Nu 32:41(×2) Dt 3:14(×2) Jos 13:30 1 K 4:13 1 Ch 2:22, 23.
2. a judge in Gilead Ju 10:3, 4, 5.
3. father of Mordecai Est 2:5.
† יָאִירִי adj.gent. Jairite 2 S 20:26.
† מָאוֹר n.m. luminary—abs. Gn 1:16 +; cstr. מְאוֹר Pr 15:30 +; pl. מְאוֹרֹת Gn 1:15; מְאֹרֹת v 14, 16; cstr. מְאוֹרֵי Ez 32:8—light, light-bearer, luminary, lamp, of sun & moon Gn 1:14, 15, 16(×3) (P) Ez 32:8; moon ψ 74:16; מְנֹרַת הַמָּאוֹר the lamp-stand of the luminary or light (where הַמּ׳ is sum of seven sacred lamps on golden lamp-stand) Ex 35:14(×2), 28; 39:37 Nu 4:9, 16, cf. Ex 25:6; 27:20; 35:8 Lv 24:2 (all P); מְאוֹר־עֵינַיִם יְשַׂמַּח־לֵב֑ Pr 15:30 the luminary of the eyes (= the eyes as a lamp) gives the light of joy to the heart; מְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ ψ 90:8 the luminary of thy face (thy face as a lamp) in the light of which the secrets are exposed.
† [מְאוּרָה] n.f. light-hole—only cstr. מְאוּרַת—= den of great viper Is 11:8, cf. מָאוֹר Mish. Ohaloth 13:1 (others eye-ball 𝔗 Ew De Di).
† III. אוּר n.pr.loc. Ur (Bab. Uru; seat of moon-god worship; hence Eupolemos in EusebPraep. Ev. ix. 17 says Καμαρίνῃ ἥν τινας λέγειν πόλιν Οὐρίην), ancient city in Southern Babylonia; OT always אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים, i.e. Ur of the Kasdim (Chaldeans) v. כַּשְׂדִּים sub כשׂד; home of Terah, Abram’s father, & A.’s point of departure for Mesopotamia & Canaan Gn 11:28; 15:7 (both J), & hence Ne 9:7; also Gn 11:31 (P);—mod. Muqayyar, south of Euphrates, c. 150 miles SE. of Babylon; v. KG94 f DlPa 226 f COT on Gn 11:28.
אֲוֵרוֹת v. אֻרְיָה sub I. ארה.
אֲוַרְנָה v. אֲרַוְנָה.
† [אוּת] vb. only
Niph. Impf. consent, agree (cf. Rab. נֵיאוֹת Niph. Pt. especially enjoying NHWB48) sq. לְ Gn 34:22 יֵאֹתוּ לָנוּ; v 15 נֵאוֹת לָכֶם; v 23 נֵאוֹתָה לָהֶם; sq. Inf. 2 K 12:9 וַיֵּאֹתוּ הַבֹּהֲנִים לְבִלְתִּי קְחַת־כֶּסֶף.
אוֹת v. I. אֵת.
אָז adv. (cf. إِذًا, ࠀࠃ: also Biblical Aramaic אֱדַיִן, proposes a subst. = time: see מֵאָז) at that time, then, whether expressing duration, or inception (= thereupon).
1. strictly temporal: a. of past time:—without a verb Gn 12:6; 13:7 Jos 14:11 2 S 23:14; with a pf. Gn 4:26 Ex 4:26 Jos 10:33 Ju 8:3; 13:21 Je 22:15 אָז טוֹב לוֹ then was it well to him (cf. v 16 Ho 2:9); more usually (especially when = thereupon) with an impf. (v. Dr§ 27) Ex 15:1 Nu 21:17 Jos 8:30: 10:12; 22:1 1 K 3:16; 8:1; 9:11 (v. DrIntr. 192) al. b. of fut. time (usually where some emph. is intended), with impf. Is 35:5, 6; 60:5 Mi 3:4, rather differently Lv 26:41 1 S 20:12; rarely with pf. 2 S 5:24b (will have gone forth) Is 33:23: with an accompanying logical force, implying the fulfilment of a condition, then = if or when this has been done (with the impf.) Gn 24:41 Ex 12:44, 48 Dt 29:19 Jos 1:8 1 S 6:3 Is 58:8, 9 Je 11:15 Hi Ke ψ 19:14; 51:21 Pr 3:23 Jb 11:15; 13:20; 22:26. c. in poetry אז is sometimes used to throw emphasis on a particular feature of the description Gn 49:4 Ex 15:15 Ju 5:8, 11, 13, 19, 22 Is 33:23; 41:1 Hb 1:11 ψ 2:5; 96:12. d. it points back with emphasis to an inf. with בּ 2 S 5:24a ψ 126:2(×2) Jb 28:27; 33:16; to בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא (anomalously) 1 Ch 16:7.
2. expressing logical sequence strictly: in the apod.:—after אם (rare) for sake of special emphasis Is 58:14 Pr 2:5 Jb 9:31; = in that case, after לוּ or לוּלֵא 2 S 2:27 hadst thou not spoken, כִּי אָז surely then had the people, etc. 19:7 ψ 119:92; after אחלי 2 K 5:3 ψ 119:6; after a suppressed protasis 2 K 13:19 Jb 3:13 יָשַׁנְתִּי יָנוּחַ לִי I had slept, then were there rest for me; Jos 22:31 (strangely) = now, as things are; Ec 2:15 = that being so. (122 times besides מאז and מן־אז. Seldom used except where some special emphasis is desired. ‘Then’ of AV RV more commonly represents וְ, especially in the apodosis.)
† מֵאָז (cf. مُنذُ ), once (Je 44:18) מִן־אָז, lit. from that time: used (a) absol., as adv. = in time past, of old, whether of a nearer 2 S 15:34 Is 16:13, or of a remoter past Is 44:8; 45:21; 48:3, 5, 7, 8 ψ 93:2 Pr 8:22; (b) with foll. gen. or relat. clause, as prep. or conj. = from time of, since. With subst. Ru 2:7 מֵאָז הַבֹּקֶר from time of morning ψ 76:8; with infin. Ex 4:10 מֵאָז דַּבֶּרְךָ since thy speaking unto thy servant; with finite vb. Gn 39:5 Ex 5:23 וּמֵאָז בָּאתִי וג׳ and since I came unto Pharaoh, etc. 9:24 Jos 14:10 Is 14:8 Je 44:18.
† אֲזַי = אָז (prob. a dialectic form; cf. Aramaic אֱדַיִן) then, in that case ψ 124:3, 4, 5, in apod. after לוּלֵי: cf. אָז ψ 119:92.
† אֶזְבָּ֑י n.pr.m. father of one of David’s men 1 Ch 11:37 (where בֶּן־אֶזְבָּ֑י = הָאַרְבִּי 2 S 23:35).
† אֵזוֹב n.m. 1 K 5:13 hyssop (Mish. אזוב, Aramaic ܙܽܘܦܐ, Arabic زُوفَا Frey., Ethiopic አዞብ 𝔊 ὕσσωπος, herb of purging qualities, but perhaps not precise botanical term, v. Di Lv 14:6f, also Löw93) prob. a kind of wild marjoram (origanum Maru) PostHast DB Hyssop.—א׳ abs. Ex 12:22 + 4 times; אֵזֹב Lv 14:4 + 4 times;—hyssop, little plant (contr. אֶרֶז cedar) 1 K 5:13, הָא׳ אֲשֶׁר יֹצֵא בַּקִּיר; Ex 12:22 (J) אֲגֻדַּת א׳ a bunch of h. for sprinkling blood on doorposts; without אגרת, used in cleansing from leprosy Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52; burnt with red heifer Nu 19:6; used in cleansing with ashes of red heifer v 18 (all P); cf. ψ 51:9 תְּחַטְּאֵנִי בְּ׳ וְאֶטְהָ֑ר.
אַזְכָּרָה v. זכר.
† אָזַל vb. go (mostly poet.) (𝔗 id., Biblical Aramaic אֲזַל, Syriac ܐܶܙܰܠ )—
Qal Pf. אָזַל 1 S 9:7; 3 fs. אָֽזְלַת (poet.) Dt 32:36; אָֽזְלוּ Jb 14:11; Impf. 2 fs. תֵּזְלִי (for תֵּאזְלִי) Je 2:36; Pt. אֹזֵל Pr 20:14—go away Pr 20:14; go about Je 2:36 מַה־תֵּזְלִי מְאֹד לְשַׁנּוֹת אֶת־דַּרְכֵּ֑ךְ; be gone, exhausted, used up Dt 32:36 (subj. יָד strength); sq. מִן 1 S 9:7 הַלֶּחֶם אָזַל מִכֵּלֵינוּ; Jb 14:11 אָֽזְלוּ מַיִם מִנִּי־יָם;
Pu. Pt. מְאוּזָּל Ez 27:19 (RV yarn, cf. Aramaic עזל spin but) read מֵאוּזָל, v. sub אוּזָל infr., so 𝔊 𝔖 Hi Sm Co.
† [אֶזֶל] only הָאָ֑זֶל 1 S 20:19 read הַלָּ(א)ז q.v.
† אוּזָל n.pr.m. (Sam. איזל, 𝔊 Αἰζηλ) 6th son of Joktan Gn 10:27 1 Ch 1:21 = n.pr.loc. Ez 27:19, read מֵאוּזָל 𝔊 𝔖 Hi Sm Co; old capital of Yemen, later San’â, cf. Di Gn 10:27.
I. אזן (pointed, sharp? cf. Ethiopic ማእዝን edge, corner, peak, pinnacle; v. also Assyrian DlW, & אָזֵן infr.)
אֹ֫זֶן188 n.f. Ex 29:20 ear (Arabic أُذْن, Aramaic ܐܶܕܢܳܐ, אוּדְנָא, Assyrian uznu, Ethiopic እዝን )—abs. 2 S 22:45 +; cstr. Ex 29:20 +; sf. אָזְנִי 1 S 20:2 +, etc.; du. אָזְנַיִם (נָ֑יִם) Dt 29:3 +; cstr. אָזְנֵי Gn 23:10 +; sf. אָזְנַי (־נָ֑י) Nu 14:28 +; (never with article).—
1. ear, as part of body; of human being, as bearing earring Gn 35:4 Ex 32:2, 3 (all JE) Ez 16:12; pierced by a master Ex 21:6 (E) Dt 15:17; touched with blood in consecration (תְּנוּךְ א׳ tip of ear) Lv 8:23, 24; 14:14, 17, 25, 28; cut off by enemy Ez 23:25 (of אָהֳלִיבָה q.v.); ear of dog Pr 26:17 מַחֲזִיק בְּאָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב; of sheep Am 3:12 (fragment rescued from lion).
2. especially as organ of hearing, a. of man Dt 29:3 2 S 22:45 = ψ 18:45, Jb 42:5 Is 30:21; implanted (נטע) by י׳ ψ 94:9; of idols (do not hear) ψ 115:6; 135:17; שָׁמַע בא׳ 2 S 7:22 + 8 times; especially בְּא׳ after vb. of saying = in the ears, in the hearing of Gn 20:8 (E) 23:10, 13, 16 (P) 44:18; 50:4 (J) Dt 5:1; 31:11, 28, 30 + 44 times; cf. Is 5:9 (vb. om.); after noun of utterance, sound 1 S 15:14 Jb 13:17; 15:21; cf. א׳ after verbal noun Ez 24:26 (לְהַשְׁמָעוּת א׳) cf. Is 11:3; הִטָה א׳ incline the ear = give attention ψ 45:11 Pr 22:17 + 9 times; sq. ל ψ 49:5 + 4 times; so הִקְשִׁיב א׳ Is 32:3; Pr 2:2 (sq. ל); הֵבִיא א׳ ל׳ Pr 23:2; as receiving words א׳ תִּקַּח Jb 4:12 cf. Je 9:19; as tingling (צלל) at dreadful news 1 S 3:11 2 K 21:12 Je 19:3; as hearing with satisfaction, triumph ψ 92:12 תִּשְׁמַעְנָה אָזְנָ֑י (‖ וַתַּבֵּט עֵינִי בְּ׳) but Che del.; as intelligent (involving mental process) שָֽׁמְעָה א׳ וַתָּבֶן לָהּ Jb 13:1; א׳ מִלִּין תִּבְחָ֑ן Jb 12:11 cf. 34:3; as unsatisfied Ec 1:8 לֹא תִמָּלֵא א׳ מִשְּׁמֹעַ; as seeking (בקשׁ) knowledge Pr 18:15; as hearing & blessing Jb 29:11; cf. א׳ שֹׁמַעַת Pr 20:12; 25:12 a hearing (responsive, obedient) ear; cf. Pr 15:31 Is 43:8; opp. stopping the ears (wilful ignorance) אֹטֵם א׳ מִן־ Pr 21:13 cf. Is 33:15; also of adder in simile of wicked ψ 58:5 כְּמוֹ פֶתֶן חֵדֵשׁ יַאְטֵם אָוְנוֹ; מֵסִיר א׳ מִן־ Pr 28:9 so עֲרֵלָה א׳ their ear is uncircumcised Je 6:10; הִכְבִּיד א׳ Zc 7:11 cf. Is 48:8 Je 5:21 Ez 12:2; cf. also Is 42:20. b. of Yahweh, בְּא׳ י׳ after vb. of utterance Nu 11:18 (J) 14:28 (P) 1 S 8:21 Ez 8:18; after עָלָה 2 K 19:28 = Is 37:29; after בּוֹא ψ 18:7 cf. 2 S 22:7 where vb. om.; so also (after noun without vb.) Nu 11:1 (J) בְּא׳ י׳ 1 Ch 28:8 nearly = in presence of; incline the ear הִטָּה א׳ 2 K 19:16 = Is 37:17 Dn 9:18 ψ 86:1; sq. לְ ψ 17:6; 88:3; 116:2; sq. אֶל־ ψ 31:3; 71:2; 102:3; הִקְשִׁיב א׳ ψ 10:17; א׳ קַשֻּׁבוֹת לְ 2 Ch 6:40; 7:15 ψ 80:2 cf. 130:2; id. sq. אֶל־ Ne 1:6, 11; vb. om. א׳ אֶל־ ψ 34:16; cf. Is 59:1 לֹא כָֽבְדָה א׳; La 3:56 אַל־תַּעְלֵם א׳ ל׳.
3. †גָּלָה א׳ open ears of, reveal to, subj. man 1 S 20:2, 12, 13; 22:8(×2), 17 Ru 4:4; subj. י׳ 1 S 9:15 2 S 7:27 1 Ch 17:25; גּ׳ א׳ לַמּוּסָד Jb 36:10, cf. v 15; כָּרָה א׳ ψ 40:7; יָעִירלִי א׳לִשְׁמֹעַ Is 50:4; פָּתַח־לִי א׳ Is 50:5; cf. וְא׳ חֵרְשִׁים תִּפָּתַחְנָה Is 35:5; opp. judicial deafness Mi 7:16 Is 6:10.
† I. [אָזַן42] vb. denom.
Hiph. give ear, listen, hear, almost wholly poet.—Pf. הֶאֱזִין Dt 1:45; וְהַאֲזִין consec. ψ 77:2 (v. De KöI, p. 390); וְהַאֲזַנְתָּ֫ Ex 15:26; הֶאֱזִינוּ Is 64:3 +; Impf. יַאֲזִין Jb 9:16 +; אָזִין (for אַאֲזִין) Jb 32:11, etc.; Imv. ms. הַאֲזִ֫ינָה Nu 23:18 +; fs. הַאֲזִ֫ינִי Is 1:2; fpl. הַאֲזֵ֫נָּה Gn 4:23 Is 32:9, etc.; Pt. מֵזִין, (for מֵאֲזִין v. KöI, 391) Pr 17:4;— 1. hear, perceive by the ear, abs. Is 64:3 (‖ שׁמע) ψ 135:17; give ear, listen, (of heavens, personif.) Dt 32:1, cf. Is 1:2 (of earth, personif.); of men Ju 5:3 ψ 49:2 Is 28:23 Jo 1:2 (all ‖ שׁמע) Ho 5:1 (‖ שׁמע, הִקְשִׁיב) Is 8:9; sq. acc. rei Gn 4:23 Jb 33:1 Is 1:10; 32:9 (all ‖ שׁמע) 42:23 (‖ שׁמע, הקשׁיב); Jb 37:14 (‖ הִתְבּוֹנֵן); ψ 78:1 sq. על (rei) Pr 17:4 (‖ הִקְשׁיב); sq. עַד (rei) Jb 32:11 (‖ הוֹחַלְתִּי); hearken to, = be obedient to, abs. Je 13:15 (‖ שׁמע) 2 Ch 24:19 Ne 9:30; c. acc. rei Jb 9:16; לְ (rei) Jb 34:16 (‖ שׁמע) Ex 15:26; sq. לְ pers. Jb 34:2 (‖ שׁמע); sq. עָדַי pers. Nu 23:18; sq. אֶל־ pers. Is 51:4. 2. of God, listening (with favour) to prayer, etc., abs. ψ 80:2; 84:9 (‖ שׁמע), sq. אֶל־ pers. ψ 77:2 Dt 1:45 (‖ שׁטע); c. acc. rei ψ 5:2 (‖ בִּין) 17:1 (‖ שׁמע, הקשׁיב), ψ 55:2 (‖ הקשׁיב v 3) 86:6 (‖ id.), 140:7; 141:1; sq. אֶל־ (rei) ψ 39:13; 143:1 (both ‖ שׁמע); sq. לְ (rei) ψ 54:4 (‖ שׁמע).
† [אָזֵן] n.[m.] coll. implements, tools (from sharpness? Aramaic אֲזֵנִין, ܙܝܢ weapons)אֲזֵנֶ֑ךָ׃ Dt 23:14 (Cdd. אזניך 𝔊 𝔙 אֵזֹר cf. Di).
† אָזְנִי n.pr.m. a son of Gad Nu 26:16 (my hearing, or my ear? Gn 46:16 אֶצְבּוֹן q.v.)
† אָזְנִי adj.gent. from same, הָאָזְנִי Nu 26:16.
† אֲזַנֵיָ֫הוּ n.pr.m. (Yahweh hath heard) father of Jeshua, a Levite Ne 10:10.
† אַזְנוֹת תָּבוֹר n.pr.loc. (peaks of Tabor? pl.) Jos 19:34 place in Naphtali cf. Di.
† יַאֲזַנְיָ֫הוּ n.pr.m. (Yahweh heareth)—so 2 K 25:23 Ez 8:11; יַאֲזַנְיָה Je 35:3 Ez 11:1; contr. (וִ)יזַנְיָהוּ Je 40:8, (וִ)יזַנְיָה Je 42:1—
1. a Judæan 2 K 25:23 Je 40:8.
2. an elder of Isr., son of Shaphan Ez 8:11.
3. son of Jeremiah Je 35:3.
4. a leading Jedæan, son of Azur Ez 11:1.
5. a leading Judæan Je 42:1 (= עֲזַרְיָה 43:2).
† II. [אָזַן] vb. only
Pi. Pf. weigh, test, prove (cf. Arabic وَزَنَ weigh, also Arabic & Aramaic deriv.); וְאִזֵּן (conj.) Ec 12:9 (‖ חִקֵּר, תִּקֵּן).
† [מאזן] n.[m.]du. balances, scales (Arabic مِيزَانٌ, Aramaic (Nasar.) ܡܘܙܰܢܶܐ )—מֹאזְנַיִם (־ָנ֑יִם) Is 40:15 + 4 times; cstr. מֹאזְנֵי Lv 19:36 + 9 times—balances, for weighing money Je 32:10 וָאֶשְׁקֹל הַכֶּסֶף בְּמ׳; hair Ez 5:1 (מ׳ מִשְׁקָל); שַׁחַק מ׳ Is 40:15 dust of bal., sim. of insignif. of nations bef. י׳; fig., calamity Jb 6:2; men ψ 62:10; hills Is 40:12 (שָׁקַל בַּפֶּלֶס הָרִים וּגְבָעוֹת בְּמ׳); מ׳ צֶדֶק Lv 19:36 (‖ אַבְנֵי־צ׳, אֵיפַת צ׳, הִין צ׳), Ez 45:10 (‖ אֵיפַת־צ׳, בַּת־צ׳) cf. Pr 16:11 (פֶּלָס וּא׳ מִשְׁפָּט); fig. Jb 31:6 יִשְׁקְלֵנִי בְּמ׳ צֶדֶק; opp. מ׳ מִרְמָה Pr 11:1 (‖ אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה); 20:23 (‖ אֶבֶן וָאָ֑בֶן) Am 8:5 (‖ לְהַקְטִין אֵיפָה וּלְהַגְדִּיל שֶׁקֶל) Ho 12:8; מ׳ רֶשַׁע Mi 6:11 (‖ אַבְנֵי מִרְמָה).
† אֻזֵּן שֶׁאֱרָה n.pr.loc. (portion—weighed & measured—of Sheʾĕra, BlauZMG 1873, 296), place built by שׁ׳, daughter of Ephraim 1 Ch 7:24.
אֲזִקִּים v. II. זקק.
† [אָזַר] vb. gird, encompass, equip (Talm. id., Arabic أَزَّرَ, Aramaic in deriv. LagBN 177 der. from وَزَرَ ).
Qal Pf. אָֽזְרוּ 1 S 2:4; Impf. sf. יַאַזְרֵנִי Jb 30:18; 2 ms. תֶּאֱזוֹר Je 1:17; Imv. אֱזָר־נָא Jb 38:3; 40:7; Pt. pass. אָזוּר 2 K 1:8;—gird, gird on, sq. acc. rei loins חֲלָצֶיךָ Jb 38:3; 40:7, מָחְנֶיךָ Je 1:17; pass., with אֵזוֹר, וְאֵזוֹר עוֹר אָזוּר בְּמָתְנָיו 2 K 1:3; cf. act. c. acc. pers. Jb 30:18 כְּפִי כֻתָּנְתִּי יַאַזְרֵנִי, subj. לְבוּשִׁי v. Di; fig. 1 S 2:4 אָֽזְרוּ חַיִל.
Niph. Pt. נֶאְזָר fig. ψ 65:7 of God (נ׳ בִּגְבוּרָה) girded with might.
Pi. Impf. 2 ms. sf. וַתְּאַזְּרֵנִי ψ 18:40; 30:12; וַתַּזְרִנִי 2 S 22:40 (Ges§ 68 R 2); Pt. sf. הַמְּאַזְּרֵנִי ψ 18:33; cstr. מְאַזְּרֵי Is 50:11 but cf. infr.—gird, c. 2 acc. (pers. & rei) fig., ψ 18:40 = 2 S 22:40 ψ 18:33 (חַיִל); ψ 30:12 (שִׂמְחָה); acc. rei om. Is 45:5; acc. pers. om. מְאַזְּרֵי זִיקוֹת Is 50:11; but read rather מְאִירֵי cf. 27:11 (𝔖 Kn Brd Di).
Hithp. Pf. הִתְאַזָּ֑ר ψ 93:1; Imv. הִתְאַזְּרוּ Is 8:9(×2)—gird oneself, for war Is 8:9(×2); with עֹז ψ 93:1 (subj. י׳).
† אֵזוֹר n.m. Je 13:10 waistcloth (NH id., Arabic إِزَارٌ, cf. RSJQ Jan. 1892, 289 ff.)—א׳ abs. Jb 12:18 + 8 times; cstr. 2 K 1:8 + 4 times;—of skin 2 K 1:8 (prophet.); of linen Je 13:1 (v. Che) cf. v 2, 4, 6, 7(×2), 10, 11 (symbol. of Isr. & Jud. cleaving to י׳); of Assyrian warriors’ waistcloth, ‘girdle of loins’ Is 5:27; in wall-images of Chaldeans, חֲגוֹרֵי א׳ בְּמָתְנֵיהֶם Ez 23:15 (cf. 2 K 1:8 v. sub אָזַר) so fig. of Yahweh’s power over kings וַיֶּאְסֹר אֵזוֹר בְּמָתְנֵיהֶם Jb 12:18 (א׳ = fetter, cf. Di; but according to RSl.c. ref. to slaves’ garment); metaph. of righteousness & faithfulness Is 11:5(×2) (א׳ מָתְנָיו, א׳ חֲלָצָיו).
אֶזְרוֹעַ v. II. זרע.
אֶזְרָח v. זרח.
אֹחַ v. I. אחח.
I. אָח, אַחְאָב, אֶחָב, אַחְבָּן etc. v. אחה.
II. אָח v. II. אחח.
† III. אָח interj. (onomatop.) ah! alas! Ez 6:11; 21:20. iii. אָח Ez 18:10 (textual error). Ez 18:10 אָח is a vox nihili (dittogr. from foll. אחד: v. Comm.): in 21:10 also dub. (𝔊 εὖ), read אַךְ Ew Hi Sm Toy, חַדָּה Co Berthol, אַתְּ Oort Krae.
† אַחֲלַי ψ 119:5 and אַחֲלֵי 2 K 5:3 (perhaps from אָח iii. and לַי = Aramaic לְוַי = לוּ: the varying punctuation is due doubtless to the word being treated by the punctuators as a subst. = wish, with suff. & in c. st., ‘my wish is that,’ etc.; cf. Ki on ψ 119 תְּחִנּוֹתַי וּבַקָּשׁוֹתַי), ah that! (𝔊 ὄφελον).
[אָחַד] vb. v. יחד or חדד (Co Ez 21:21). Ez 21:21 הִתְאַחֲדִי textual error for הִתְחַדְּי (De-Rossi); v. p. 292).
אֶחָד962 adj.num. one (Ph. אחד, Sab. id., cf. DHMZMG 1876, 707, Arabic أَحَدٌ, Ethiopic አሐዱ Aramaic חַד,ܚܰܕ; on Assyrian êdu, aḫadu, cf. DlW No. 139)—abs. א׳ Gn 1:5 + cstr. אַחַ֫ד Gn 21:15 +; so even bef. prep. 1 S 9:3 al. v. Dr; f. abs. אַחַ֫ת Gn 2:21 +; אֶחָ֑ת Gn 11:1 +; cstr. אַחַ֫ת Dt 13:13 +; pl. m. אֲחָדִים Gn 11:1 + 4 times; חַד Ez 33:30 del. Co cf. 𝔊;—
1. one Gn 1:9; 27:38, 45 Ex 12:49 Jos 23:10 1 S 1:24 2 S 12:3 +, Zc 14:9 Mal 2:10 Jb 31:15 +, so also (emph.) 2 S 17:3 for MT אֲשֶׁר 𝔊 We Dr; one or two לֹא לְיוֹם אֶחָד וְלֹא לִשְׁנַיִם Ezr 10:13; as subst. sq. מִן Gn 2:21 Lv 4:2, 13 Is 34:16 +; הָא׳ Gn 19:9; 42:13, 32 2 K 6:3, 5 +; one and the same Gn 40:5 Jb 31:15; pl. דְּבָרִים אֲחָדִים †Gn 11:1 cf. Ez 37:17 (abs.), but v. Co; = few, a few יָמִים א׳ †Gn 27:44; 29:20 Dn 11:20; כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד as one man, together Ju 20:8 1 S 11:7; also כְּאֶחָד late = Aramaic כַּחֲדָא †Ezr 2:64 (= Ne 7:66) 3:9; 6:20 Ec 11:6; v. especially Is 65:25 (‖ earlier יַחְדָּו 11:6, 7).
2. = each, every Ex 36:30 Nu 7:3, 85; 28:21 1 K 4:7 2 K 15:20 +; also repeated, distrib. sense Nu 7:11; 13:2; 17:21 Jos 3:12; 4:2, 4.
3. = a certain 1 S 1:1 2 S 18:10 2 K 4:1 Est 3:8 + cf. 2 S 17:9 v. Dr 1 S 1:1; hence
4. = indef. art. 1 S 6:7; 24:15; 26:20 (but del. 𝔊 We Dr) 1 K 19:4, 5 +.
5. only 1 K 4:19, & (fem.) once 2 K 6:10 ψ 62:12; 89:36 (once for all); אַחַת לְשָׁלוֹשׁ שָׁנִים 2 Ch 9:21, א׳ בַּשָּׁנָה Lv 16:34 cf. Jb 40:5, פַּעַם אֶחָ֑ת Jos 6:3, 11 cf. v 14, בְּאַחַת Nu 10:4 בְּאַחַת is rather ‘in one (of the trumpets)’ Jb 33:14 it = in one way; at once בְּאֶחָ֑ת Pr 28:18 read prob. with 𝔖 Lag Dys Bi בַּשָּׁ֑חַת cf. וְאִנָּֽקְמָה נְקַם־אַחַת Ju 16:28 is rather ‘vengeance for one of my two eyes’ (v. GFM). Je 10:8 בְּאַחַת prob. = in one, altogether.
6. one … another, the one … the other א׳ … א׳ Ex 17:12; 18:3, 4 Am 4:7 2 S 12:1 Je 24:2 2 Ch 3:17 Ne 4:11 +; … הא׳ א׳ Lv 14:22; 15:15 2 S 14:6 read הָאֶחָד אֶת־אָחִיו 𝔊 We Dr; one after another, one by one, לְאַחַד אֶחָד Is 27:12 cf. Ec 7:27.
7. as ordinal, first (mostly P & late) Gn 1:5 (P) 2:11 (J) Ex 39:10 (P) Ez 10:14 Jb 42:14; of first day of month Ex 40:2 (P) Ezr 3:6; 10:16, 17 Ne 8:2 Hg 1:1; first year, שְׁנַת אַחַת 2 Ch 36:22 Ezr 1:1 Dn 1:21; 9:1, 2; 11:1; cf. first (day, יוֹם om.) Gn 8:5, 13 בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ; so Ex 40:17 Lv 23:24 Nu 1:1, 18; 29:1; 33:38 (all P) Dt 1:3 2 Ch 29:17 Ezr 7:9(×2) Ez 26:1; 29:17; 31:1; 32:1; 45:18.
8. in combin., a. אַחַד עָשָׂר eleven (cf. עָשָׂר, עַשְׁתֵּי) Gn 32:23; 37:9 (JE) Dt 1:2; so אַחַת־עֶשְׂרֵה Jos 15:51 (P) 2 K 23:36; 24:18 2 Ch 36:5, 11 Je 52:1 (precedes noun, except Jos 15:51); as ordinal, eleventh אַחַת עֶשְׁרֵה שָׁנָה Ez 30:20; 31:1 cf. 1 K 6:38 2 K 9:29; b. with other numerals, as cardinal אֶחָד וְאַרְבָּעִים אֶלֶף וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת Nu 1:41 cf. 2:16, 28; 31:34, 39 (all P; א׳ precedes other numeral); but אַרְבָּעִים וְאַחַת שָׁנָה (א׳ following) 1 K 14:21; 15:10 2 K 14:23 2 Ch 12:13 cf. 2 K 22:1 = 2 Ch 34:1; 2 K 24:18 = Je 52:1 = 2 Ch 36:11; Jose 12:24 (D) Is 30:17 Ezr 2:26 = Ne 7:30 cf. v 37; Dn 10:13; as ordinal בְּאַחַת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה Gn 8:13 (P) Ex 12:18 (P), 1 Ch 24:17; 25:28 2 Ch 16:13 (א׳ preceding); but 1 K 16:23 Hg 2:1 (א׳ following).
† אֵחוּד n.pr.m. (union from אֱחוּד?) a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:6 = אֵחִי Gn 46:21.
† חַד adj. = אֶחָד Ez 33:30 del. Co, cf. 𝔊.
אחה (stem assumed for אָח; which however perhaps bilit. & prim. so Thes Rob Ges al.; DlHA 59 proposes surround, protect; DlW comp. aḫu, side ZehnpfundBAS I. 510 proposes belong together, cf. Schult Thes. De Goeje in RSSem 256 N suggests connection with ḥayy, family, clan).
I. אָח630 n.m. brother (Ph. אח, Arabic أَخٌ (cstr. أَخُو etc.), Sab. אחֿ (sf. אחֿיהו) CISiv, 1, 17 and 24 al., Ethiopic እኅው Assyrian aḫu cf. DlW, Aramaic אַח, ܐܰܚܳܐ; Palm., Nab. sf. אחוהי, אחיה);—abs. אָח Gn 24:29 + (Ez 18:10 del. Co cf. 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙; Ew Sm אַךְ; Dl Ba Ez x defends as = one cf. Assyrian aḫu) never c. art.; cstr. אֲחִי Gn 10:21 +; sf. אָחִי Gn 4:9 +; אָחִיךָ Gn 4:9 +; אָחִיו Gn 4:2 +; אָחִיהוּ Je 34:9 + 3 times etc.; pl. אַחִים Gn 13:8 +; so read Ho 13:15 v. DeCompl. Var. 23 cf. sub אָחוּ; cstr. אֲחֵי Nu 27:10 +; sf. אַחַי Gn 19:7 +; אֶחָ֑י 1 S 20:29 + (but 1 S 30:23 𝔊 We אַחֲרֵי for אֶחָ֑י את); אַחֶיךָ Gn 37:13 +; אֶחָיו Gn 44:14 + etc.
1. brother, born of same mother (& father) Gn 4:2, 8, 9, 10, 11; 27:6, 11; 44:20; 49:5; cf. 28:2; 29:10(×2) + Ex 4:14 + often; also of half-brother Gn 20:5, 13, 16 (on parentage cf. v 12) 37:2, 4, 5 +, 2 S 13:4, 7, 8 +.
2. indef. = relative; Lot, of Abr. Gn 13:8; 14:14, 16; Jacob, of Laban 29:12, 15 (nephew); hence of kinship in wider sense; member of same tribe Nu 16:10; 18:2, 6 2 S 19:13; of same people Ex 2:11(×2); 4:18 Dt 15:12 Ju 14:3 Is 66:20 Ne 5:1, 5, 8 vid. especially Lv 19:17 cf. v 18 (extended to incl. sojourner גֵּר v 34); of Israel & Judah 2 S 19:42; Isr. & Edom Nu 20:14; cf. of Ishmael Gn 16:12; 25:18; of friend 2 S 1:26 1 K 9:13; 20:32, 33; of allies בְּרִית א׳ Am 1:9.
3. fig. of resemblance Jb 30:29 אָח הָיִיתִי לְתַנִּים (‖ רֵעַ לִבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה) i.e. by reason of his crying, cf. Di; Pr 18:9 מִתְרַפֶּה בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ אָח הוּא לְבַעַל מַשְׁחִית.
4. in phr. one … another אִישׁ אָחִיו Gn 9:5 Jo 2:8 Zc 7:10; אָחִיו … אִישׁ Gn 13:11 + 25 times + Ex 32:27 (where also same phr. c. רֵעֵהוּ & קְרֹבוֹ—v. these words—& also אִישׁ, אֶחָד); for development of idiom cf. Dt 15:2 Is 19:2 Je 34:14 (cf. 15) 17 Ez 38:21 Hg 2:22; usually of men; of faces of golden cherubim Ex 25:20; 37:9; of scales of crocodile Jb 41:9. (אָח fire-pot v. sub ii. אחח.) On pr. names compounded with אָח, v. reff. given under אָב supr.
אַחְאָב91 n.pr.m. Ahab (father’s brother; = אחיאב NöZMG 1886, 172, Ἀχίαβος was a nephew of Herod.; cf. like name in Syriac, given ob maximum cum patre suo similitudinem, Bar HebræusChron. Ecclesiast. ii. 23 cf. LCB 1879, 1339. In many cases, however, the meaning of n.pr. comp. with אח is dub., & perfect consistency, especially in comparison with cpds. of אָב, seems impossible; cf. rem. sub אביאל, and further WeSkizzen, iii. 1 f, DlPr. cap. vi)—אַחְאָב 1 K 16:28 +; וּכְאֶחָב Je 29:22—
1. son of Omri, king of Isr. 1 K 16:28, 29; 18:1, 2, 3; 20:2, 13, 14 + 41 times 1 K, 27 times 2 K, 14 times 2 Ch; Mi 6:16.
†2. false prophet, time of Jerem. Je 29:21, 22.
אֶחָב v. אַחְאָב.
† אַחְבָּן n.pr.m. (brother of an intelligent one) son of Abishur, of Judah 1 Ch 2:29.
† אֲחוּמַי n.pr.m. descendant of Judah 1 Ch 4:2.
† אֲחִיאָם n.pr.m. one of David’s heroes 2 S 23:33 1 Ch 11:35.
† אֲחִיָּ֫הוּ, אֲחִיָּה † אֲחִיָּ֫הוּ, אֲחִיָּה (always, except where other form noted), אֲחִי n.pr.m. (brother of Yah(u), cf. Ph. חמלך brother of Milk, & especially אחתמלך sister of Milk, where אחת must be cstr. since מלך is a male deity; cf. Carth. חתמלקרת Euting 213).
2. a scribe 1 K 4:3.
3. a prophet 1 K 11:29, 30; 12:15; 14:2, 4; 15:29 2 Ch 9:29; 1 K 14:4, 5, 6, 18 2 Ch 10:15 (last five אֲחִיָּהוּ).
4. father of king Baasha 1 K 15:27, 33; 21:22 2 K 9:9.
5. grandson of Hezron 1 Ch 2:25, or perhaps n.pr.f., mother of preceding four, cf. Be.
6. son of Ehud, of Benj. 1 Ch 8:7 = אֲחוֹחַ v 4.
7. one of Dvd’s heroes 1 Ch 11:36.
8. a Levite, Dvd’s time 1 Ch 26:20.
9. a chief man under Nehem. Ne 10:27.
10. a Gadite 1 Ch 5:15 (אֲחִי).
11. a man of Asher 1 Ch 7:34 (id.)
† אֲחִיהוּד n.pr.m. prince of Asher Nu 34:27; (brother of majesty, cf. הוֹד, אֲבִיהוּד; v. also אֲחִיחֻד).
† אַחְיוֹ n.pr.m. ( = אחיון, i.e. fraternal).
1. a son of Aminadab, brother of Uzzah 2 S 6:3, 4 (𝔊 אֶחָיו, We אָחִיו but v. Dr) 1 Ch 13:7 (𝔊 אֶחָיו).
2. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:14, but read אָחִיו 𝔊 Be.
3. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:31 = 9:37 (> 𝔊 אֶחָיו).
† אֲחִיחֻד n.pr.m. (prob. = אחיהוד q.v.) son of Ehud, a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:7.
† אֲחִיטוּב n.pr.m. (my brother is goodness)
1. grandson of Eli 1 S 14:3 1 Ch 5:33, 34, 37, 38; father of Ahimelech 1 S 22:9, 20 (אֲחִטוּב) v 11, 12 (on identity of pers. v. Be 1 Ch 5:33).
2. father of Zadok 2 S 8:17 (= 1 Ch 18:16), but We rds. Ahim. son of Ahitub; 1 Ch 5:38 Ezr 7:2; grandfather of Zadok 1 Ch 9:11 Ne 11:11 (on all cf. We l.c.)
† אֲחִילוּד n.pr.m. (according to Thes = אֲחִי יְלוּד child’s brother (?))
1. father of Jehoshaphat, David’s chronicler 2 S 8:16; 20:24 1 K 4:3 1 Ch 18:15.
2. father of Baana, officer of Solomon 1 K 4:12.
† אֲחִימוֹת n.pr.m. (my brother is death) a Levite 1 Ch 6:10 (cf. מַחַת 1 Ch 6:20 2 Ch 29:12).
† אֲחִימֶ֫לֶךְ n.pr.m. (brother of Melek, Ph. חמלך, חמלכת; v. also אחיהו supr.)
1. priest in Saul’s (Dvd’s) time 1 S 21:2(×2), 3, 9; 22:14, 16 (אֲחִימֶ֑לֶךְ) 1 Ch 24:31 ψ 52:2 (title); son of Ahitub 1 S 22:9, 11, (cf. 12), 20; father of Abiathar 1 S 23:6; 30:7; so also 2 S 8:17 𝔖 Ew We Th Dr; where MT אחימ׳ בן־אביתר; whence id. wrongly 1 Ch 24:6, cf. v 4 (אֲח׳ מִבְּנֵי אִיתָמָר) & 18:16 (where read אֲח׳ for אֲב׳).
2. a Hittite 1 S 26:6.
† אֲחִימַן n.pr.m. (my brother is a gift? so Thes; cf. Arabic مَنٌّ )
1. a son of Anak Nu 13:22 Ju 1:10; אֲחִימָן֨ Jos 15:14. < אֲחִימָן, v. NorziNu 13:22 GFMJu 1:10 (after Ven.1 Mich).
2. a Levite, אֲחִימָ֑ן, 1 Ch 9:17.
† אֲחִימַ֫עַץ n.pr.m. (my brother is wrath)
1. son of Zadok 2 S 15:27, 36; 17:17, 20; 18:19, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29 1 Ch 5:34 (אֲחִימָ֑עַץ) v 35; 6:38; perhaps also 1 K 4:15 (son-in-law of Sol.)
2. אֲחִימָ֑עַץ, father-in-law of Saul 1 S 14:50.
† אַחְיָן n.pr.m. (fraternal, Aramaic ܐܚܝܳܢܳܐ ) a Manassite 1 Ch 7:19.
† אֲחִינָדָב n.pr.m. (my brother is noble) an officer of Solomon 1 K 4:14.
† אֲחִינֹ֫עַם n.pr.f. (my brother is delight)
1. wife of Saul 1 S 14:50 (daughter of Ahimaaz).
2. Jezreelitess, wife of David 1 S 25:43; 27:3; 30:5 2 S 2:2; 3:2 1 Ch 3:1.
† אֲחִיסָמָךְ n.pr.m. (my brother has supported) father of Oholiab, a workman on tabern. Ex 31:6; 35:34; 38:23.
† אֲחִיעֶ֫זֶר n.pr.m. (my brother is help, cf. Assyrian Aḫulêʾte, my brother is strength, DlPr 202)
1. a chief of Dan Nu 1:12; 2:25; 7:66, 71; 10:25.
2. one of David’s heroes 1 Ch 12:3.
† אֲחִיקָם n.pr.m. (my brother has arisen) son of Shaphan, Josiah’s time 2 K 22:12, 14 2 Ch 34:20; protector of Jerem. Je 26:24; father of Gedaliah 2 K 25:22 Je 39:14; 40:5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16; 41:1, 2, 6, 10, 16, 18; 43:6.
† אֲחִירָם n.pr.m. (brother of (the) lofty = Ph. חרם v. חִירָם; cf. אֲבִירָם) son of Benj. Nu 26:38 (prob. = אחרח 1 Ch 8:1 v. Be) (cf. אֵחִי וָרֹאשׁ Gn 46:21).
† חִירָם n.pr.m. Hiram (Ph. חרם; abbr. from foregoing)—ח׳ 2 S 5:11 + 18 times 1 K + Kt 1 Ch 14:1 2 Ch 4:11; 9:10 (all Qr חוּרָם); חִירוֹם 1 K 5:24, 32; 7:40; also חוּרָם 1 Ch 8:5 + 9 times Ch.—
1. king of Tyre, contemp. of David & Solomon 2 S 5:11 1 K 5:15(×2), 16, 21, 22, 24, 25(×2), 26, 32; 9:11(×2), 12, 14, 27; 10:11, 22 1 Ch 14:1 2 Ch 2:2, 10, 11; 8:2, 18; 9:10, 21.
2. an artificer of Tyre, sent by Hiram the king 1 K 7:13, 40(×2), 45 2 Ch 2:12; 4:11(×2), 16.
3. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:5.
† אֲחִירָמִי adj.gent. הָא׳ as n. coll. Nu 26:38.
† אֲחִירַע n.pr.m. (my brother is evil) a chief of Naphtali Nu 1:15; 2:29 7:78, 83; 10:27.
† אֲחִישָׁ֑חַר n.pr.m. (brother of (the) dawn, Assyrian Aḫšêri DlPr 202) a Benjamite 1 Ch 7:10.
† אֲחִישָׁר n.pr.m. (my brother has sung) over Solomon’s household 1 K 4:6.
† אֲחִיתֹ֫פֶל n.pr.m. (my brother is folly?) David’s trusted & traitorous counsellor 2 S 15:12, 31(×2), 34; 16:15, 20, 21, 23(×2); 17:1, 6, 7, 14(×2), 15, 21, 23; 23:34 1 Ch 27:33, 34.
† אַחֲוָה n.f. brotherhood הָא׳ Zc 11:14 (between Judah & Israel).
† חִיאֵל n.pr.m. (prob. (אֲ)חִיאֵל brother of Ēl, 𝔊 Ἀχειηλ; cf. חירם & Ph. חמלך, etc.; v. BaeRel 156) a Bethelite, rebuilder of Jericho 1 K 16:34.
† אָחוֹת114 n.f. sister (Ph. אחת, Aramaic אֲחָת, ܚܳܬܳܐ, Arabic أُخْتٌ, Assyrian aḫâtu, DlW Ethiopic እኅት Sab. in n.pr. אחֿתאמהו OsZMG 1865, 273)—abs. אָ׳ 2 S 13:1 + (never with art.); cstr. אֲחוֹת Gn 4:22 +; sf. אֲחֹתִי (אֲחוֹתִי) Gn 12:13 +, etc.; pl. sf. אַחְוֹתַי (Qr אַחְיוֹתַי) Jos 2:13; אֲחוֹתַיִךְ Ez 16:51 (Qr; Kt אחותך) + 2 times (Co all אחיו׳); אַחֲיוֹתֵךְ Ez 16:52 (Co ־תיך); אֲחוֹתֵךְ Ez 16:52 (must be pl., but del. Co); אַחְיֹתָיו Jb 42:11; אֲחוֹתֵיכֶם Ho 2:3; אַחְיֹתֵיהֶם 1 Ch 2:16 Jb 1:4—
1. sister Gn 4:22; 12:13, 19; 20:2, 5, 12 (same father, diff. mother) so Lv 18:11 cf. Ez 22:11; Gn 24:30(×2) +, Ex 2:4, 7; Lv 18:9 (either parent same) so Dt 27:22 Nu 6:7 2 S 13:1, 2, 4 +, Ct 8:8(×2); called upon, in mourning for dead Je 22:18; = near relative Gn 24:59, 60 (or because Laban prominent? so Di); woman of same nationality Nu 25:18 cf. Ho 2:3.
2. = beloved Ct 4:9, 10, 12; 5:1, 2 (4 times ‖ כַּלָּה bride; phr. orig. implying that marriage with half-sister—of same father—was allowed? cf. NöZMG 1886, 150, & Gn 20:12).
3. symbol. of Judah, Samaria, Sodom & Jerusalem Je 3:7, 8, 10 Ez 16:45, 52,(×2) (del. Co) +, 23:4, 11 +.
4. fig. of intimate connection אִמִּי וַאֲחֹתִי לָרִמָּה … קָרָאתי Jb 17:14; אֱמֹר לַחָכְמָה אֲחֹתִי אַתְּ Pr 7:4.
†5. another, אִשָּׁה אֶל־אֲחֹתָהּ, of curtains of tabern. Ex 26:3(×2), 6, loops v 5, tenons v 17; of wings of living creatures, Ezek.’s vision Ez 1:9, 23; 3:13; not of persons, but vid. רְעוּת.
† אָ֫חוּ n.m. Jb 8, 11 coll. reeds, rushes (Aramaic אַחְוָא, orig. Egyptian, cf. demot. ȧxu̇ from ȧxȧ be green, v. EbersAG & BBMos. 338; WiedSammlung 16) Gn 41:2, 18 (E) Jb 8:11; also Ho 13:15 where read אָחִים pl. for אֲחָוִים (cf. AW), or from a parall. form [אָחֶה], v. DeCompl. Var. 23 f.
אַחְוָה v. III. הוה.
† אָחַז68 vb. grasp, take hold, take possession (Arabic أَخَذَ, Sab. אחֿדֿ Sab. Denkm.39, Aramaic אְחַד, ܐܶܚܰܕ, Assyrian aḫâzu, Ethiopic አኀዘ )—
Qal Pf. אָחַז Ex 15:14 +; אָֽחֲזָה Jb 23:11 Is 33:14; sf. אֲחָזַנִי 2 S 1:9; 1 s. sf. אֲחַזְתִּיו Ct 3:4, etc.; Impf. יֹאחֵז Jb 17:9 +; וַיֹּ֫אחֶז 2 S 6:6; 3 fs. תֹּאחֵז Dt 32:41; וַתֹּאחֶז Ru 3:15; וַתֹּחֶז 2 S 20:9; וָאֹחֵז Ju 20:6 יֹאחֵזוּן Is 13:8; sf. יֹאחֲזֵ֫מוֹ Ex 15:15; יֹאחֱזוּךְ Je 13:21, etc.;—†as פ׳ gutt. וַיֶּאֱחֹז Ju 16:3 1 K 6:10; 2 ms. תֶּאֱחֹז Ec 7:18; Inf. אֲחֹז 1 K 6:6; אֱחֹז 1 Ch 13:9 + 3 times; Imv. אֱחֹז Ex 4:4 2 S 2:21, אֶחֳזִי־ Ru 3:15; אֶהֱזוּ Ct 2:15; אֱחֹ֑זוּ Ne 7:3; Pt. act. אֹחֵז 2 Ch 25:5; pass. אָחוּז Est 1:6, etc.;—grasp, take hold of, sq. בְּ Gn 25:26 Ex 4:4 (both J) Ju 16:3; 20:6 (= וַיַּחֲזֵק בְּ 19:29) 2 S 4:10; 6:6; 20:9 1 K 1:51 Ru 3:15(×2); 1 K 6:6 of beams having hold in a wall; (cf. בֵּית אֲבָנִים יֶֽחֱזֶה֑ Jb 8:17; Hoffm reads יֹחֲזָה = יֹא׳); also Ct 7:9 of taking hold of branches, in metaph.; poet. fig., of God’s seizing man in wrath Jb 16:12; taking hold graciously ψ 73:23; taking hold of judgment Dt 32:41; subj. man בַּאֲשֻׁרוֹ אָֽחֲזָה רַגְלִי Jb 23:11 (‖ דַּרְכּוֹ שָׁמַרְתִּי cf. also 17:9); of taking hold of folly Ec 2:3 cf. 7:18; subj. הַשַּׁהַר Jb 38:13, לֶאֱחֹז בְּכַנְפוֹת הָאָ֑רֶץ; also sq. acc. Ju 1:6; 12:6; 16:21 2 S 2:21 Is 5:29 Ct 2:15; 3:4 1 Ch 13:9 2 Ch 25:5 ψ 56:1; 137:9; cf. 1 K 6:10 (cf. v 6 supr.), subj. הַיָּצוּעַ, וַיֶּא׳ אֶת־הַבַּיִת בַּעֲצֵי אֲרָזִים; of a snare catching the heel, in metaph. Jb 18:9; fig., subj. God ψ 77:5; God’s hand 139:10; subj. pain, sorrow, fear, etc. Ex 15:14, 15 2 S 1:9 Jb 21:6; 30:16 ψ 48:7; 119:53 Is 21:3; 33:14 Je 13:21; 49:24; subj. man, obj. fear, etc. Jb 18:20 Is 13:8; obj. דֶּרֶךְ take one’s way Jb 17:9 יֹאחֵז צַדִּיק דַּרְכּוֹ AV RV hold on his way (cf. 23:11 supr., & Assyrian ṣabâtu urḫu, e.g. V. R 1, 74);—abs. Ne 7:3 of barring gates; pt. pass. caught Ec 9:12; fastened, held Est 1:6; taken (by lot) 1 Ch 24:6(×3) (on text v. Öt); taken out of a number Nu 31:30, 47; pt. act. of same form אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב Ct 3:8 cf. Thes BaNB 175 & Ethiopic pt.; similarly Aramaic אָחִיד, e.g. 𝔗 Am 2:5; ܐܰܚܺܝܕ e.g. 𝔖 Ju 8:10 1 Ch 5:18; & Ez 41:6(×2) (but v. Co).
Niph. Pf. 3 pl. נֹאחֲזוּ Jos 22:9; וְנֹא׳ (cons.) Nu 32:30; Impf. וַיֵּאָחֲזוּ Gn 47:27; Imv. הֵאָחֲזוּ Gn 34:10 Jos 22:19; Pt. נֶאֱחָז Gn 22:13; נֶאֱחָזִים Ec 9:12;—be caught Gn 22:13 Ec 9:12; elsewhere have possessions Gn 34:10; 47:27 Nu 32:30 Jos 22:9, 19 (P).
Pi. Pt. מְאַחֵז Jb 26:9 c. acc. enclose, overlay (so Assyrian DlW, p. 294, cf. Aramaic ܐܚܕ, shut).
Hoph. Pt. pl. מָאֳחָזִים 2 Ch 9:18 fastened to sq. לְ.
אָחָז n.pr.m. (he hath grasped, abbrev. for יהואחז (q.v.) cf. Assyrian Ia-u-ḫa-zi (i.e. Ahaz) COT on 2 K 16:8)
1. king of Judah, son of Jotham, father of Hezekiah 2 K 15:38; 16:1, 2, 5, 7, 8 + 13 times 2 K; Is 1:1; 7:1, 3, 10, 12; 14:28; 38:8; 1 Ch 3:13, 2 Ch 27:9 + 8 times 2 Ch; Ho 1:1 Mi 1:1.
2. son of Micah, & great-grandson of Jonathan 1 Ch 8:35, 36; 9:42 (+ 9:41 cf. 𝔊L 𝔙).
† אֲחֻזָּה66 n.f. possession—א׳ Gn 47:11 + 11 times; cstr. אֲחֻזַּת Gn 17:8 + 21 times; sf. אֲחֻזָּתְֽךָ ψ 2:8;—possession, P & late; of landed property Gn 47:11 Lv 14:34; 25:10, 13, 25, 27, 28, 33 (houses) 41, 45, 46 Nu 27:4; 32:5, 22, 29; 35:8 Dt 32:49 Jos 21:12, 39 Ez 44:28; 45:5, 6, 7(×2), 8 46:18(×3); 48:20, 21, 22(×2) 1 Ch 7:28; 9:2 2 Ch 11:14; 31:1 Ne 11:3; c. אֶרֶץ, א׳ אֲחֻזָּה = land possessed, one’s own land Gn 36:43 Lv 14:34; 25:24 Nu 35:28 Jos 22:4, 9, 19(×2), cf. אֲחֻזַּת הָאָרֶץ Lv 27:24; c. שָׂדֶה, שׂ׳ אֲחֻזָּה Lv 27:16, 22, 28, cf. v 21; c. עִור, ע׳ אֲחֻזָּה Lv 25:32, 33; אֲחֻזַּת נַחֲלָה = possession by right of inheritance Nu 27:7; 32:32, & נַחֲלַת א׳ 35:2 cf. א׳ בְּנַחֲלָה Ez 46:16 (but Co as Nu 27:7 so B); אֲחֻזַּת קֶבֶר Gn 23:4, 9, 20; 49:30; 50:13; א׳ עוֹלָם Gn 17:8; 48:4 Lv 25:34; in promise to Davidic king וַאֲחֻזָּתְֽךָ אַסְפֵי־אָרֶץ ψ 2:8 (‖ נַחֲלָה); fig. of י׳ as portion of Levit. priests Ez 44:28 (‖ נַחֲלָה).
אֲחַזְיָ֫הוּ, אֲחַזְיָה, אַחְזַי n.pr.m. (Yah(u) hath grasped; 𝔊 Ὀχοζ(ε)ιας 1 K 22:52 etc., cf. LagBN 53)
1. king of Isr., son of Ahab 1 K 22:40, 50, 52 2 K 1:18 2 Ch 20:37 (אֲחַזְיָהוּ); + 2 K 1:2 2 Ch 20:35 (אֲחַזְיָה).
2. king of Judah, son of Joram 2 K 8:24, 25; 9:21; 10:13; 11:1; 12:19; 13:1; 14:13 1 Ch 3:11 2 Ch 22:1 + 2 K 1 Ch (all אֲחַזְיָהוּ); 2 K 9:16, 23, 27, 29; 11:2 (אֲחַזְיָה).
3. אַחְזַי a priest Ne 11:13 (for which יַחְזֵרָה 1 Ch 9:12 v. SmListen, Tafel). cf. Arabic احّ viii, + إِخّ = adopt, hence perhaps י׳ hath adopted.
† אֲחֻזָּם n.pr.m. (possessor) a man of Judah 1 Ch 4:6.
† אֲחֻזַּת n.pr.m. (possession) friend of Abimelech Gn 26:26.
I. אחח (cry, howl, onomat., cf. Arabic اخذ ).
† [אֹחַ] n.[m.] jackal (Assyrian aḫû DlW) pl. אֹחִים Is 13:21 וּמָֽלְאוּ בָּֽתֵּיהֶם א׳ (‖ צִיִּים).
II. אחח ?
† II. אָח n.f. fire-pot, brasier (Arabic وَلَدًا, in Thes, is an error fire-pot is loan-word from Egyptian ʿḫ according to WMMOLZ 3, 51) always c. art. Je 36:22 הַא׳ לְפָנָיו מְבֹעָ֑רֶת the brasier before him was burning; v 23 הָאֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר אֶל־הָא׳; v 23 הָאֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר עַל־הָא׳ (i. אָח, brother v. sub אחה; iii. אָח interj., p. 25).
† אֲחוֹחַ n.pr.m. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:4 (perhaps corruption of אחיה v 7 q.v.)
† אֲחוֹחִי (אֲחֹחִי) adj.gent. 2 S 23:9 (where for בֶּן־א׳ read הָא׳ We Dr; ref. unknown: Klo proposes בֶּן אִישׁ חַיִ(ל) cf. v 20) v 28 = 1 Ch 11:12, 29; 27:4.
אֵחִי n.pr.m. a son of Benjamin Gn 46:21 (P) (perhaps corruption of אֲהִירָם Nu 26:38 (P); so also אַחֲרַח 1 Ch 8:1 cf. אַחֵר 7:12 & comm.)
אחל (existence & meaning dub.)
† אַחְלָ֑י n.pr. (DlPr 210 trans. O! would that! (cf. אַחְלַי sub iii. אָח supr. p. 25) § comp. interjectional Bab. name Aḫulapia, O! that I at last! ZimBP 116; cf. Ol§ 277; otherwise HalJAS 7, x. 360)
1. f. daughter of Sheshan 1 Ch 2:31; so Be Öt al. in view of v 34.
2. m. father of one of David’s mighty men (not in 2 S 23) 1 Ch 11:41.
אַחְלָב v.חלב.
† אַחְלָ֑מָה n.f. perhaps amethyst (etym. dub.; sub חלם Thes q.v.; HalJAs 7, x. 426 from חלם être fort, solide; Di Kn comp. Talm. חַלְמִית, malva & think of green malachite; DlHA 36 N der. from Aramaic land Aḫamû), amethyst according to 𝔊 𝔙 Josephus; v. also LagGGA 1884, 285, but cf. Di; one of the gems on the ephod Ex 28:19; 39:12.
אֲחַסְבַּי n.pr.m. father of Eliphelet, one of David’s heroes 2 S 23:34. (Meaning dub.; 1 Ch 11:35 has אוּר׃, sq. חֵפֶר; text prob. corrupt.)
† אָחַר vb. to remain behind, delay, tarry (Arabic أَخَّرَ to put off, also to remain behind; Aramaic Pa. אְחַר, Aph. ܐܰܘܚܰܕ, Shaph. ܫܰܘܚܰܪ, Sab. אחֿר OsianderZMG 1865, 197; אחֿחֿר DHMEpigr. Denkm. 34).
†Qal once only Gn 32:5 וָאֵחַר (contr. from וָאֶאֱחַר cf. אֵהָ֑ב Pr 8:17) and I have tarried until now.
†Pi. Pf. אֵחַר Gn 34:19; אֶחֱרוּ Ju 5:28; Impf. יְאַחֵר, תְּאַחֵר, (3 times תְּאַחַ֑ר) etc. Gn 24:56 + 9 times; Pt. (־רֵי) מְאַחֲרִים 3 times 1. intensive, delay, tarry, abs. Ju 5:28 (‖ בּשֵׁשׁ לָבוֹא) Is 46:13 and my salvation לֹא תְאַחֵר Hb 2:3 ψ 40:18 = 70:6 Dn 9:19; with ל & inf. Gn 34:19.—Pr 23:30 מְאַחֲרִים עַל־הַיָּיִ֑ן those tarrying over the wine, Is 5:11 מְאַחֲרֵי בַנֶּשֶׁף, ψ 127:2 מְאַחֲרֵי שֶׁבֶת (‖ מַשְׁכִּימֵי קוּם). 2. causat. of Qal, cause one to delay, hinder Gn 24:56; keep back (= bring late) Ex 22:28; with ל & inf. delay to … Dt 23:22 quoted Ec 5:3: ellipt. Dt 7:10 he delayeth (it, the recompense) not to his enemy.—2 S 20:5 Qr וַיּ֫וֹחֶר is taken by Ol§ 241 c as Qal (cf. וַתּ֫חֶז v 9 from אָחַז), by Sta§ 498 c KöI. 397 Ges§ 68 2 Rem as Hiph. (lit. shewed, exhibited delay): on the Kt (? וַיֵּיחַר) v. DrSm.
I. אַחֵר adj. another (proposes one coming behind), f. אַחֶ֑רֶת Ez 41:24 (dag. f. implic.); pl. אֲחֵרִים (as if from sg. אָחֵר), once Jb 31:10 אֲחֵרִין, אֲחֵרוֹת ( = Arabic آخَرُ, Sab. אאחֿר, Assyrian aḫrû future, fpl. as subst. aḫrât ûmê future of days) Gn 4:25 זֶרַע אַחֵר another seed 8:10 שִׁבְעַת יָמִים אֲחֵרִים seven other days Ex 22:4 בִּשְׂדֵה אַחֵר in the field of another + often; אִישׁ אַחֵר another man (husband) Gn 29:19 Dt 24:2 Je 3:1; חָצֵר הָאַחֶרֶת 1 K 7:8 the other court, v. חָצֵר; הַחוֹמָה א׳ 2 Ch 32:5 the other wall, v. חוֹמָה. Appended to a n.pr. for distinction Ezr 2:31 = Ne 7:34 (see v 7 = Ne v 12) Ne 7:33 (prob. here textual error, v. BeRy 18: not in Ezr 2:29). Often with the collat. sense of different, as בְּגָדִים א׳ other garments Lv 6:4 1 S 28:8 Ez 42:14; 44:19; עָפָר, אֲבָנִים Lv 14:42; רוּחַ Nu 14:24; וְנֶהְפַּכְתָּ֫ לְאִישׁ אַ׳ 1 S 10:6; לֵב v 9 Ez 11:19 (𝔊 Hi Sm); שֵׁם Is 65:15 (cf. 62:2 חָדָשׁ); with that of strange, alien, as אִישׁ אַ׳ Dt 20:5, 6, 7; 28:30 (so אַחֵר, אֲחֵרִים alone ψ 109:8 Jb 31:8, 10 Is 65:22 Je 6:12; 8:10 al.); עַם Dt 28:32; אֶרֶץ 29:27 Je 22:26; אִשָּׁה Ju 11:2; לָשׁוֹן Is 28:11 (‖ בְּלַעֲגֵי שָׂפָה); especially in the phrase אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים other gods (63 times) Ex 20:3 (= Dt 5:7) 23:13 (both JE) Jos 24:2, 16 (E) 1 S 26:19 Ho 3:1, & particularly in Dt (6:14; 8:19 + 15 times) & Deut. writers, as Jos 23:16 Ju 2:12, 17, 19 Je (18 times) & compiler of Kings; אֵל אַחֵר once Ex 34:14 (JE). So אַחֵר alone Is 42:8 ψ 16:4. †Of time, following, next (rare) בַּשָּׁנָה הָאַ׳ Gn 17:21 (P) in the next year; 2 K 6:29 בַּיּוֹם הָאַ׳; דּוֹר אַ׳ Joel 1:3 ψ 109:13 poet. the next generation (Ju 2:10 in prose = another generation).
אַחַר proposes subst. the hinder or following part (cf. the pl.)
1. adv. a. of place, behind, twice Gn 22:13 (many MSS. Sam. 𝔊 𝔖 Ol Ew read אֶחָד v. Di) ψ 68:26. b. of time, afterwards Gn 10:18; 18:5; 24:55; 30:21 Ju 19:5 +; וְאַחַר in laws of P, as Lv 14:8, 19; 15:28; 22:7 Nu 5:26 al. 2. prep. a. of place, behind, after Ex 3:1; 11:5 2 K 11:6 Ct 2:9 Is 57:8: הָלַךְ אַחַר to go after, follow Gn 37:17 2 K 13:2; 23:3 Is 65:2 Ez 13:3 Jb 31:7; הָיָה אַחַר 1 S 12:14; מֵאַחַר from after †2 S 7:8 ψ 78:71 Is 59:13. b. of time, after Gn 9:28 Lv 25:15 al; אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה after these things †Gn 15:1; 22:1; 39:7; 40:1 1 K 17:17; 21:1 Ezr 7:1 Est 2:1; 3:1; אַחַר כֵּן †Lv 14:36 Dt 21:13 1 S 10:5; אַחַר זֶה (late) 2 Ch 32:9: sq. inf. †Nu 6:19 Je 40:1 1 Ch 2:24 Jb 21:3; עַד אַחַר till after †Ne 13:19. c. Ne 5:15 strangely: Ew RV besides; but text prob. corrupt, v. BeRy. 3. †conj. אַחַר אֲשֶׁר after that Ez 40:1; and without אשׁר Lv 14:43 Je 41:16 Jb 42:7. As prep. & conj. the pl. אַחֲרֵי is much more freq., which in any case must be used before suffixes.
Plur. only cstr. אַחֲרֵי with sf. אַחֲרַי, אַחֲרֶיךָ, etc. 1. subst. hinder part †2 S 2:23 בְּאַחֲרֵי הַחֲנִית with the hinder end of the spear. 2. prep. a. of place, behind, after, Gn 18:10 וְהוּא אַחֲרָיו and it behind him Dt 11:30 Ju 5:14 1 S 14:13; 21:10; Ho 5:8 אַחֲרֶיךָ Behind thee! (sc. Look or The foe is); with a vb. as הִבִּיט to look Gn 19:17 1 S 24:9, הֵנִיעַ רֹאשׁ to shake the head 2 K 19:21 (= Is 37:22), especially verbs expressing or implying motion, as בָּא to enter in (v. Dr 2 S 20:14), בִּעֵר, דָּבֵק, דָּלַק, הָיָה, הָלַךְ, מִלֵּא, פָּנָה, רָדַף, הִשְׁלִיךְ (see these words). b. of time, after Gn 9:9 זַרְעֲכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם your seed after you; similarly 17:7–10, 19; 35:12; 48:4 Ex 28:43 Nu 25:13 all P (also Dt 1:8; 4:37; 10:15 1 S 24:22 2 S 7:12 ‖), & with בָּנָיו Gn 18:19 J (+ בֵּיתוֹ) Ex 29:29 P Lv 25:46 H Dt 4:40; 12:25, 28 Je 32:18, 39 1 Ch 28:8 Pr 20:7, דּוֹרוֹתֵינוּ Jos 22:27, בֵּיתוֹ Jb 21:21; Ex 10:14 Ju 10:3 etc.; with inf. Gn 5:4 אַחֲרֵי הוֹלִידוֹ after his begetting Sheth, 13:14; 14:17; 18:12; 25:11 + often; אַחֲרֵי־כֵן afterwards Gn 6:4 (אחרי כן אשׁר = afterwards, when, cf. 2 Ch 35:20) 15:14; 23:19; 25:26; 32:21; 41:31; 45:15 etc.; ויהי אחרי־כן as a formula of transition chiefly in 2 S (2:1; 8:1 ‖ 10:1 ‖ 13:1; 21:18 ‖) cf. 1 S 24:6 Ju 16:4 2 K 6:24 2 Ch 20:1 24:4†; in late Heb. אַחֲרֵי זֹאת †Jb 42:16 Ezr 9:10 2 Ch 21:18 (+ כָּלִ־) 35:20 (do.); cf. Aramaic אַחֲרִי דְנָה Dn 2:29, 45, and בָּאתַר דְּנָה Dn 7:6, 7.—The local (metaph.) and temporal senses blend ψ 49:14 וְאַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּפִיהֶם יִרְצוּ & after them (i.e. following, imitating them) men applaud their speech, cf. Jb 21:33. 3. conj. אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר after that, with the finite vb. Dt 24:4 Jos 7:8; 9:16; 23:1; 24:20 +; without אשׁר †Lv 25:48; 1 S 5:9†. (The most common constr. of אחרי is as a prep. with the inf. cstr.) Jos 2:7 אַהֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר יָצְֽאוּ must be an error, either for אחרי אשׁר or for כאשׁר alone (notice אחריהם twice in the same verse); 2 S 24:10 read אַחֲרֵי סָפַר vid. Dr 4. with other preps.:— a. מֵאַחֲרֵי57, 1 Ch 17:7 מִן־אַחֲרֵי (‖ 2 S 7:8 מֵאַחַר); (α) from behind Gn 19:26 2 S 2:23; from after i.e. from following after, usually with שׁוּב or סוּר 1 S 24:2 2 S 2:22, 26, 30; 11:15; often with God as obj. as Nu 14:43; 32:15 Dt 7:4 Jos 22:16, 18, 23, 29 1 S 15:11 +; with other vbs. of motion, as עָלָה 1 S 14:46 2 S 20:2, נַעֲלָה 2 S 2:27, לָקַח Am 7:15 1 Ch 17:7, זָנָה Ho 1:2; pregn. Is 30:21 thy ears shall hear a word מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ coming from behind thee, Je 9:21 (sc. נָפַל, see v a) 1 S 13:7 𝔊L We Dr חָֽרְדוּ מֵאַחֲרָיו. (β) denoting position (מן = off, on the side of; see מן) behind Ex 14:19(×2) Jos 8:2, 4, 14 1 K 10:19 Ne 4:7 (מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ) 2 Ch 13:13, b. (γ) of time (rare) †Dt 29:21 Ec 10:14; מֵאַחֲרֵי כֵן †2 S 3:28; 15:1; 2 Ch 32:23. b. †אֶל־אַחֲרֵי 2 S 5:23 2 K 9:18 סֹב אֶל־אַחֲרַי v 19 Zc 6:6. c. †עַל־אַחֲרֵי Ez 41:5 beside, at the back of.
† אַחֲרַי adj. Pr 28:23 (si vera l.) אָדָם אַחֲרַי a man that turneth backwards (cf. Je 7:24) so Jos Ki De Ol p. 429 (doubtfully) Now Sta§ 301 b: according to Ew§ 200 a Hi an abnormal adv. = afterwards, Lag Pr conj. בְּאָרְחוֹ cf. 𝔊 ὁδούς.
אָחוֹר41 subst. (Arabic أُخُرٌ) the hinder side, back part, in the sg., mostly in adverbial phrases:—
a. as accus., in poetry backwards 23 times (= prose אֲחֹרַנִּית) with vbs. such as נָפַל fall Gn 49:17, נָשׂוֹג be turned 2 S 1:22 (‖ תָּשׁוּב רֵיקָם), שׁוּן ψ 9:4; 56:10 +, נָסוֹג 35:4; 40:15 + (of enemies repulsed), 44:19 Is 50:5 (from obedience to God), נָזוֹר Is 1:4, הֵשִׁיב 44:25 ψ 44:11, הִכָּה 78:66; behind (opp. קֶדֶם) ψ 139:5 Jb 23:8; in the phrase פָּנִים וְאָחוֹר in front and behind †1 Ch 19:10 (altered from מִפָּ׳ וּמֵאָ׳ in 2 S v. infr.) 2 Ch 13:14 Ez 2:10. b. בְּאָחוֹר †Pr 29:11, וְחָכָם בְּאָחוֹר יְשַׁבְּחֶנָּה Ges Hi but a wise man stilleth it (רוּחַ anger) backwards (sc. when it would break forth), De in the background, sc. of his heart (‖ כָּל־רוּחוֹ יוֹצִיא כְסִיל). c. לְאָחוֹר (α) as a. †ψ 114:3, 5 Je 7:24; (β) of time, hereafter (cf. לְפָּנִים = before) †Is 41:23; 42:23. d. מֵאָחוֹר behind (מן = on the side of) †2 S 10:9 מִפָּנִים וּמֵ׳ in front and behind, Is 9:11 וּפְלִשְׁתִּים מֵאָ׳ and the Philistines behind (= on the West), opp. אֲרָם מִקֶּדֶם.
†Plur. cstr. אֲחֹרֵי hinder part (of the tabernacle Ex 26:12, (of a man or animal)1 K 7:25 (= 2 Ch 4:4) Ez 8:16 (of God) Ex 33:23.
† אֲחֹרַנִּית adv. (proposes an adj. fem., cf. קְדֹרַנִּית Sta§ 367) backwards (= poet. אָחוֹר) Gn 9:23(×2) 1 S 4:18 1 K 18:37 2 K 20:10, 11 Is 38:8.
אַחֲרוֹן51 f. אַחֲרוֹנָה, pl. אַחֲרֹנִים (also אַחֲרוֹנִים), adj. from אַחַר, coming after or behind (as a compar. or superl., according to the context); hence
a. of place, behind, hindermost Gn 33:2(×2); הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן the hinder (= the Western) sea (i.e. the Mediterranean: opp. הַיָּם הַקַּדְמוֹנִי the front sea = the Dead Sea, the Semites, in defining the quarters of the heavens, turning naturally to the East, cf. קֶדֶם of the East, יָמִין, תֵּימָן of the South, above sv. אָחוֹר d. and Assyrian mat aḫarru ‘the Western land,’ of Phœnicia & Palestine) †Dt 11:24; 34:2 Jo 2:20 Zc 14:8; Jb 18:20 poet. אַחֲרֹנִים Ew Hi Di De the dwellers in the West (opp. קַדְמוֹנִים). More commonly
b. of time, latter or last (according to context) Ex 4:8 Dt 24:3 2 S 19:12 Is 8:23, of God Is 44:6 (‖ רִאשׁוֹן) 48:12 (do.) cf. 41:4; in genl. subsequent (vaguely), יוֹם א׳ = time to come †Is 30:8 Pr 31:25 (but Ne 8:18 הַיּוֹם הָאַ׳ = the last day), (הַ)דּוֹר (הָ)אַ׳ the following generation †Dt 29:21 ψ 48:14; 78:4, 6; 102:19, (הָ)אַחֲרֹנִים they that come after Jb 18:20 (GesSchl) Ec 1:11; 4:16, but Is 41:4 the last, Jb 19:25 וְאַחֲרוֹן עַל־עָפָר יָקוּם and as one coming after (me) (and so able to establish my innocence when I am dead) will he (גֹּֽאֲלִי my Vindicator) arise upon the dust.—The fem. is used adverbially (cf. רִאשֹׁנָה) = afterwards or at the last (acc. to context): (α) absol. †Dan 11:29; (β,) בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה (opp. בָּרִאשֹׁנָה) †Dt 13:10; 17:7 1 S 29:2 2 S 2:26 1 K 17:13 Dn 8:3; (γ) לָאַ׳ †Nu 2:31 (P) Ec 1:11.
אַחֲרִית61 n.f. after-part, end;—
a. of place, only ψ 139:9 (late) א׳ יָם.
b. of time, latter part or actual close (according to context), opp. רֵאשִׁית;—of year Dt 11:12; of a man’s life Nu 23:10 Pr 5:11 Jb 8:7; 42:12; of a people’s existence Nu 24:20; = final lot Dt 32:20, 29 Je 12:4; 31:17 ψ 73:17; a future, i.e. a happy close of life, suggesting sometimes the idea of a posterity, promised to the righteous Pr 23:18 (‖ תִּקְוָה hope) 24:14 Je 29:11 (לָתֵת לָכֶם א׳ וְתִקְוָה), withheld from the wicked Pr 24:20 (‖ נֵר יִדְעָֽךְ׃: v. infr.); the end or ultimate issue of a course of action Je 5:31 Pr 14:12; 23:32 (of wine, i.e. of indulgence in it) 25:8 Is 46:10 (absol., but implicitly of a phase of history) 47:7 (of the conduct described v 6 b–7 a) Dn 12:8; Ec 7:8; of a prediction = the event Is 41:22. בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים in the end of the days, a prophetic phrase denoting the final period of the history so far as the speaker’s perspective reaches; the sense thus varies with the context, but it often = the ideal or Messianic future; †Gn 49:1 (of the period of Israel’s possession of Canaan) Nu 24:14; Dt 4:30 (of the period of Israel’s return to God after adversity) 31:29 (of the period of Israel’s rebellion) Ho 3:5; Is 2:2 (= Mi 4:1) Je 23:20 (v. Graf) = 30:24; 48:47; 49:39; Ez 38:16 (of the period of Gog’s attack upon restored Israel) Dn 2:28 (Aramaic) 10:14 (of the age of Antiochus Epiphanes): cf. בַּא׳ הַשָּׁנִים Ez 38:8.
c. א׳ הַגּוֹיִם Je 50:12 the last, hindermost of the nations (of Babylon), opp. ראשׁית הגוים Am 6:1 (Israel) cf. Nu 24:20 (Amalek) chief of the nations.
d. concr. posterity (extension of usage noted above in Pr 24:20) ψ 37:37, 38 (possibly not more than ‘a future’ in v 37) 109:13 (‖ בְּדוֹר אַחֵר יִמַּח שְׁמָם) Am 4:2; 9:1 Ez 23:25(×2) (acc. to others, in these four passages, remnant, residue) Dn 11:4.
† II. אַחֵר n.pr.m. 1 Ch 7:12 (ident. & meaning quite dub.; Be thinks = אַחֵר adj. another, to avoid naming Dan (cf. Gn 46:23 Nu 26:42) on account of the narrative Ju 17f. Öt identifies with שַׁחֲרַיִם 8:8).
† אַחֲרַח n.pr.m. a son of Benjamin 1 Ch 8:1 (perhaps corruption of אֲחִירָם Nu 26:38, cf. also אֵחִי).
† אֲחַרְחֵל n.pr.m. app. a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 4:8 (deriv. & meaning dub.)
† אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנִים n.m.pl. satraps (Pers. Khshatřapâvan, protectors of the realm, v. SpiegAPK 215 = ἐξατράπης, σατράπης, cf. Lag G. Abh. 68, 14; Sem. i. 42f, who rds אַחְשַׁדְרְפָן)—א׳ Est 8:9; 9:3; cstr. אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנֵי 3:12 Ezr 8:36.
אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ n.pr.m. Ahasuerus = Xerxes (Pers. Khshayârshâ = mighty + eye or man, vid. Spiegel l.c. 216; in Aramaic חשיארש, CISII. i. 122 [b.c. 481]) king of Pers. Ezr 4:6 Est 1:1(×2), 2, 9, 10 + 18 textual Est + Est 10:1 Qr (Kt אחשׁרשׁ); אֲחַשְׁוֵרֹשׁ Est 1:16; 2:21; 3:12; 8:7, 10; also Dn 9:1 where made father of ‘Darius the Mede,’ cf. Meinh.
† אֲחַשְׁתָּרִי n.pr.m. but in form adj. gent. (cf. Be) הָאֲח׳ 1 Ch 4:6 (perhaps Pers. = beloging to the realm, royal, vid. infr.)
† [אֲחַשְׁתְּרָן] adj. (?) royal (from Pers. Khshatřa, lordship, realm, vid. Spiegel l.c. 215) pl. הָאֲחַשְׁתְּרָנִים agreeing with הָרֶכֶשׁ Est 8:10, 14.
אַחַת v. אֶחָד.
אַט v. אטט.
אטד (meaning dub.; perhaps cf. Arabic وطد make firm, strong, cf. Thes MV).
† אָטָד n.m. Ju 9:15 bramble, buck-thorn (cf. Che ψ 58:10) (rhamnus, Arabic أَطَد, Assyrian eṭidu v. DlW, No. 153, Aramaic אַטְדָּא, ܐܛܕܐ cf. Löw No. 15) contr. עֵצִים Ju 9:14, 15(×2) (personif., in fable); ψ 58:10 as fuel (in fig., cf. Che); בְּגֹרֶן הָא׳, n.loc., Gn 50:10, 11 (v. גֹּרֶן & אבל מצרים).
אטט Arabic أَطَّ to emit a moaning or craking sound (cf. AW Lex. 36 Ges Jes i. 604 f. Lane i. 66).
† [אִטִּי Ol. 412] n.m. mutterer, pl. אִטִּים Is 19:3 mutterers (‖ אֹבוֹת, יִדְּעֹנִים) i.e. either ventriloquists or whisperers of charms (cf. 8:19; 29:4).
† אַט subst. gentleness, used only adverbially:—
a. as adverb. accus. 1 K 21:27 וַיְהַלֵּךְ אַֽט׃ and he (Ahab) went about softly (sc. in penitence);
b. with לְ of norm or state (as in לָבֶטַח, v. לְ) 2 S 18:5 לְאַט־לִי לַנַּעַר (deal) gently for me with the young man, Is 8:6 the waters of Shiloah הַהֹלְכִים לְאַ֑ט that go gently; with pretonic qameṣ Jb 15:11 דָּבָר לָאַט עִמָּֽךְ׃ a word (spoken) gently with thee; with sf. Gn 33:14 אֶתְנַהֲלָה לְאִטִּי I will lead on gently (lit. according to my gentleness). S. p. 532 for לָאט secretly.
† [אטם] vb. shut, shut up (Mish. אטם, cf. אוֹטֶם stoppage, Aramaic אֲטַם; Ar. أَطَمَ contract, stop, أُطُمٌ fortress; As. aṭamu, in list of headgear, etc. = turban? DlW, No. 155)—
Qal Pt. act. אֹטֵם Pr 17:28 + 2 textual; pass. אֲטֻמִים 1 K 6:4; אֲטֻמוֹת Ez 40:16 + 2 times;—shut, stop, obj. lips Pr 17:28; ears 21:13 Is 33:15; pass. = closed (i.e. narrowed, narrowing, cf. 𝔖 in Co) חַלּוֹנוֹת א׳ Ez 40:16; 41:16, 26; cf. חַלּוֹנֵי שְׁקֻפִים אֲטֻמִים 1 K 6:4.
Hiph. Impf. i.q. Qal יַאְטֵם ψ 58:5 (juss. with sense of indic., cf. Dr§ 173 obs.) of adder, stopping ears, sim. of wicked.
† אֵטוּן n.[m.] thread, yarn (etym. unknown; on form v. Ges 84 a. 12. R. Talm. אֵטוּנָא, אַטּוּנָא, cord, rope; so 𝔗) cstr. א׳ מִצְרַיִם Pr 7:16.
† [אָטַר] vb. shut up, close, bind (Arabic أَطَرَ bend, curve, إِطَارٌ what surrounds, encloses)
Qal Impf. 3 fs. תֶּאְטַר ψ 69:16 (אַל תּ׳ עָלַי בְּאֵר פִּיהָ).
† אָטֵר n.pr.m. (binder?) a chief of Jews Ezr 2:16, 42 Ne 7:21, 45; 10:18.
† אִטֵּר adj. shut up, bound (NH אִטֵּר, lame) אִישׁ א׳ יַד־יְמִינוֹ Ju 3:15; 20:16 a man bound, restricted, as to his right hand, i.e. left-handed.
[אַי] (أَىٌّ, አይ in Syr. in cpds. as ܐܰܝܟܰܢ how? WSG 120–2; cf. As. aiu, who? what?).
†1. interrog.adv. where? a. so with sf. אַיֶּ֫כָּה [a verbal form, v. Sta§ 355 b. 3] Gn 3:9; אַיּוֹ Ex 2:20, poet. where is he? = he is nowhere Jb 14:10; 20:7 (Je 37:19 rd. Qr אַיֵּה); אַיָּם Na 3:17 (in indirect qu.) and the place thereof is not known, אַיָּם where they are. Idiomatically, with the sf. anticipating the noun to which it refers (Ew§ 309 c, cf. DrSm i. 21, 14) 2 K 19:13 אַיּוֹ מֶלֶךְ־חֲמָת where is he, the king of Hamath? (‖ Is 37:13 אַיֵּה) Is 19:12 Mi 7:10. When used alone, or with other adverbs (v. infr.), it is contracted to אֵי Gn 4:9 Dt 32:37 1 S 26:16 Pr 31:4 Qr. (The more usual form is אַיֵּה.) b. strengthened by the enclitic זֶה (v. זֶה, 4) אֵי־זֶה15 where, then? (never of a person, exc. Est 7:5 (late), & only once 1 K 22:24 [but v. 2 Ch 18:23] with a verb) Is 50:1; 66:1(×2) Je 6:16, in indirect qu. 1 S 9:18; in the phrase אֵי־זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ … where is the way (that) …? †1 K 13:12 2 K 3:8 2 Ch 18:23 Jb 38:19a, 24.
2. prefixed to other adverbs or prons., אֵי imparts to them an interrog. force: thus a. אֵי־זֶה which (of two or more)? only Ec 2:3; 11:6 (late), in indirect qu. b. †אֵי־מִזֶּה whence? (מִזֶּה = hence; v. sub זֶה) Gn 16:8 אֵי־מִזֶּה בָאתְ 1 S 30:13 2 S 1:3, 13 Jb 2:2; in indirect qu. Ju 13:6 1 S 25:11; fem. subst. annexed 2 S 15:2 אֵי־מִזֶּה עִיר אַתָּה lit. whence, as regards city, art thou? Jon 1:8. c. †אֵי־לָזֹאת Je 5:7 upon what ground? (𝔙 super quo?) how? With other adverbs, אֵי coalesces into one word, v. אֵיכָה, אֵיכָכָה, אֵיפֹה.
אַיֵּה45 (lengthened from אַי, cf. הֵן & הִנֵּה) interr.adv. Where? Gn 18:9; 19:5; 22:7; the most gen. term expressing this idea, used of both persons & things (but never with a verb [contrast אֵיפֹה]); often in poet. or elevated style, where the answer nowhere is expected, Is 33:18; 36:19; 51:13 Je 2:28 (cf. Dt 32:37 אֵי) 17:15; 37:19, Jb 15:23 he wandereth abroad for bread אַיֵּה (saying Where is it? 21:28 Zc 1:5 (אַיֵּה־הֵם); in the (iron.) phrase where is thy (their) God? †ψ 42:4, 11; 79:10; 115:2 (אַיֵּה־נָא) Jo 2:17; rhetorically, of an earnest inquiry Je 2:6, 8 Job 35:10, or longing Is 63:11, 15 Ju 6:13.
אֵיךְ59 (Aramaic אֵיךְ, ܐܰܝܟ [pron. âch]) adv.
1. interrog. How? Gn 26:9 2 S 1:5, 14 1 K 12:6 Is 20:6 al.; of. with impf. (esp. in 1 ps.) in an expostulation Gn 39:9; 44:8, 34 Jos 9:7 2 S 2:22; 12:18 ψ 137:4, Is 48:11 for how should it be profaned? איך תאמר(ו) how canst or dost thou (do you) say …? Ju 16:15 Is 19:11 Je 2:23 (cf. 8:8 אֵיכָה) 48:14 ψ 11:1; in an indirect sentence 2 K 17:28 Je 36:17 Ru 3:18.
2. as an exclam. How! whether of lamentation 2 S 1:19 Je 2:21; 9:18 Mi 2:4 Ec 2:16; or of satisfaction Is 14:4, 12 Je 48:39; 51:41 Ob 5 al.; with intensive force = how gladly! Je 3:19, how terribly! 9:6 (but others render here ‘for how [else] should I do’? etc.), Ho 11:8 acc. to Hi.
† אֵיכָה (from אַי and כָּה = כֹּה; cf. As. ekiam) adv.
1. interrog. In what manner? τίνι τρόπῳ; (rather more definite than אֵיךְ = πῶς;) Dt 1:12; 7:17; 12:30; 18:21; 32:30 Ju 20:3 (indirect sentence) 2 K 6:15 Je 8:8 ψ 73:11.
2. exclam. How! (slightly more emph. than אֵיךְ) Is 1:21 Je 48:17 La 1:1; 2:1; 4:1, 2.
3. Where? (prob. north-Isr.; cf. Aramaic אֵיכָא, ܐܰܝܟܳܐ where? Cf. DrIntr. 178, 421) only 2 K 6:13 (K3 אֵיכֹה) Kt Ct 1:7(×2),—each time in an indirect sentence.
† אֵיכוֹ 2 K 6:13 Qr where? v. אֵיכָה 3.
† אֵיכָ֫כָה (Ct) אֵֽיכָכָ֫ה (Est) (from אַי & כָּ֫כָה thus) How? only Ct 5:3(×2) Est 8:6(×2).
I. [אַ֫יִן] adv. (from אַי; Ass. aina, ainu, Ara. أَيْنَ where? مِنْ أَيْنَ whence?) only in the compound מֵאַ֫יִן17 whence? Gn 29:4; 42:7 (syn. אֵי־מִזֶּה e.g. Gn 16:8 1 S 30:13) Ju 17:9; 19:17 Jb 1:7 (2:2 אֵי־מִזֶּה); used in a rhet. or poet. style (where אֵי־מִזֶּה would be too prosaic) Nu 11:13 מֵאַיִן לִי בָּשָׂר whence have I flesh etc.? 2 K 6:27 Je 30:7 Alas! for that day is great; מֵאַיִן כָּמוֹהוּ whence is its like? (see also II. אַיִן ad fin.) Na 3:7 ψ 121:1 Jb 28:12, 20; in an indirect sentence Jos 2:4 (cf. אֵי־מִזֶּה 1 S 25:11).
אָן adv. (contracted from I. אַיִן) where? or whither? 1 S 10:14 (cf. 27:10 𝔖 𝔗, v. sub אַל ad fin.); only besides in †מֵאָן whence? 2 K 5:25 Kt (Qr מֵאַיִן); †עַד־אָן of time to what point? how long? Jb 8:2. With ה locale: אָ֫נָה (a) whither? Gn 16:8; 32:18 2 S 2:1; 13:13 2 K 6:6 ψ 139:7(×2) + 9 textual; in indirect sentence Jos 2:5 Ne 2:16; (b) pregnantly †Ru 2:19 Is 10:3; (c) in the phrase אָ֫נֶה וָאָ֫נָה any whither †1 K 2:36, 42 2 K 5:25; (d) of time, עַד־אָ֫נָה how long? †Ex 16:28 Nu 14:11(×2) (c. לֹא) Jos 18:3 Je 47:6 (sq. לֹא) Hb 1:2 ψ 13:2(×2), 3(×2); 62:4 Jb 18:2; 19:2 (less common than the syn. עַד מָתַי).
† אֵיפֹה (from אַי & פֹּה here) adv.
1. where? Gn 37:16 1 S 19:22 2 S 9:4 Is 49:21 Je 3:2 Jb 4:7; 38:4 Ru 2:19; in indirect sentence Je 36:19 (less common than אַיֵּה, used of persons [contrast אֵי־זֶה] and with a verb [contrast אַיֵּה]).
2. of what kind? (qualis?) only Ju 8:18.
† III. אִי interj. (so in Rabb., v. DeKoh 197 WrEccl. 490) alas! (late) Ec 4:10 אִי לוֹ (written in MT as one word) alas for him (Ew§ 309 c), the one, who falleth, etc. (i.e. who falleth alone) 10:16.
† IV. אִי adv. not (frequently in Rabb., as אִי אֶפְשַׁר impossible; and in Ethiopic the ordinary negative; cf. Ph. אי CISi. 3, 5 and in איבל 165, 18; 167, 11; Ass. ai) Jb 22:30 אִי־נָקִי the non-innocent read perhaps אֵל (Me), or אֱלֹהַּ (Ley), with וְתִמָּלֵט in v b.
† אִי כָבוֹד (1 S 4:21), אִי־כָבוֹד (1 S 14:3) n.pr.m. (inglorious), son of Phinehas (explained 1 S 4:21 by גָּלָה כָבוֹד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל glory is gone into exile from Israel).
אִיזֶבֶל n.pr.f. (sense uncertain, CIS i. 158 there occurs the n.pr.f. בעלאזבל Baal exalts? or is husband to? [v. זָבַל], of which אִיזֶבֶל is conjectured by DHM to be an intentional alteration, made for the purpose of avoiding the name Baal. If so, א׳ perhaps suggested to the Hebrew ear the idea of un-exalted or un-husbanded), queen of Ahab, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre 1 K 16:31; 18:4, 13, 19; 19:1, 2; 21:5 +; 2 K 9:7 +.
I. אִי n.m. isle, coast, v. I. אָוָה.
II. אַ֫יִן nought, v. p. 34.
אִיעֶזֶר v. אֲבִיעֶזֶר.
אִיתָמָר v. I. אָוָה.
[אָיַב283] vb. be hostile to (Ass. aibu (v. DlW), enemy = אֹיֵב)—
Qal Pf. †וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י Ex 23:22; Pt. אוֹיֵב (אֹיֵב) Ex 15:6 +; sf. (אוֹיְבִי) אֹיְבִי 2 S 22:18 = ψ 18:18 +; f. sf. אֹיַבְתִּי Mi 7:8, 10; אֹיִבְךָ Ex 23:4 +, etc.; pl. אוֹיְבִים ψ 68:24; 127:5; אֹיְבִים ψ 139:22, etc.;—be hostile to, treat as enemy Ex 23:22 (E, Cov’t code) וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְצַרְתִּ֫י אֶת־צֹרְרֶיךָ (subj. י׳); elsewhere Pt. 1 S 18:29 וַיְהִי שָׁאוּל אֹיֵב אֶת־דָּוִד; usually as subst. & mostly sf.; enemy, of personal foe Ex 23:4 (E ‖ שֹׂנֵא v 5) Nu 35:23 (P) 1 S 19:17 (cf. 18:29) 24:5, 20 2 S 4:8 1 K 21:20 Jb 27:7 ψ 54:9; 55:13 (‖ מְשַׂנֵּא; opp. אַלּוּף, מְיֻדָּע v 14) Mi 2:8 Pr 16:7; 24:17 +; in sim. Je 30:14 (מַכַּת אוֹיֵב); of public national enemy, sg. Ju 16:23, 24; coll. Ex 15:6, 9 Dt 33:27 Na 3:11 2 Ch 6:24 +; personif. Mi 7:8, 10; more oft. pl. Ex 23:22 (E) Lv 26:7f (H) Nu 10:9 (P) Dt 1:42; 6:19 Je 15:9; 34:20, 21 +; of enemies of God, as protector of his people Nu 10:35 (J) Ju 5:31 1 S 30:26 2 S 18:19 ψ 66:3; 68:1, 22 Na 1:2, 8 Is 66:6 +; as morally supreme Jb 13:24; 33:10 ψ 37:20; 92:10(×2) +; of God as enemy of rebellious people Is 63:10, in sim. La 2:4, 5.
† אֵיבָה n.f. enmity—א׳ Gn 3:15 + 2 textual; cstr. אֵיבַת Ez 25:15; 35:5—enmity, personal hostility, betw. men Nu 35:21, 22 (P), betw. serpent & woman Gn 3:15 (J), betw. peoples אֵיבַת עוֹלָם Ez 25:15; 35:5.
אִיּוֹב n.pr.m. Job (meaning unknown; Thes √ איב; obj. of enmity, cf. for pass. sense יִלּוֹד; Ew comp. Ara. أَوَّابٌ he who turns (to God); but cf. Di on 1:1; all dub. cf. LagBN 90) Jb 1:1, 5(×3), 8, 9, 14 + 48 textual Jb; Ez 14:14, 20.
אֵיד, אֵד v. אוּד.
אַיָּה v. III. אוה.
אַיֵּה v. אַי.
אִיִּים v. III. אוה.
אֵיךְ, אֵיכָה, אֵיכָכָה v. sub אַי (p. 32).
אַיִל, אַיָּל, אַיָּלָה, אַיָּלוֹן, אֵילוֹן, אֵילָם, אֵילִם, אֵילַת, אֵילוֹת etc. v. אול. אִילוֹ v. אִי.
† אֱיָל n.m. help (loan-word from Aramaic ܐܻܝܳܠܴܐ, ܐܻܝܳܠ help, so LagOr ii. 7, BN 175, NöZMG 1883, 526) only in sim. כְּגֶבֶר אֵין א׳ ψ 88:5.
† [אֱיָלוּת] n.f. id. sf. אֱיָלוּתִי ψ 22:20 my help (‖ יהוה).
אים (cf. 𝔗, Talm. אַיֵּם terrify LagBN 28).
† אָיֹם adj. terrible, dreadful—terrible, of Chaldeans אָיֹם וְנוֹרָא הוּא Hb 1:7; of dignified woman, awe-inspiring אֲיֻמָּה כַּנִּדְגָלוֹת Ct 6:4, 10.
† אֵימָה17 n.f. terror, dread (Talm. id., cf. As. imtu, DlW)—א׳ Gn 15:12 +; אֵימָ֫תָה Ex 15:16 (cf. Ges§ 90, 2 R. b); cstr. אֵימַת Pr 20:2; sf. אֵימָתִי Ex 23:27; אֵמָתִי Jb 33:7, etc.; pl. אֵימִים Je 50:38; אֵמִים Jb 20:25; אֵימוֹת ψ 55:5; sf. אֵמֶיךָ ψ 88:16;—terror, dread (mostly poet.), inspired by י׳ Ex 15:16 (song in E ‖ פַּחַד) 23:27 (E) Dt 32:25 Jb 9:34; 13:21 cf. 33:7; 20:25 ψ 88:16 (‖ חֲרוֹנִים, בִּעוּתִים v 17); cf. Gn 15:12 אֵימָה חֲשֵׁכָה גְדֹלָה; occasioned by enemies Jos 2:9 Is 33:18 Ezr 3:3; by king Pr 20:2; cf. ψ 55:5 אֵימוֹת מָוֶת (‖ יִרְאָה, רַעַד, פַּלָּצוּת v 6); pred. of snorting of a war-horse Jb 39:20, of teeth of crocodile Jb 41:6; pl. fig. = idols (i.e. dreadful, shocking things) Je 50:38 (‖ פּסלים).
† אֵימִים n.pr.m.pl. Emim (terrors) ancient inhab. of Moab Gn 14:5 (הָאֵימִים); Dt 2:10 (הָאֵמ׳); v 11 (אֵמ׳).
I. [אַ֫יִן], מֵאַ֫יִן whence? v. sub אַי.
II. אַ֫יִן, אָ֑֫יִן cstr. אֵין subst. proposes nothing, nought (Moab. אן, As. iûnu).
1. †Is 40:23 הַנּוֹתֵן רוֹזְנִים לְאָ֑יִן who bringeth princes to nothing; †כְּאַיִן as nothing, ib. 40:17; 41:11, 12 Hg 2:3 ψ 39:6; almost (‖ כִּמְעַט) ψ 73:2; †מֵאַיִן of nothing Is 41:24.
2. cstr. אֵין, very freq. as particle of negation, is not, are not, was not, were not, etc. (corresp. to the affirm. יֵשׁ q.v. Similar in usage, though not etym. akin, are لَيْسَ, לַיִת, ܠܰܝܬ, አልቦ), proposes ‘there is nought of …’ sq. a subst. or a pron. suffix (אֵינֶנִּי [verbal form, Ges§ 100, 5; 152, 1 c], אֵינְךָ, אֵינֵךְ, אֵינֶנּוּ, אֵינֶנָּה, אֵינְכֶם, אֵינָם, also ψ 59:14 אֵינֵ֫מוֹ, 73:5 אֵינֵ֫ימוֹ): twice abnormally, in late Heb., a nom. אֵין אֲנִי, אֵין אֲנַחְנוּ Ne 4:17 (so sts. לַיִת, ܠܰܝܬ, NöM. p. 295); once, incorrectly, את Hg 2:17 (?). a. denying existence absolutely Is 44:6; 47:10 אֵין רֹאָנִי there is none that seeth me, lit. nought of one seeing me! אֵין עוֹד there is none else Dt 4:39 1 K 8:60 Is 45:5, 6, 18, 22. b. more commonly, in a limited sense, there is none here or at hand Ex 2:12 and he saw כִּי־אֵין אִישׁ that there was no man (sc. there), Nu 21:5; Gn 5:24 וְאֵינֶנּוּ and he was not (of Enoch’s disappearance from earth) 42:13 one (cas.pend. as oft.), he is not, v 36; oft. = is (or has) vanished Gn 37:30 1 K 20:40 Is 17:14 ψ 37:10; 39:14; 103:16 Jb 8:22; 24:24; 27:19. c. with the sense determined by a predic. following: Gn 37:29 Joseph was not in the pit, 41:39 + often; Ex 5:10 אֵינֶנִּי נֹתֵן לָכֶם תֶּבֶן I am not giving you straw; and so often with particip. where duration has to be expressed Gn 39:23 Dt 21:18 Is 1:15 Je 7:16, or intention Gn 20:7 אִם אֵינְךָ מֵשִׁיב דַּע … if thou art not restoring her, know, 43:5 Ex 8:17; 33:15 (idiomatically, after אם; v. Dr§ 137) Ju 12:3. Foll. once pleon. by יֵשׁ ψ 135:17. Treated as a mere part. of negation, אֵין may vary its position in the sentence, the subst. which should strictly stand in the genitive being not only separated from it by a little word, as בּוֹ Gn 37:24, לוֹ Ex 22:1, שָׁם Ex 12:30, גַּם ψ 14:3, etc., but even for emphasis prefixed to it, as Gn 19:31; 40:8 וּפֹתֵר אֵין אֹתוֹ 41:15 Ex 5:16 Ju 13:9; 14:6; 16:15; 19:1 (so MI 24): if however it be thus brought to the end of a sentence, or be disconnected with what follows, it stands in the absol. form, as Gn 2:5 ואדם אַיִן לעבד האדמה and man there was none to till the ground, Lv 26:37 וְרֹדֵף אָ֑יִן, Nu 20:5 2 K 19:3 Ho 13:4 Mi 7:2. d. sometimes the subj. has to be supplied from the context: thus (α) †1 S 9:4 and they passed through the land of Shaalim וָאַיִן and they (the asses) were not (lit. and nought!), especially after vbs. of waiting or seeking Is 59:11 ψ 69:21 Jb 3:9; Is 41:17 Ez 7:25 Pr 14:6; 13:4; 20:4. (β) †Ex 17:7 is י׳ in the midst of us אִם־אָֽיִן׃ or not? Nu 13:20. (γ) †Ju 4:20 וְאָמַרְתְּ אָֽיִן׃ then thou shalt say, There is not, 1 K 18:10 1 S 10:14. (δ) Gn 30:1 give me children, וְאִם־אַיִן and if not, I die, Ex 32:32 Ju 9:15, 20 2 S 17:6 (v. Dr) 2 K 2:10 Jb 33:33. e. with subj. not expressed, once (late), Dn 8:5 וְאֵין נוֹגֵעַ בָּאָרֶץ and (it) was not touching the earth. f. Ec 8:11, Jb 35:15 with the finite vb.; but rd. here כִּי אֵין פֹּקֵד (the usage of لَيْسَ, cited by De, does not justify the anomaly in Heb.) Je 38:5 the impf. may be due to the fact that no ptcp. of יָכֹל was in use, and a relat. must be tacitly supplied: ‘The king is not (one that) can do aught against you.’ On Ex 3:2 see Ges§ 52, 2 R. 6; Ew§ 169 d.
3. אֵין לְ׳, with subst., or pron., there is (was) not to … = … have, has, had, etc. not: Gn 11:30 אֵין לָהּ וָלָד she had no child, Nu 27:9 וְאִם־אֵין לוֹ בַּת and if he have no daughter + oft.; with a ptcp. Dt 22:27 Je 14:16; 30:17; 49:5; 50:32 ψ 142:5 La 1:2, 9, 17; Ex 22:2 אִם־אֵין לוֹ if he have nought, Dn 9:26 ואין לו and have nought (or none).
4. in circumst. clauses (Dr§ 164):—(a) Ex 21:11 she shall go out free אֵין כָּ֑סֶף without money, 22:9 אֵין רֹאֶה none seeing it, Nu 11:6 Is 47:1 Je 2:32 Ho 3:4; 7:11 ψ 32:9; 88:5 +. (b) Dt 32:4 a God of faithfulness וְאֵין עָוֶל and no iniquity, i.e. without iniquity, Je 5:21 Jo 1:6 ψ 104:25. (c) very oft., in such phrases as וְאֵין מַחֲרִיד with none to affright Lv 26:6 (12 textual); וְאֵין מְכַבֶּה Is 1:31 al.; וְאֵין מַצִּיל 5:29 ψ 7:3, etc. (Dr§ 159).
5. with inf. and ל׳, it is not to …: i.e. (α) like οὐκ ἔστιν, it is not possible to … (cf. sub יֵשׁ and לֹא), but hardly exc. in late Heb.; 2 Ch 20:6 וְאֵין עִמְּךָ לְהִתְיַצֵּב it is not possible to stand (in conflict) with thee, 22:9 Ezr 9:15 Ec 3:14 Est 4:2. Once without ל, ψ 40:6 אֵין עֲרֹךְ אֵלֶיךָ οὐκ ἔστι παραβάλλειν σοι. (β) there is no need to … 1 Ch 23:26 וְגַם לַלְוִיִּם אֵין־לָשֵׂאת for the Levites also there was no need to bear 2 Ch 5:11; 35:15 (v. Dr§ 202. 1).
6. with prefixes:— a. †בְּאֵין prop. in defect of:—(α) for want of, without—Pr 5:23 he will die בְּאֵין מוּסָר for lack of instruction, 11:14 בְּאֵין תַּחְבֻּלוֹת without guidance, 14:4; 15:22; 26:20; 29:18 Is 57:1 Ez 38:11; cf. בְּלֹא. (β) of time = when there was (were) not Pr 8:24(×2). b. †כְּאֵין Is 59:10 כְּאֵין עֵינַיִם poet. for כַּאֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ עֵינַיִם (cf. Ew§ 286 g Ges§ 152. 1 h). c. †לְאֵין (α) for לַאֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ Is 40:29; in late prose 2 Ch 14:10 Ne 8:10. (β) in the condition of not … (ל of state, v. sub ל) = without or so that not … (peculiar to Ch), 1 Ch 22:4 cedar trees לְאֵין מִסְפָּר without number, 2 Ch 14:12 and there fell of the Cushites לְאֵין־לָהֶם מִחְיָה so that they had none remaining alive, 20:25 לְאֵין מַשָּׂא so that there was no carrying away, 21:18 Ezr 9:14. (γ) עַד־לְאֵין (see עַד ל׳), 2 Ch 36:16 until there was no remedy (cf. עַד אֵין … ψ 40:13 Jb 5:9). d. מֵאֵין (α) (מִן causal) from lack of … Is 50:2 Je 7:32; 19:11 Ez 34:8. (β) (v. מִן 7 b) proposes away from there being no … (with אֵין pleon., cf. מִבְּלִי, and מִבְּלִי אֵין), i.e. so that not …, without, mostly epexegetical of some term expressing desolation: Is 5:9 Surely many houses shall be desolate מֵאֵין יוֹשֵׁב without inhabitant, 6:11 + oft. Je & Zp; Is 6:11 מֵאֵין אָדָם, Je 32:43 מֵאֵין אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה 33:10, 12 Ez 33:28; La 3:49. Once sq. inf. Mal 2:13 so that there is no regarding more. (γ) in Je 10:6, 7 מֵאֵין כָּמוֹךָ, מֵאֵין is supposed by some to = a strengthened אֵין, even none, none at all; but it is difficult to justify this expl. logically; and it is preferable to point מֵאַיִן כָּמוֹךָ whence is any like thee? cf. 30:7. (So Mich v. DrHbr ii.34–7.)
† אִין 1 S 21:9 וְאִין יֶשׁ־פֹּה … prob. irreg. for אֵין (so Ki Ges Ew§ 213 e, 286 h Ol 640 Sta§ 194 c) with יֵשׁ pleon. (as ψ 135:17); > dialect. = Aramaic ܐܻܝܢ, אִין num? (De, but v. DrSm ad loc.)
† אֵיפָה35, אֵפָה n.f. ephah (etym. dub., 𝔊 οιφι etc., cf. Copt. ôipi, Thes LagOr. ii. 2 & cit.)—א׳ Nu 5:15 +; אֵפָה Ex 16:36 +; cstr. אֵיפַת Lv 19:36 +;—ephah, a grain-measure.
1. a certain quantity of wheat, barley, etc. = ten omers (עֹמֶר) Ex 16:36 (cf. in measure of offerings Lv 5:11; 6:13 Nu 5:15; 28:5, all עֲשִׂירִית הָא׳; = 1/10 chomer (חֹמֶר) Ez 45:11 (= bath, בַּת, liqu. meas. q.v.) cf. Is 5:10; chiefly of offerings, v. supr. & 1 S 1:24 Ez 45:13(×2), 24(×3); 46:5(×2), 7(×3), 11(×3), 14; cf. Ju 6:19, but also of food 1 S 17:17 cf. Ru 2:17 & Is 5:10 supr.
2. receptacle or measure, holding an ephah, in proph. vision Zc 5:6, 7, 8, 9, 10; just measure אֵיפַת־צֶדֶק Lv 19:36 (‖ מֹאזְנֵי־צ׳, אַבְנֵי־צ׳, הִין צ׳) cf. Ez 45:10, 11; אֵיפָה שְׁלֵמָה וָצ׳ Dt 25:15 (‖ אֶבֶן שׁ׳ וָצ׳); of unjust measure אֵיפָה וְאֵיפָה Dt 25:14 Pr 20:10; הַקְטִין א׳ Am 8:5; אֵיפַת רָזוֹן Mi 6:10. (On the actual size of ephah, cf. בַּת).
אֵיפֹה v. sub אַי.
אישׁ, אושׁ (Stem assumed in Thes for אִישׁ; existence & mng. somewhat dub. Thes (Add) & most derive אִישׁ fr. [אִנְשְׁ] √אנשׁ (q.v.) In favour are pl. אֲנָשִׁים, fem. אִשָּׁה = [אִנְשָׁה], lack of proven √אישׁ, & lack of clear parallels for אישׁ in cogn. lang. Against the deriv. of אִישׁ fr. inš is the vocalization (ִי, and that fully written, not ֵ), maintained even with suff., the (rare) pl. אִישִׁים, the impossibility of deriving אִישׁ & אִשָּׁה fr. same √ (אִשָּׁה from انث), the existence of אֱנוֹשׁ as parallel form, and the (exceptional) parallel Aramaic איש (Inscr. of Carpentras), also Arabic إِيسَانٌ (cf. Frey) ‖ إِنْسٌ; MI, SI, Ph. אש are not decisive; Sab. has both אסם & אנסם; the former app. = אִישׁ, the latter אֱנוֹשׁ; but on former cf. DHMZK 1884, 360 & Sab.Denkm. 37. On the whole, probability seems to favour √אישׁ; Thes gave mng. be strong; DlHA 9, Pr 161 comp. As. išanu, strong (cf. DlW, p. 244), & n.pr. יְהוֹאָשׁ; cf. also PrätLOPh Feb. 1884; otherwise DHMl.c. & ZMG 1883, 330 & especially NöZMG 1886, 739–40 LagBN 68; cf. also Wetzst in DePsalmen, ed. 4, p. 888 al. v. also אנשׁ, אֱנוֹשׁ).
אִישׁ2166 n.m. man (= vir) (MI, SI, Ph. אש, perh. also Sab. אסם cf. Prät l.c., but DHMZMG 1883, 330)—א׳ abs. Gn 2:23 +; cstr. Gn 25:27 +; sf. אִישִׁי Gn 29:32 +, etc.; pl. אִישִׁים ψ 141:4 + 2 textual (Ph. אשם); usually אֲנָשִׁים Gn 12:20 +, fr. √ אנשׁ q.v.; cstr. אַנְשֵׁי Ju 6:27 +; sf. אֲנָשַׁי 1 S 23:12 etc.;—man, opp. woman Gn 2:23, 24 Lv 20:27 Nu 5:6 Dt 17:2f Jos 6:21; 8:25 Je 40:7, emph. on sexual distinction & relation Gn 19:8; 24:16; 38:25 Ex 22:15 Lv 15:16 (שִׁכְבַת זָ֑רַע) v 18 (וְאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁכַּב אִישׁ אֹתָהּ שׁ׳־ז׳) 20:10f Nu 5:13f Dt 22:22f Is 4:1 +; thence = husband, especially c. sf. Gn 3:6, 16; 16:3; 29:32, 34 Lv 21:7 Nu 30:7f Dt 28:56 Ju 13:6f Ru 1:3f 1 S 25:19 Je 29:6 Ez 16:45 +; fig. of י׳ as husb. of Isr. אִישִׁי Ho 2:18 (opp. בַּעְלִי); man as procreator, father Ec 6:3; of male child Gn 4:1 cf. זֶרַע אֲנָשִׁים 1 S 1:11, man, opp. beast Ex 11:7 Lv 20:15 (cf. אָדָם); cf. fig. ψ 22:7 but also of male of animals Gn 7:2(×2) (אִישׁ וְאִשְׁתּוֹ); man, opp. God Gn 32:29 Nu 23:19 לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב (‖ וּבֶן־אָדָם וְיִתְנֶחָ֑ם); Jb 9:32; 32:13 Ho 11:9 cf. Is 31:8 Jb 12:10 (רוּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִישׁ); hence in phrases to denote ordinary, customary, common שֵׁבֶט אֲנָשִׁים 2 S 7:14 (‖ נִגְעֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם); לֶחֶם אֲנָשִׁים Ez 24:17, 22 (cf. Is 8:1); אֲנָשִׁים Ez 24:17, 22 is textual error; We (ap. Sm) אֲנֻשִׁים; ToyHpt אוֹנִים (Ho 9:4). אַמַּת־אִישׁ Dt 3:11; but also contr. אָדָם ψ 49:3; 62:10; man, as valiant 1 S 4:9(×2) (וִהְיוּ לַאֲנָשִׁים) so 1 K 2:2 cf. 1 S 26:15; so אִישׁ חַיִל 31:12 2 S 24:9 1 K 1:42 +; also אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה Nu 31:49 Dt 2:14, 16 Jos 5:4, 6 +; even of י׳ Ex 15:3 יהוה אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה; oft. prefixed to other nouns in app. הא׳ אָדוֹן Gn 42:30, 33, א׳ שַׂר וְשֹׁפֵט Ex 2:14, א׳ כֹּהֵן Lv 21:9, א׳ סָרִיס Je 38:7; partic. bef. adj. gent. אִישׁ מִצְרִי Gn 39:1 Ex 2:11, 19 cf. Gn 37:28; 38:1, 2; 39:14 1 S 17:12; 30:11, 13 +; a man as resident in, or belonging to a place or people Nu 25:6 Ju 10:1 + (so Ph.); usually pl. אַנְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 S 7:11; 31:7(×2) cf. Jos 7:4, 5 +; also sg. coll. Dt 27:14 Jos 9:6, 7 Ju 20:11 1 S 11:8 (v. Dr) +; 2 S 10:6, 8 (א׳ טוֹב); (so MI 10. 13); men = retainers, followers, soldiers 1 S 18:27; 23:3f; 24:3; 25:13 + cf. Dt 33:8 sg. coll. v. Di; אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים man of God = proph. Dt 33:1 Jos 14:6 1 S 9:6f 1 K 12:22; 13:1f + (v. אלהים); in phrase sq. abstr. v. supr.; א׳ רִיב Ju 12:2 Je 15:10, א׳ שֵׂיבָה Dt 32:25, א׳ הַדָּמִים 2 S 16:7 cf. v. 8, א׳ הַבְּלִיַּעַל 2 S 16:7, א׳ מָוֶת 1 K 2:26, א׳ חָמָס ψ 140:12 Pr 3:31 +; sq. word of occupation, etc. א׳ שָׂדֶה Gn 25:27, א׳ הָאֲדָמָה Gn 9:20 (cf. Zc 13:5), א׳ הַבֵּנַיִם champion 1 S 17:4 (cf. Dr) v 23, א׳ בְּשֹׂרָה 2 S 18:20, אִישׁ עֲצָתוֹ his counsellor Is 40:13, cf. אִישׁ חֶרְמִי 1 K 20:42, א׳ רֵעִים Pr 18:24; oft. distrib. = each, every Gn 9:5; 10:5; 40:5(×2) Ex 12:3 +; incl. women Jb 42:11 1 Ch 16:3 וַיְחַלֵּק לְכָל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאִישׁ וְעַד אִשָּׁה לְאִישׁ כִּכַּר־לֶחֶם; of inanim. things 1 K 7:30, 36; also אִישׁ אִישׁ Ex 36:4 Nu 4:19, 49 Ez 14:4, 7 +; any one Ex 34:3(×2), 24 +; also אִישׁ אִישׁ Lv 15:2; 22:4, 18 +; of gods 2 K 18:33 = Is 36:18; one … another וְהִרְגוּ אִישׁ־אֶת־אָחִיו וְאִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ וְאִישׁ אֶת־קְרֹבוֹ Ex 32:27, אִישׁ … אָחִיו Dt 1:16 Mi 7:2 (v. אָח), אִישׁ … רֵעֵהוּ Gn 11:3, 7 + (v. רֵעַ) of inanimate things Gn 15:10.
† אִישׁ־בֹ֫שֶׁת n.pr.m. Ishbosheth (for אִישׁ בַּעַל man of Baal v. בֹּשֶׁת, בַּעַל & Diἡ βααλ MBAk, June 1881)
1. son of Saul, & king of Isr., with David as rival 2 S 2:8, 10, 12, 15; 3:8, 14, 15; 4:5, 8(×2), 12, also v 1, 2 𝔊 Dr cf. We; = אֶשְׁבָּ֑עַל 1 Ch 8:33; 9:39; cf. also
2. 2 S 23:8, where rd. אשׁבשׁת for ישׁב בשׁבת so 𝔊 We Dr; one of Dvd’s heroes; v. יָשָׁבְעָם 1 Ch 11:11; 27:2.
† אִישׁ הוֹד n.pr.m. (man of majesty) a man of Manasseh 1 Ch 7:18.
† אִישׁוֹן n.[m.] pupil of eye (cf. DlHA 9 PrätLOPh, Feb. 1884, but also Ar. إِنْسَانٌ العَيْنِ, & NöZMG 1886, 739)—א׳ all cstr.—א׳ עַיִן Dt 32:10 Pr 7:2; א׳ בַּת־עַיִן ψ 17:8 (in all, sim. of preciousness); = middle, midst of night בְּא׳ לַיְלָה וַאֲפֵלָה Pr 7:9; בְּא׳ חֹשֶׁךְ 20:20 Kt i.e. in deep darkness (Qr בֶּאֱשׁוּן v. Now).
אִישַׁי v. יִשַׁי.
אִיתוֹן Ez 40:15 Qr v. אתיון sub אתה.
אִיתַי, אִיתִיאֵל v. אֵת with.
אִיתָמָר v. אִי sub I. אוה.
אֵיתָן, אֵתָן v. יתן.
אַךְ159 adv. (perh. from the same demonstr. root found also in כִּי, כֹּה, כֵּן). 1. surely. 2. with a restrictive force, emphasizing what follows: a. in contrast to what precedes, howbeit; b. in contrast with other ideas generally, only.
1. asseverative, often introducing with emphasis the expression of a truth (or supposed truth) newly perceived, especially in colloquial language, surely, no doubt; Gn 26:9 אַךְ הִנֵּה אִשְׁתְּךָ הִוא of a surety, lo, she is thy wife! 29:14; 44:28 Ju 3:24; 20:39 1 S 16:6 surely the anointed of י׳ is before him! 25:21 Je 5:4 ψ 58:12; 73:1, 13; but also in other cases, though rarely, Is 34:14, 15 Zp 3:7 ψ 23:6; 139:11; 140:14 Jb 16:7; 18:21; & rather singularly Ex 12:15; 31:13 Lv 23:27, 39 (all P).
2. restrictive: a. in contrast to what precedes, howbeit, yet, but: Gn 9:4 howbeit, flesh with the life thereof … ye shall not eat, 20:12 Ex 21:21 Lv 21:23; 27:26 Nu 18:15, 17 2 S 3:13; Je 10:24 correct me, אַךְ בְּמִשְׁפָּט but with judgment, Jb 2:6; 13:15; sts. with an advers. force, as Is 14:15; 43:24; before an imper. (minimizing the request), Gn 23:13 only, if thou wilt, I pray thee, hear me! 27:13 Ju 10:15 1 S 18:17 1 K 17:13 al. So 1 S 8:9 אַךְ כִּי (v. כִּי 1 d; and cf. πλὴν ὅτι). b. in contrast to other ideas generally:—(α) Gn 7:23; 18:32 אַךְ הַפַּעַם only this once (so Ex 10:17 al.) 34:15 Ex 12:16 (note accents), 1 S 18:8 וְעוֹד לוֹ אַךְ הַמְּלוּכָה and there yet remains for him only the kingdom, 21:5 Isa 45:14 אַךְ בְּךָ אֵל only in thee is God! ψ 62:2 etc. Jb 14:22; ψ 37:8 fret not thyself אַךְ לְהָרֵעַ (which leadeth) only to do evil, Pr 11:24 he that withholdeth more than is meet אַךְ לְמַחְסוֹר (tendeth) only to penury, 14:23; 21:5; 22:16; (β) attaching itself closely to the foll. word (usually an adj., rarely a verb), only, i.e. exclusively, altogether, utterly Dt 16:15 and thou shalt be אַךְ שָׂמֵחַ altogether rejoicing, 28:29 (cf. v 33 רַק) Isa 16:7 אַךְ נְכָאִים utterly stricken, 19:11 Je 16:19 nought but lies, 32:30 Ho 12:12 Jb 19:13 אַךְ זָרוּ are wholly estranged (with play on אַכְזָר cruel). c. as an adv. of time (with inf. abs.), twice: Gn 27:30 אַךְ יָצֹא יָצָא יַעֲקֹב … וְעֵשָׂו בָּא only just (or scarcely) had Jacob gone out, … and (= when) Esau came in, Ju 7:19.—וְאַךְ thrice: Gn 9:5 and only (second limitation of v 3); Nu 22:20 but only; Jos 22:19 but howbeit.
Note. —In some passages the affirmative and restrictive senses agree equally with the context; and authorities read the Hebrew differently. Thus only = nought but, altogether, is adopted by Ges Ew Hi De in ψ 23:6; 62:10; 73:1, 13; by Ew Hi De in 39:6, 7 (Che surely); by Ges Ew De in 39:12 (but Hi Che surely); by Ew Hi in 73:18 (De Che surely); by Ges Hi De in 139:11 (Ew doch). Isa 45:14 Ges Ew Hi Di only; but De Che of a truth.
† אַכַּד n.pr.loc. Akkad Gn 10:10 וַתְּהִי רֵאשִׁית מַמְלַכְתּוֹ בָּבֶל וְאֶרֶךְ וְא׳ וְכַלְנֶה בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָֽר׃; name of a city in Northern (?) Babylonia; = Bab. Akkadi, mostly name of land or district, but also of city, v. Hilpr Freibrief Neb. I, col. ii, l. 50; location uncertain; on possible identif. or confusion with Agade (Agate, Agane?), city of Sargon I, cf. DlPa 198 & K 19 f. COT Gn 10:10 Tiele Gesch. i.76 f.
אַכְזָב, אַכְזִיב v. כזב.
אַכְזָר, אַכְזָרִי, אַכְזְרִיּוּת v. כזר.
אָכִישׁ n.pr.m. king of Gath 1 S 21:11, 12, 13, 15 + 15 textual 1 S 27–29 + 1 K 2:39, 40 (perh. cf. ܐܰܟܬܳܐ anger).
אָכַל806 vb. eat (Aramaic أَكَلَ, As. akâlu DlW, Aramaic אֲכַל, ܐܶܟܰܠ )—
Qal Pf. אָכַל Ex 34:28 +; אָֽכְלָה Nu 21:28 +, etc. Impf. יֹאכַל Gn 49:27 +; וַיֹּא֫כַל Gn 25:34 +; וַיֹּאכַ֑ל Gn 3:6 +; יֹאכֵ֑ל Lv 21:22 +; אֹכַל Gn 24:33 +; וָֽאֹכַ֫ל 27:33; וְאֹכֵ֑ל Is 44:19; וָֽאֹכֵל Gn 3:12, 13; 3 pl. יֹאכְלוּ Gn 32:33 +; יֹאכֵ֑לוּ Dt 18:8 +; etc. (for יוֹכְלוּ Ez 42:5 rd. יוצלו, יאצלו 𝔊 Ew Co); sf. יֹאכְלֶנּוּ Lv 7:6 +; תֹּאכַלְכֶם Is 33:11, etc., prob. also תְּאָכְלֵהוּ Jb 20:26, either as secondary form fr. תֹּא׳ (Ew§ 253 Di) or text. error (Ges§ 68. 1) > Pi., Thes KöI, 389; or Poʿel, Ki De MV; Imv. אֱכוֹל 1 K 18:41 +, etc.; Inf. abs. אָכוֹל Gn 2:16 +; cstr. אֲכֹל Nu 26:10 + 2 textual; לֶאֱכֹל Gn 24:33 +; לְאָכְלָה Je 12:9; Pt. אֹכֵל (אוֹכֵל) Gn 39:6 +, אֹכֶלֶת Ex 24:17 +, etc.— 1. eat, human subject Gn 3:11, 18 + oft.; mostly c. acc. Ex 16:35 +; also sq. מִן־ (eat of,—some of,—or from) Ex 34:15 Ru 2:14 +; sq. בְּ (eat of or at) Ex 12:43 f; abs. Dt 2:6 +; as act of worship Gn 31:54 (cf. 46:1) Ex 18:12; 24:11; 34:15 Dt 12:7, 18; 14:23, 26 Ju 9:27 +; of priests Ex 29:32 Lv 10:13 +; cf. אָכַל אֶל־הֶהָרִים Ez 18:6, 11, 15; 22:9 + 33:25 עַל־הַדָּם Co עַל־הֶהָרִים; (but RSRel. Sem.. i. 324 N would emend first 4 by last); eat up, finish eating Gn 43:2 (c. כלה) 1 K 13:28 +; אָכַל לֶחֶם = take a meal Gn 43:25 Ex 2:20 1 S 20:24 Je 41:1 +; so א׳ alone Gn 43:16 1 S 20:5 +; א׳ לֶחֶם = eat, get food Gn 3:19 2 K 4:8 +; Am 7:12 (i.e. spend one’s life) cf. Ec 5:16; לֹא א׳ ל׳ i.e. fast 1 S 28:20; 30:12 Ezr 10:6 cf. Dn 10:3; fig. א׳ אֶת־בְּשָׂרוֹ Ec 4:5 (i.e. waste away); eat words Je 15:16 (i.e. eagerly receive); of adultery, Pr 30:20 אָֽכְלָה וּמָֽחֲתָה פִּ֑יהָ וְאָֽמְרָה לֹא־פָעַלְתִּי אָֽוֶן׃; eat (taste) good fortune, א׳ בַּטּוֹבָה Jb 21:25; לְפִי אָכְלוֹ according to his eating, i.e. acc. to his needs in eating Ex 12:4; 16:16, 18 also v 21; cf. Jb 20:21 & sub אָכְלָה; אָכַל הַפְּרִי 2 K 19:29 Am 9:14, of peaceful enjoyment of results of labour; fig. of receiving consequences of action, good or bad Pr 1:31; 18:21 Ho 10:13 cf. וַיֹּאכַל גַּם־אָכוֹל אֶת־כַּסְפֵּנוּ Gn 31:15 i.e. he has reaped all the benefit, cf. Ho 7:9; fig. of mourner, אֵפֶר כַּלֶּחֶם אָכָ֑לְתִּי ψ 102:10 (cf. 80:6 Hiph., & As. akâl al âkul, bikîtum kurmatî = food I ate not, weeping (was) my refreshment HptASKT 166 f. Obv. l, 21, 22 ZimBP 34, 42); of gods, partaking of sacrifices Dt 32:38; fig. = destroy Dt 7:16 (cf. Nu 14:9); cf. Je 10:25; 30:16; 50:7 Ho 7:7. 2. of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour; Gn 37:20, 33; 40:17, 19 1 K 13:28; 14:11; 16:4; 21:23, 24 Ho 2:14 +; specif. of locusts Jo 1:4; 2:25 2 Ch 7:13 cf. Am 4:9; moth Jb 13:28; flies ψ 78:45; worms Dt 28:39; also Ez 19:3, 6 (of Isr. under fig. of lion), cf. Je 50:7, 17; 51:34; also Ho 13:8 (of י׳ under fig. of lion), Ez 22:25 (נֶפֶשׁ אָכָ֑לוּ, of false proph. under fig. of lion). 3. fig. of fire, devour, consume Lv 6:3 (sq. 2 acc. consume offering to ashes) Na 3:13 Is 5:24 (in sim.), partic. of fire fr. י׳ Lv 10:2; 16:25 Ju 9:15 f 1 K 18:38 2 K 1:10, 12, 14 2 Ch 7:1; cf. Am. 1:4, 7, 10, 12, 14; 2:2, 5; 5:6 +; Dt 5:22 of fire at Sinai; of י׳ as fire (in judgment) Dt 4:24 כִּי י׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵשׁ אֹכְלָה הוּא cf. Dt 9:3 Is 10:17 (‖ בּער) 30:27, 30; 33:14 (‖ מוֹקְדֵי עוֹלָם). 4. of sword, devour, slay Dt 32:42 2 S 2:26; 11:25; 18:8 Ho 11:6 Je 2:30 12:12; cf. of devastation of land Is 1:7 Je 8:16. 5. in genl. devour, consume, destroy (inanim. subj.) of drought Gn 31:40; of pestilence Ez 7:15; of forest 2 S 18:8; cf. Lv 26:38 וְאָֽכְלָה אֶתְכֶם אֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם; of הַבֹּשֶׁת Je 3:24 (v. בֹּשֶׁת). 6. fig. of oppression, devour the poor, etc. Pr 30:14 Hb 3:14 cf. ψ 14:4; of bitter enmity לֶאֱכֹל אֶת־בְּשָׂרִי ψ 27:2. (cf. Jb 19:22).
†Niph. Pf. וְנֶאֱכַל cons. Ex 22:5 Impf. יֵאָכֵל Gn 6:21 +; וַיֵּאָכֵ֫ל Nu 12:12 etc.; Inf. abs. הֵאָכֹל Lv 7:18; 19:7; Pt. f. נֶאֱכֶ֫לֶת Lv 11:47;— 1. be eaten by man Ex 12:46; 13:3, 7; 21:28; 29:34 Lv 6:9, 16, 19, 23; 7:6, 15, 16(×2), 18; 11:41; 19:6, 7, 23; 22:30 Nu 28:17 Ez 45:21; of custom, usage Gn 6:21 Ex 12:16 Dt 12:22 Jb 6:6; of permission to eat Lv 7:19; 11:13, 34, 47(×2); 17:13; c. neg. be uneatable Je 24:2, 3, 8; 29:17. 2. be devoured by fire, consumed Zp 1:18; 3:8 Zc 9:4 Ez 23:25. 3. be wasted, destroyed, of flesh Nu 12:12 Je 30:16.
Pu. Pf. אֻכְּלוּ be consumed with fire Ne 2:3, 13 cf. Na 1:10 (fig.); so Pt. אֻכָּל (= מְאֻכָּל Ew§ 169 d) Ex 3:2; by sword Is 1:20 תְּאֻכְּלוּ.
†Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. sf. הֶאֱכַלְתָּם ψ 80:6, וְהַאֲכַלְתִּ֫י Is 49:26; sf. וְהַאֲכַלְתִּיךָ cons. Is 58:14; הֶאֱכַלְתִּיךְ Ez 16:19; וְהַאֲכַלְתִּים cons. Je 19:9; Impf. sf. יַאֲכִלֵנוּ Nu 11:4, 18, etc.; 2 ms. js. תַּאֲכֵל Eze 3:3; 1 s. אוֹכִיל Ho 11:4(?); Imv. הַאֲכִילֵהוּ Pr 25:21. etc.; Inf. לִהָכִיל Ez 21:33 (but Co לההל); Pt. מַאֲכִיל Je 23:15, etc.;— 1. cause to eat, feed with, sq. 2 acc. subj. mostly י׳; Ex 16:32 Dt 8:3, 16 Ez 3:2 Je 19:9; abs. Ho 11:4; cf. Nu 11:4, 18; fig. Je 9:14; 23:15 Is 49:26; 58:14 Ez 16:19; also ψ 80:6 הֶאֱכַלְתָּם לֶחֶם דִּמְעָ֑ה (cf. 102:10 Qal supr.); sq. acc. pers. + מן ψ 81:17, but also subj. man Pr 25:21; 1 K 22:27 2 Ch 18:26 וְהַאֲכִלֻהוּ לֶהֶם לַ֫חַץ of prison fare; sq. acc. pers. only 2 Ch 28:15, cf. Ez 3:3. 2. cause to devour, obj. sword Ez 21:23 (but on text vid. Co).
אֹ֫כֶל40 n.m. Gn 41:36 food (Arabic أُكْلٌ, Aramaic אוּכְלָא, ܐܘܽܟܠܴܐ, As. akalu DlW, Eth. እክል )—א׳ abs. Gn 41:35 +; cstr. Gn 41:35, 48; sf. אָכְלֶ֑ךָ Lv 25:37; אָכְלוֹ Mal 1:12. etc.;—Hex mostly JED, not Ez.—food, food-supply, especially cereals of store in Egypt Gn 41:35(×2) + 12 textual Gn 41–44; 47:24 cf. 14:11 (JE); also Lv 11:34; 25:37 (P) Dt 2:6, 28 (D); נֶשֶׁךְ א׳ usury of food Dt 23:20 (D) (‖ נ׳ כֶּסֶף, etc.); לְעֵת הָאֹכֶל at meal-time Ru 2:14; †poet. 17 textual;—food ψ 107:18; of offerings Mal 1:12; partic. food Jb 12:11 (as tasted); 36:31 (as given by God) so ψ 145:15; א׳ לְהָשִׁיב נָ֑פֶשׁ La 1:11 cf. v 19; especially cereals Pr 13:23 Jo 1:16 Hb 3:17; but also flesh ψ 78:18, 30; of food (prey) of wild animals ψ 104:21 (‖ טרף)27; of prey of eagles Jb 9:26; 39:29; ravens 38:41.
† אָכְלָה17 n.f. food, eating (with some verbal force, cf. DrJPhl. xi.217) only P, & Ez always לְאָכְלָה,
1. especially in phr. like לָכֶם יִהְיֶה לְאָ׳ Gn 1:29; 6:21; 9:3 Lv 11:39; so 25:6 וְהָיְתָה שַׁבַּת הָאָרֶץ לָכֶם לְאָכְלָה; cf. נָתַן לְא׳ Gn 1:30 Ex 16:15.
2. devouring, by wild beasts, only fig. of ravaged people Ex 29:5 34:5, 8, 10; 39:4, cf. 35:12.
3. consuming, in fire Ez 15:4, 6, of fire-sacrifice of children 23:37; fig. of judgment of י׳ Ez 21:37; (cf. also inf. of אָכַל).
וְאֻכָֿל Pr 30:1 rd. וָאֵכֶל fr. I. כלה (v. אִיתִיאֵל).
† אֲכִילָה n.f. an eating, a meal 1 K 19:8 (on form v. BaNB 136).
† מַאֲכָל n.m. Ju 14:14 (f. Hb 1:16) food—מ׳ Gn 2:9 + 21 textual; cstr. מַאֲכַל Gn 40:7 + 3 textual; sf. מַאֲכָֽלְךָ Ez 4:10; מַאֲכָלוֹ Hb 1:16; מַאֲכָלָהּ Pr 6:8; מַאֲכַלְכֶם Dn 1:10—food, in genl. Gn 6:21 1 K 10:5 = 2 Ch 9:4 Hg 2:12; opp. drink Ezr 3:7 2 Ch 11:11 Dn 1:10; מַאֲכַל תַּאֲוָה Jb 33:20; fig. of peoples as fishes, food for Chaldeans Hb 1:16; appl. to fruit Gn 2:9; 3:6 (of tree טוֹב לְמ׳) cf. עֵץ־מ׳ Lv 19:23 Dt 20:20 Ne 9:25 Ez 47:12(×2); appl. to דָּגָן Is 62:8 appl.; to honey Ju 14:14; to flour 1 Ch 12:40(41), appos. קֶמַח; to food of ants Pr 6:8 (‖ לָחֶם); to baker’s work Gn 40:17 cf. Ez 4:10; appl. to carcasses, as food for beasts & birds of prey Dt 28:26 ψ 79:2 cf. 44:12 (צֹאן מ׳, sim. of suffering people) Je 7:33; 16:4; 19:7; 34:20 ψ 74:14.
† מַאֲכֶ֫לֶת n.f. knife (as cutting instrum., or instrument for dividing, making small, cf. S[iegfr.]ThLZ Nov. 17, ’83) Ju 19:29; מַאֲכֶ֑לֶת Gn 22:6, 10, pl. מַאֲכָלוֹת Pr 30:14.
† מַאֲכֹ֫לֶת n.f. fuel cstr., only מַא׳ אֵשׁ Is 9:4, 18.
† מַכֹּ֫לֶת n.f. food-stuff, consisting in חִטִּים, 1 K 5:25 (on form v. Bö§ 415 Sta§ 112 a. 2) so read also ‖ 2 Ch 2:9 (MT מַכּוֹת).
† אָכֵן (perh. from אַךְ; cf. Aramaic דֵּךְ & דִּכֵּן) adv. with strong asseverative force:
a. surely, truly, especially at beginning of a speech (stronger & more decided than אַךְ) Gn 28:16 Ex 2:14 1 S 15:32 Is 40:7; 45:15 Je 3:23(×2); 4:10; 8:8. In 1 K 11:2 אָכֵן stands unusually; and פֶּן־ (cf. 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 should prob. be read (so Klo).
b. emphasizing a contrast, but indeed, but in fact, especially after אָמַרְתִּי I said or thought, expressing the reality, in opp. to what had been wrongly imagined, Is 49:4b (opp. to v 4a) 53:4 (opp. to v 3 end) Je 3:20 (opp. to the expectation v 19b) Zp 3:7b ψ 31:23b (opp. to v 23a) 66:19 82:7 (opp. to v 6) Jb 32:8 (opp. to v 7).
† אָכַף vb. press, urge (Mish. id., Aramaic ܐܶܟܰܦ be urgent, cf. ܐܘܽܟܦܳܐ, Ar. إِكَافٌ saddle);—
Qal Pf. Pr 16:26 א׳ עָלָיו פִּ֑יהוּ (‖ נֶפֶשׁ עָמֵל עָֽמְלָה לוֹ) i.e. his hunger impels him to work.
† [אֶ֫כֶף] n.m. pressure, sf. אַכְפִּי Jb 33:7 (𝔊 al. rd. כַּפִּי cf. 13:21, but cf. Di).
אכר (Ar. أَكَرَ dig, till the ground).
† אִכָּר n.m. Jo 1:11 ploughman, husbandman (Ar. أَكَّارٌ, Aramaic ܐܰܟܳܪܳܐ, אִיכָּרָא, cf. Mish.) א׳ sg. abs. Je 51:23 (+ וְצִמְדּוֹ) Am 5:16; pl. אִכָּרִים Je 14:4; 31:24(23) (‖ וְנָֽסְעוּ בָעֵדֶר) 2 Ch 26:10 (‖ כֹּרְמִים) Jo 1:11 (‖ id.), אִכָּרֵיכֶם Is 61:5 (‖ id.)
אַכְשָׁף v. II כשף.
I. אַל (= اَلْ, Ar. article, preserved perh. in following words derived by Hebrews from (or through) Arabic-speaking tribes; cf. Eng. algebra, Alhambra, alkali, alcohol, alcove, etc.)
† אֶלְגָּבִישׁ n.[m.] hail (= Ar. أَلْجِبْسُ gypsum; cf. sub גבשׁ) אַבְנֵי א׳ Ez 13:11, 13; 38:22.
† אַלְגּוּמִים n.[m.] pl. a tree (foreign & obscure) alw. with עֲצֵי:—2 Ch 2:7 עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים בְּרוֹשִים וְאַ׳ (fr. Lebanon); עֲצֵי אַ׳ 2 Ch 9:10 (‖ אֶבֶן יְקָרָה; both fr. Ophir); cf. v 11. vid. foll.
† אַלְמֻגִּים n.[m.]pl. id. עֲצֵי אַלְמֻגִּים 1 K 10:11, 12 (fr. Ophir); ע׳ הָא׳ 1 K 10:12.
† אַלְמוֹדָד n.pr. of South-Ara. people (but prob. rd. אֵל (Sab., god) for אַל, cf. Di Gn 10:26, & GlSK ii. 280. 425. 435 God is loved) Gn 10:26 1 Ch 1:20.
† אַלְקוּם band of soldiers (= Ar. القَومُ, people; so E. Castle, Thes etc., cf. CheJob & Sol. 175; > text. error for אֱלֹהִים Hi cf. Now) Pr 30:31.
† אֶלְתּוֹלַד n.pr.loc. (cf. תּוֹלַד sub ילד) city in southern Judah Jos 15:30; 19:4; cf. also תּוֹלָ֑ד (q.v.) 1 Ch 4:29.
II. אַל adv. of negation (so Ph. e.g. CIS i.3,4.5.8, Bi Aramaic, Sab. (DHMZMG 1875, 596), and in the Eth. አልቦ albo, is not), denying however, not objectively as a fact (like לֹא, οὐ), but subjectively as a wish (like μή), expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition:
a. (a) with a verb, which is then always an impf. (never an imperative), by preference in the cohort. or jussive mood, where this is in use, and may be of any person or number; Gn 15:1 and often אַל־תִּירָא fear not! 22:12 אַל־תִּשְׁלַח יָֽדְךָ put not forth thy hand, 37:27 וְיָדֵנוּ אַל־תְּהִי־בוֹ and let not our hand be upon him, 21:16 אַל־אֶרְאֶה let me not look upon the death of the lad! ψ 25:2 אַל־אֵבוֹשָׁה let me not be ashamed; with 1 pl. (rare) 2 S 13:25 Je 18:18 Jon 1:14. In an imprecation: Gn 49:4 אַל־תּוֹתַר have not thou the excellency! ψ 109:12 Jb 3:4, 6. Sometimes strengthened by נָא: Gn 13:8 18:3 al. (b) without a verb, (α) 2 S 1:21 let (there be) not dew & not rain upon you! Is 62:6 ψ 83:2. (β) used absol., in deprecation Gn 19:18 2 S 13:16 (v. sub אוֹדָה) 2 K 3:13; 4:16; 6:27 (v. RVm: but possibly to be expl. by Dr§ 152 iii; so Th Ke: hardly as Ew§ 355b) Ru 1:13 אַל בְּנֹתַי Nay, my daughters, cf. Ju 19:23; (γ) after a preceding imper. Am 5:14 Jo 2:13 Pr 8:10, a juss. 27:2, an inf. abs. 17:12. (c) in poetry אַל sometimes expresses vividly the emotion or sympathy of the poet (v. Dr§ 56–8); Is 2:9 וְאַל־תִּשָּׂא לָהֶם and forgive them not! (with a touch of passion), ψ 41:3 Pr 3:25 Jb 5:22; ψ 34:6 (but 𝔊 𝔖 Ew Che here rd. וּפְנֵיכֶם, prob. rightly); 50:3a may our God come וְאַל־יֶ֫חֱרָ֥שׁ and not be silent! (the psalmist identifying himself with a spectator of the scene v 2, 3b–c) 121:3 (contrast v 4 לֹא) Je 46:6 +.,
b. once Pr 12:28 joined closely to a subst. (cf. לֹא 2b): In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway thereof אַל־מָוֶת there is no-death!; but error for אֶל־ ‘unto’ Capp 𝔊 𝔙 𝔗 𝔅.
c. once Jb 24:25 used poet. as a subst., And bring my words לְאַל to nought!—N.B. 1 S 27:10 אַל־פְּשַׁטְתֶּם הַיּוֹם, אַל with the pf. is against all analogy; and either אֶל־מִי (with 𝔊 𝔙), or better אָן whither? (with 𝔖 𝔗: v. 1 S 10:14) must be read.
אֵל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), poet. אֱלֵי (cf. עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (†3:22; 5:26; 15:22; 29:19), with suff. אֵלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֵלַיִךְ, etc. אֵלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 textual) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often), once אֵלֵימוֹ ψ 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Ex 1:19 (Ar. إِلَى ), prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).
1. of motion to or unto a person or place Gn 2:19, 22; 3,19; 8:9; 14:22; 16;9 etc., after every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא, etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though ל is here more common) Gn 21:14; 35:4 Dt 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Gn 37:36, etc. Metaph. Je 2:19 וְלֹאפַחְדָּתִי אֵלַיִךְ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (cf. Jb 31:23).—Peculiarly Gn 6:16 אֶל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc. And metaph. in the phrase אֶל־(אֱלֵי־)גִּיל unto exultation †Ho 9:1 Jb 3:22. Once, exceptionally (si vera l.) = even: Jb 5:5 וְאֶל־מִצִּנִּים יִקָּחֵהוּ and even out of thorns he taketh it. Sometimes pregnant, as Is 66:17 Je 41:7 זָנָה אֶל commit whoredom (by going) to Nu 25:1 Ez 16:26, 28, 29; דָּרַשׁ אֶל seek (by resorting) to one (sc. for oracles) Dt 18:11 Is 8:19; 11:10 +; חָבַר אֶל join together (& come) unto Gn 14:3; הִשְׁכִּים אֶל rise early (and go) to 19:27; 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֶל made to kneel down at; 47:18 תַּם אֶל i.e. has been made over to; פָּחַד אֶל to come in fear to Hos 3:5 Mi 7:17. Opp. is מִן, as מִן־הַקָּצֶה אֶל־הַקָּצֶה from end to end Ex 26:28; מִפֶּה אֶל־פֶּה Ezr 9:11 (syn. 2 K 21:16 פֶּה לָפֶה). And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֶל־עֵת †1 Ch 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֶל־יוֹם †Nu 30:15 (P) 1 Ch 16:23 (in the ‖ ψ 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).
2. Where the limit is actually entered, into, Gn 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark 7:1; 19:3; 41:21; 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיךְ) 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֶל־בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Ex 28:30 (Lv 8:8) Dt 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Gn 23:19; 25:9; 49:29; שָׂחַט to squeeze 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Nu 5:23, etc.; metaph. Gn 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׂם אֶל־לֵב, הֵשִׁיב to place, bring into (= lay to) heart Dt 4:39 2 S 19:20 al. In connexion with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 S 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֶל־הַכֵּלִים in among the baggage, Je 4:3 sow not אֶל־קֹצִים in among thorns.
3. Of direction towards anything: (a) of physical acts or states, as Gn 30:40 נָתַן פְּנֵי הַצֹּאן אֶל, 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֶל, Ex 25:20, Nu 6:26 נָשָׂא פָנָיו אֶל (2 K 9:32 differently), 24:1 שָׁת פָּנָיו אֶל, Jos 8:18 ψ 28:2 1 K 8:29, 30 (to pray towards) v 38; pregn. חָרַד אֶל to tremble (turning) to Gn 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֶל to wonder (turning) towards Gn 43:33; Is 13:8, פָּחַד אֶל Je 36:16: without a vb. פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים face to face Gn 32:31 +; פֶּה אֶל־פֶּה Nu 12:8; כִּי־אֵינֶנּוּ אֵלַי Gn 31:5 the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; עֵינֵי י׳ אֶל־פ׳ the eyes of י׳ are towards … ψ 34:16 (cf. 33:18). (b) with words such as אָמַר to say to Gn 3:1 + often, דִּבֶּר 8:15 + often, קָרָא 19:5, הִחְפַּלֵּל 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to 12:15 (cf. Ez 13:19 חִלֵּל אֶל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר 40:14. (c) with words expressing the direction of the mind, as קִוָּה to wait ψ 27:14 +; יִחַל to hope Is 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֶל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Dt 24:15 ψ 25:1; שָׂם לֵב אֶל, שָׁת to set the heart (mind) to Ex 9:21 al.; לָמַד אֶל to accustom oneself to Je 10:2; חָרַד אֶל to shew thought for 2 K 4:13; Gn 43:30; Dt 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוֹת אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, La 4:17; Is 63:15 2 S 3:8 1 K 14:13 ψ 40:6; alone, as predic., directed or disposed towards, Gn 3:16; 4:7 2 K 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Ho 3:3 וְגַם־אֲנִי אֵלָֽיִךְ׃ Ez 36:9 Ho 2:17 Je 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֶל).
4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against: Gn 4:8 וַיָּקָם ק׳ אֶל־הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 S 24:8) 22:12 Ex 14:5 Nu 32:14; with נִקְבַּץ Jos 10:6, הָלַךְ Ju 1:10; 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Gn 42:21 Ju 9:57 1 S 2:34 1 K 14:10 +; Is 2:4; 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֶל־י׳ 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֶל) Ho 7:15 (cf. Na 1:9) 12:5 וַיָּשַׂר אֶל־מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in partic. the phrace הִנְנִי אֶל … Behold I am against (thee, you etc.) †Na 2:14; 3:5 Je 21:13 (23:30–32 על) 50:31; 51:25 Ez 13:8, 20; 21:8; 29:10; 30:22; 34:10; 35:3; 38:3; 39:1 (5:8; 26:3; 28:22; 29:3 על: on 36:9 v. supr.)
5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to, as Lv 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֶל אֲחוֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Jos 13:22 (‖ Nu 31:8 על; 1 S 14:34 to eat אֶל־הַדָּם together with the blood (v 32 & generally עַל); 1 K 10:7 הוֹסִיף אֶל (generally עַל); Je 25:26; Ez 7:26 שְׁמוּעָה אֶל שְׁמוּעָה (‖ על); 44:7; La 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֶל־כַּפָּ֑יִם our hearts together with the hands (cf. إِلَى, Qor 4:2; WAG ii. § 51 c). 6. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of: thus הִתְאַבֵּל to mourn concerning 1 S 15:35; הִנָּחֵם to repent as regards 2 S 24:16; דָּרַשׁ to inquire 1 K 14:5; הִתְפַּלֵּל to pray with regard to 1 S 1:27 2 K 19:20 Is 37:21; צָעַק to cry 2 K 8:3 (v 5 על); נֶעֱצַב be pained 1 S 20:34; נִחַם to comfort 2 S 10:2; more gen. 1 K 16:13; 21:22; אֶל־נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one’s life 1 K 19:3 2 K 7:7 (Gn 19:17 על). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר Gn 20:2 Is 29:22; 37:33 +; דִּבֶּר 2 S 7:19 Je 40:16b; סִפֵּר ψ 2:7; 69:27; צִוָּה Is 23:11; שָׁמַע Ez 19:4; הַשְּׁמוּעָה אֶל the report regarding … 1 S 4:19. (Not freq., except in the case of אָמַר.) 7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare): אֶל־פִּי … according to the command of, Jos 15:13; 17:4: 21:3 (generally עַל־פִּי); אֶל־נָכוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty †1 S 23:23; 26:4 (v. Dr): perhaps ψ 5:1; 80:1 (45:1 עַל). 8. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (cf. 1, Gn 24:11), as Jos 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֶל־מֵי מֵרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 S 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 S 2:23 al. and smote him אֶל־הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Dt 33:28 Ex 29:12 Lv 4:7; but also in other cases, as Jos 5:3 and he circucmcised the Israelites אֶל against, at the hill of the foreskins, 22:11 have built an altar אֶל־גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Ju 12:6 2 S 3:32, 14:30 & 18:4 אֶל־יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 K 13:20 as they were sitting אֶל־הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 K 11:14 אֶל־הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Je 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., 46:10 אֶל־נְהַר פְּרָת by the Euphrates, Ez 3:15; 11:11; 17:8; 31:7; 40:18; 43:3; 47:7; 48:12. 9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to: thus אֶל־אַחֲרֵי 2 S 5:23 2 K 9:18, 19 סֹב אֶל־אַחֲרַי turn to behind me, Zc 6:6 (where אֶל is pleon., prob. due to clerical error; note יצא אל before & after); אֶל־בֵּין in between Ez 31:10, 14; אֵל־בֵּינוֹת similarly Ez 10:2; אֶל־מִבֵּית לְ׳ to (the part) within (v. sub בַּיִת), in within Lv 16:15, 2 K 11:15 ‖ have her forth in within the ranks; אֶל־מוּל v. מוּל; אֶל־מִנֶּגֶב לְ׳ unto the south of Jos 15:3; אֶל־מִחוּץ לְ׳ to the outside of Lv 4:12, 21 +; אֶל־נֹכַח to the front of Nu 19:4; אֶל־תַּחַת Ju 6:19 1 K 8:6 al. (v. sub תַּחַת).
Note.1 —In Gn 20:13 אֶל־כָּל־הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה אִמְרִי־לִי וג׳; Nu 33:54 אֶל־אֲשֶׁר וג׳; Pr 17:8 (cf. Dt 16:6);—אֶל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֶל to be used instead of בְּ. In Ez 31:14 אֵלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אַיִל iii or iv (q.v.); if the word be taken as the pron. with suff. (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.
Note.2 —There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in S K Je Ez, to use אֶל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֶל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in acc. with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two preps. interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Jos 5:14 וַיִּפֹּל אֶל־פָּנָיו; 1 S 13:13 הֵכִין י׳ אֶת־מַמְלַכְתְּךָ אֶל־יִשְׂרָאֵל; 14:34 (v. sub 5); 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֶל־הָהָר (contr. עַל Dt 11:29); 19:16 2 S 6:3; 20:23 (contr. 8:16) 1 K 13:29 18:46 (contr. 2 K 3:15 על) Je 35:15 Ez 7:18. (b) Ju 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, v 39 let there be dryness on (אֶל) the fleece; 1 S 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, v 12 come up אֵלֵינוּ; 16:23 & 16; 16:13 & 18:10 צָלַח אֶל, 10:6 al. צָלַח עַל; 25:17 evil is determined אֶל־אֲדֹנֵינוּ וְעַל כָּל־בֵּיתוֹ; v 25; 27:10; 2 S 2:9 וַיַּמְלִכֵהוּ אֶל … וְאֶל … וְאֶל … וְעַל … וְעַל … וְעֶל; 3:29 יָחֻלוּ עַל … וְאֶל …; 2 K 8:3 & 5; 9:6 & 3; Je 19:15; 25:2; 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֶל־הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; 27:19; 28:8; 33:14; 34:7; 36:31; 37:13, 14 Ez 2:6; 18:6, 11 & 15; 21:12 etc. ψ 79:6 (Je 10:25) על twice). It is prob. that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֶל, or even in juxtaposition with אֶל, as 1 S 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (v 26 אֶל); v 13; 25:25 אֶל … עַל; 1 K 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל־בֵּיתוֹ (21:4 אֶל); Is 22:15 Je 11:2; 23:35; 31:12(11). Cf. DrSm i. 13(×2); ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.
† אֶלְיְהוֹעֵינַי n.pr.m. (unto י׳ are mine eyes)
1. a Korahite 1 Ch 26:3.
2. a returning exile Ezr 8:4.
† אֶלְיוֹעֵינַי n.pr.m. (id.)
1. a descendant of David 1 Ch 3:23, 24.
2. a Simeonite אֶלְיוֹעֵנַי 1 Ch 4:36.
3. a Benjamite (id.) 7:8.
4. priests in time of Ezra (a) Ezr 10:22; (b) 10:27 (אֶלְיוֹעֵנַי); (c) Ne 12:41.
† I. אֵל pr.pl.m. & f. = the more usual אֵלָּה, these 1 Ch 20:8; with art. הָאֵל Gn 19:8, 25; 26:3, 4 Lv 18:27 Dt 4:42; 7:22; 19:11. (Merely an orthogr. variation of אֵלָּה, and doubtless pronounced similarly; the kindred dialects have in genl. a dissyllabic form: v. sub אֵלֶּה. Written similarly in Ph., e.g. CIS 3:22; 14:5; 93:3 (האל), but ZMG1875, 240 (Neo-Punic) אלא; in Plaut. Poen. v. 1. 9 transliterated ily; Schroed.Ph. Gr. p. 81, 160, 286 ff.)
אֵ֫לֶּה (أُولَى, እሉ: እላ: Rabb. אֵלּוּ, Aramaic אִלֵּין, & compd. with ܗܳܐ and ܐܰܝ in ܗܳܠܶܝܢ, ܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ) pr.pl.m. & f. these, in usage the pl. of זֶה.
a. Gn 2:4 & often: in appos. to a subst. with a pron. suff. (always without the art.) Ex 9:14 (read with Hi. אֵלֶּה בְּךָ for אֶל־לִבֵּךָ) 10:1 אֹתֹתַי אֵלֶּה these my signs, 11:8 Dt 11:18 1 K 8:59; 10:8; 22:23 2 K 1:13 Je 31:21 Ezr 2:65 Ne 6:14; in the genit. 2 K 6:20 Is 47:9 Dt 18:12 ψ 15:5; and after כל Gn 14:3 + often Standing alone in a neuter sense, these things (rare in best prose, & not very common in poetry), with עָשָׂה Dt 18:12; 22:5; 25:16 2 S 23:17, 22 ψ 15:5 +; with other vbs. Ezr 9:1 Is 44:21; 47:7 Je 13:22 Ho 14:10 ψ 42:5; 50:21; 107:43 Jb 8:2; with אֶת־ Nu 15:13 Is 48:14; with כָּל־ Ju 13:23 Is 66:2 +; v. also some of the cases with preps. sub d. אלה may point indifferently to what follows, Gn 6:9; 10:1; 25:7, 12, 13 ψ 42:5; or to what has preceded, Gn 9:19; 10:20, 31, 32; 25:4 Lv 21:14; 22:22 ψ 15:5; = such as these (τοιαῦτα), ψ 73:12 Jb 18:21.
b. repeated, אלה … ואלה, these … those Dt 27:12, 13 Jos 8:22 Is 49:12 (3 times) ψ 20:8 +.
c. with art. (only after a subst. determined by art. (except Gn 21:29 Jos 17:9 עָרִים הָאֵלֶּה read הֶעָרִים, cf. 17:12; 19:8, 16, 31, 48, etc. Ez 42:9)) הָאֵלֶּה Gn 15:1 +.
d. with preps.: בְּאֵלָּה Lv 25:54; 26:23 1 K 22:11 (7 times), בָּאֵלֶּה †1 S 16:10; 17:39; לְאֵלֶּה Lv 11:24 (4 times), לָאֵלֶּה 1 K 22:17 (5 times); מֵאֵלֶּה Gn 9:19 (16 times); עַד אֵלֶּה Lv 26:18; עַל־אֵלָּה on account of these things Is 57:6; 64:11 Je 5:9 al.; כְּאֵלֶּה †Jb 16:2 Je 10:16 = 51:19, כָּאֵלֶּה †Gn 27:46 Lv 10:19 (things like these, so Is 66:8 Je 18:13) Nu 28:24 P (cf. Ez 45:25) 2 K 25:17 = Je 52:22, כְּמוֹ־אֵלֶּה †Jb 12:3.
II. אֵל god, אֶלְדָּד,, אֶלְדָּעָה etc. v. I. אלה.
† אֵלָא n.pr.m. father of an officer of Solomon 1 K 4:18 (= ii. אֵלָה terebinth?).
I. אלה (assumed as √ of אֵל, (אֱלוֹהַּ) אֱלֹהִים god, God, but question intricate, & conclusions dub. It is uncertain whether אֵל & אֱלֹהִים are from the same √. Following are the chief theories: 1. a. Thes makes אֵל & אֱלֹהִים distinct, and both really primitive, but associates אֵל in treatment with אֵל strong, Pt. of √אול; strong, according to Thes, being derived from meaning be in front of; (different order in Lex. Man., RobGes); b. אֵל & אֱלֹהִים distinct; former from אול strong; latter pl. of אֱלֹהַּ from √[אלהּ] = أَلِهَ (وَلِهَ) go to and fro in perplexity or fear, hence אֱלֹהַּ fear & object of fear, reverence, revered one; أَلِهَ إِلَى = פחד אל trepide confugere ad Ho 3:5; אלהים = פחד Gn 31:42 = מוֹרָא Is 8:13 DeGn 1887, 48 (cf. σἐβασμα, postB. Heb. יִרְאָה NHWB; Aramaic דַּחֲלָא CWB); so De following Fl in DeGn ed. 4, 57, cf. MV. 2. אֵל & אֱלֹהִים possibly connected; אֵל = leader, lord, from √ אול be in front; so Nömbak 1880, 760 f; sbak 1882, 1175 f. 3. a. אֵל & אֱלֹהִים connected, & both from a √ אלה (= אלהּ) to which is assigned meaning strong; so Ew§ 146 d, 178 b (v. also Jahrbücher d. bibl. Wiss. x. 11, Bibl. Theol. ii. 330); b. אֵל from √אלה strong (not אלהּ), & אֱלֹהִים expanded from אֵל, cf. pl. אֲמָהוֹת from אמה etc.; so Di on Gn 1:1; he supports meaning strong by ref. to phrase יֵשׁ לְאֵל יָדִי Gn 31:29 al.; c. similarly, אֵל, being very early & common Shemitic word, formed pl. אלהים, fr. which sing. אֱלוֹהַּ was afterwards inferred, NesTheol. Stud. a. Württ., 1882, 243 (criticized by NöSBA l.c.). 4. אֵל (אֱלוֹהַּ, אֱלֹהִים disregarded) from √אלה stretch out to, reach after (cf. prep. אֶל, אֱלֵי, also אָלָה swear), God as the one whom men strive to reach, ‘das Ziel aller Menschensehnsucht und alles Menschenstrebens,’ LagOr. ii. 3; GN 1882, 173 = M 96.—Cf. SpurrellHeb. Text of Gn., App. ii, where all these views are stated somewhat more fully, & briefly criticized; on the use of אֵל & אֱלֹהַּ in Shemitic languages vid., exhaustively, Nömbak, sbak, l.c.).
II. אֵל n.m. (also, in n.pr. אֶל, אֱלִי; Sam. אל, Ph. אל, אלן (i.e. prob. אֵלֹן), Sab. אל, DHM Or. Congr. Leiden, 1883, As. ilu, DlW; perhaps also Arabic, Aramaic. cf. Nöl.c.; on goddess אלת Ph. Palm. Nab. Sab. (also אלהת) DHMl.c., Arabic إِلَاهَة) (pl. إِلَاهَات) FlKl.Schr. i. 154, Assyrian Allatu Jr 66, Syriac ܐܰܠܳܗܳܬܳܐ,, cf. also BaeRel 58, 90, 97, 271, 297) god, but with various subordinate applications to express idea of might;—hardly ever in prose except with defining word (adj. or gen.); its only suff. is ִי;—
†1. applied to men of might and rank, אֵל גוים mighty one of the nations Ez 31:11 (of Neb.; 𝔊 ἂρχων ἒθνων, איל some mss. Co); אֵלִים mighty men Jb 41:17 (אילים, many mss. Di); אֵלֵי גִבּוֹרִים mighty heroes Ez 32:21 (אֵילֵי mss. Co); אֵילֵי הָאָרֶץ Ez 17:13 2 K 24:15 (Kt אולי); אֵילִים Ex 15:15 (prob. pl. of iii. אַיִל, q.v.) These readings are uncertain because of an effort to distinguish these forms from the divine name. אֵל גִּבּוֹר mighty hero (as above) or divine hero (as reflecting the divine majesty) Is 9:5.
†2. angels, בְּנֵי אֵלִים ψ 29:1; 89:7 = בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים.
3. gods of the nations, אֵל אֵלִים God of gods, supreme God Dn 11:36; מִי כָמֹכָה בָּאֵלִם who is like thee among the gods Ex 15:11; idols Is 43:10; 44:10, 15, 17; 46:6; מי אל בשמים what God in heaven Dt 3:24; אִל אחר another god Ex 34:14 (J); אֵל זר foreign god ψ 44:21; 81:10; אל נכר Dt 32:12 Mal 2:11 ψ 81:10.
†4. Ēl n.pr. אל ברית Ēl Berith Ju 9:46 (= בעל ברית Ju 8:33; 9:4); בְּאֵר אֵלִים s. p. 91 b
†5. as characterizing mighty things in nature, הררי אל mighty mountains ψ 36:7 (lit. mountains of Ēl); also ψ 50:10 Ol Bi Che v. sub II. אלף; ארוי אל mighty cedars ψ 80:11; כוכבי אל lofty stars Is 14:13.
6. God217, the one only and true God of Israel: (a) הָאֵל the God, the true God Gn 31:13; 35:1, 3; 46:3 (E) 2 S 22:31, 33, 48 (= ψ 18:31, 33, 48) ψ 68:20, 21; 77:15; הָאֵל הַנֶּאֱמָן the faithful God Dt 7:9; האל הגדול the great God Dt 10:17 = Je 32:18 Dn 9:4 Ne 1:5; 9:32; האל הקדשׁ the holy God Is 5:16; האל יהוה the God Yahweh Is 42:5 ψ 85:9. †(b) אֵלִי my God Ex 15:2 (poet.) ψ 18:3; 22:2(×2), 11; 63:2; 68:25; 89:27; 102:25; 118:28; 140:7; Is 44:17. (c) cstr. אל בית אל the God of Bethel, who had his seat there Gn 35:7 (E); אל אביך God of thy father Gn 49:25 (poet.); אל ישראל ψ 68:36; אל יעקב ψ 146:5; אל השמים the God of heaven ψ 136:26; אל סלעי the God who is my rock ψ 42:10; אל שמחת גילי the God who is the joy of my exultation ψ 43:4; אֵל רֳאִי the God who lets himself be seen Gn 16:13 (J); אל הכבוד the God of glory ψ 29:3; אל דעות the all-knowing God 1 S 2:3 (poet.); אֵל עוֹלָם the everlasting God Gn 21:33 (J); אל ישועתי Is 12:2; אל חַיָּי֑ ψ 42:9; אל אמת ψ 31:6 = אל אֱמוּנָה Dt 32:4 (poet.); אל נקמות ψ 94:1(×2) אל גְּמֻלוֹת Je 51:56. (d) אל אֶחָד one God Mal 2:10; אל גדול a great God Dt 7:21 ψ 77:14; 95:3; אל מסתתר a God hiding himself Is 45:15; אל רחום a compassionate God Ex 34:6 (J) Dt 4:31 ψ 86:15; אל נשא a forgiving God ψ 99:8; אל חַנּוּן a gracious God Ne 9:31 Jon 4:2; אל קנא a jealous God Ex 20:5; 34:14 (J) Dt 4:24; 5:9; 6:15 Jos 24:19 (D) = אל קנוא Na 1:2; אֵל חי a living God Jos 3:10 (J) Ho 2:1 ψ 42:3; 84:3; אל צדיק Is 45:21; לא אֵל חפץ רשע ψ 5:5; לא אֵל Dt 32:21 (poet.) Is 31:3 Ez 28:2, 9; מי אל כמוךָ Mi 7:18 (cf. Ex 15:11). (e) God (the only true God, needing no article or predicate to define him) Nu 12:13 (E read אַל Di) always in poetry, Jb 5:8 + (55 times Jb), ψ 7:12; 10:11, 12; 16:1; 17:6; 19:2; 52:3, 7; 55:20; 57:3; 73:11, 17; 74:8; 77:10; 78:7, 8, 18, 19, 34, 41; 82:1; 83:2; 90:2; 104:21; 106:14, 21; 107:11; 118:27; 139:17, 23; 149:6; 150:1 Is 40:18; 43:12; 45:14, 20; 46:9 La 3:41 Ho 11:9; 12:1 Mal 1:9; עִמָּנוּאל God is with us, as name of child in prediction Is 7:14 cf. 8:8, 10.(f) Ēl, a divine name אל אלהי ישראל Gn 33:20 (E); אל אלהי הרוחת Nu 16:22 (P = יהוה אלהי חרוחת Nu 27:16); אל אלהים יהוה Jos 22:22 (P) ψ 50:1. This is probable also in the ancient poems, Nu 23:8, 19, 22, 23; 24:4, 8, 16, 23 (poet. Balaam ‖ שדּי & עליון) Dt 32:18; 33:26 (poet.) Moses ‖ צוּר & אֱלֹהֵי קֶדֶם) 2 S 22:32; 23:5 (poet. David ‖ צוּר) and in the combinations אל עליון (5 times; vid. עלאיון) & אל שדּי (10 times; vid. שַׁדַּי).
†7. אֵל strength, power (on connection with I. אָלָה cf. Di Gn 1:1; 31:29) in יֶשׁ־לְאֵל יָדִי it is according to the power of my hand = it is in my power, etc. Gn 31:29 (E; sq. לְ + Inf.); בִּהְיוֹת לְאֵל יָדְ֯יךָ Pr 3:27 (sq. id.); יֶשׁ־לְאֵל יָדָם Mi 2:1 (abs.); neg. וְאֵין לְאֵל יָדֶ֑ךָ Dt 28:32 (abs.) = thou shalt be powerless, so Ne 5:5.* v. also BrockZAW xxvi (1906), 29 ff. (meaning ‘might’ very dub.: renders belongs to the god of (my) hand, supposing phrase a survival, with orig. meaning forgotten, of ancient idea, found also among other nations, of spirits conferring powers upon particular members of body).
אֱלֹהַּ57 so Dt 32:17; לֶאֱלֹהַּ Dn 11:38 (vid. BD) sf. לֵאלֹהוֹ Hb 1:11; elsewhere אֱלוֹהַּ n.m. god, God. (Sam. id., Aramaic אֱלָהּ, ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ,, Arabic إِلٰهٌ, Sab. אלה DHMl.c.;—אֱלֹהַּ as found in Heb. prob. a sg. formed by inference from pl. אֱלֹהִים: cf. Nesl.c.)—
1. a heathen god, late usage; כָּל־אֱלוֹהַּ 2 Ch. 32:15 Dn 11:37; זוּ כחו לאלהו whose power is his god Hb 1:11 2 K 17:31 (but Qr אֱלֹהֵי), אשר הביא אֱלוֹהַּ בְּיָדוֹ who doth bring God in his hand Jb 12:6 (Ew Di RVm, etc.)
2. God, used in ancient poems Dt 32:15, 17 ψ 18:32, and on their basis an archaism in later poetry Jb 3:4 + (41 times Jb), ψ 50:22; 114:7; 139:19 Pr 30:5 Is 44:8 Hb 3:3 Ne 9:17 (citing Ex 34:6 where אֵל is used).
אֱלֹהִים2570 n.m.pl. (f. 1 K 11:33; on number of occurrences of אֵל, אֱלוֹהַּ, אֱלֹהִים cf. also Nesl.c.)
1. pl. in number. †a. rulers, judges, either as divine representatives at sacred places or as reflecting divine majesty and power: האלהים Ex 21:6 (Onk 𝔖, but τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ 𝔊) 22:7, 8; אלהים 22:8, 27 (𝔗 Ra AE Ew RVm; but gods, 𝔊 Josephus Philo AV; God, Di RV; all Covt. code of E) cf. 1 S 2:25 v. Dr.; Ju 5:8 (Ew, but gods 𝔊; God 𝔖 BarHeb.; יהוה 𝔙 Be) ψ 82:1, 6 (De Ew Pe; but angels Bl Hup) 138:1 (𝔖 𝔗 Rab Ki De; but angels 𝔊 Calv; God, Ew; gods, Hup Pe Che). †b. divine ones, superhuman beings including God and angels ψ 8:6 (De Che Br; but angels 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Ew; God, RV and most moderns) Gn 1:27 (if with Philo 𝔗 Jer De Che we interpret נעשה as God’s consultation with angels; cf. Jb 38:7). †c. angels ψ 97:7 (𝔊 𝔖 Calv; but gods, Hup De Pe Che); cf. בני (ה)אלהים = (the) sons of God, or sons of gods = angels Jb 1:6; 2:1; 38:7 Gn 6:2, 4 (J; so 𝔊 Bks. of Enoch & Jubilees Philo Jude v 6; 2 Pet 2:4 JosAnt. i, 3, 1, most ancient fathers and modern critics; against usage are sons of princes, mighty men, Onk and Rab.; sons of God, the pious, Theod Chrys Jer Augustine Luther Calv Hengst; 𝔊L read οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ), cf. בני אלים. d. gods האלהים Ex 18:11; 22:19 (E) 1 S 4:3; 2 Ch 2:4 ψ 86:3; אלהי האלהים the God of gods, supreme God Dt 10:17 ψ 136:2; אלהים Ex 32:1, 23 (JE) Ju 9:13; אלהים אחרים other gods Ex 20:3; 23:13 Jos 24:2, 16 (E) Dt 31:18, 20 (JE) 5:7 + (17 times in D, not P) Ju 2:12, 17, 19; 10:13 1 S 8:8; 26:19 1 K 9:6, 9 (= 2 Ch 7:19, 22) 11:4, 10; 14:9 2 K 5:17; 17:35, 37, 38; 22:17 (= 2 Ch 34:25) 2 Ch 28:25 Je 1:16 + (18 times Je) Ho 3:1; אלהי (ה)נכר foreign gods Gn 35:2, 4 Jos 24:20, 23 (E) Dt 31:16 (JE) Ju 10:16 1 S 7:3 2 Ch 33:15 Je 5:19; א׳ נחור (v. 4 b); א׳ מצרים Ex 12:12 (P) Je 43:12, 13; א׳ האמרי Jos 24:15 (E) Ju 6:10; א׳ ארם etc. Ju 10:6; אלהים מעשה ידי Dt 4:28; א׳ הגוים gods of the nations 2 K 18:33; 19:12 Dt 29:17; 2 Ch 32:17, 19 Is 36:18; 37:12; א׳ העמים Dt 6:14; 13:8 Ju 2:12 ψ 96:5 1 Ch 5:25; 16:26; 2 Ch 32:13, 14; א׳ כסף Ex 20:23 (E); א׳ זהב Ex 20:23 (E) 32:31 (JE); א׳ מַסֵּכָה Ex 34:17 (J) Lv 19:4 (H).
2. Pl. intensive. a. god or goddess, always with sf. 1 S 5:7 (Dagon), Ju 11:24 (Chemosh), 1 K 18:24 (Baal), Ju 9:27 Dn 1:2(×2); or cstr. לעשתרת א׳ צדנים לכמוש א׳ מואב to Ashtoreth goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh god of Moab, etc. 1 K 11:33; א׳ הארץ god of the land 2 K 17:26(×2), 27, and so the Syrians suppose that Yahweh is a mountain-god and not a god of valleys 1 K 20:28. b. godlike one Ex 4:16 (J; Moses in relation to Aaron), Ex 7:1 (P; in relation to Pharaoh), 1 S 28:13 (the shade of Samuel), ψ 45:7 (the Messianic king, O God, 𝔊 𝔖 Jer, most scholars ancient and modern, but thy throne is God’s = God’s throne AE Ki Thes Ew Hup, cf. 1 Ch 28:5). c. works of God, or things specially belonging to him (vid. אֵל 5) הר אלהים ψ 68:16; Ez 28:14, 16; אש אלהים Jb 1:16; גן (ה)אלהים Ez 28:13; 31:8, 9. d. God (vid. 3 & 4).
3. הָאֱלֹהִים the (true) God, י׳ הוא האלהים Yahweh is (the) God Dt 4:35, 39; 7:9 1 K 8:60; 18:39(×2) 2 Ch 33:13 הוא האלהים 1 K 18:24 Is 45:18; י׳ האלהים Jos 22:34 (P?) 1 K 18:21; 2 Ch 32:16; אתה הוא האלהים 2 S 7:28; 1 K 18:37; 2 K 19:15; 1 Ch 17:26; Is 37:16; Ne 9:7; האלהים as subj. or obj. is used in E 33 times, Chr 38 times, Ec 31 times, Jon 5 times, elsewhere Gn 5:22, 24; 6:9, 11 (sources of P) 17:18 (P) Jos 22:34 (P?) Gn 44:16 (J) Dt 4:35, 39; 7:9; Ju 6:36, 39; 7:14; 10:14; 16:28; 21:2 1 S 10:3, 7; 14:36; 2 S 2:27; 6:7; 7:28; 12:16 1 K 8:60; 18:21, 24(×2), 37, 39(×2) 2 K 19:15 (Ephr) Jb 2:10 Je 11:12 Is 37:16; 45:18 ψ 108:14 Dn 1:9, 17; י׳ הא׳ הקדוש 1 S 6:20; י׳ הא׳ הגדול Ne 8:6; הא׳ אשר בירושלם Ezr 1:3; אדני האלהים Dn 9:3; in many phrases, as איש האלהים the man of God, acting under divine authority and influence: = (a) angel Ju 13:6, 8, (b) prophet (the term coming into use in the Northern kingdom in the age of Elijah 1 S 9:6–10, cf. אִישׁ הָרוּחַ Hos 9:7): of Moses Dt 33:1 Jos 14:6 (E) 1 Ch 23:14 2 Ch 30:16 Ezr 3:2 ψ 90:1; of Samuel 1 S 9:6–10; of David 2 Ch 8:14 Ne 12:24, 36; Shemaiah 1 K 12:22 (= 2 Ch 11:2); Elijah, Elisha, and others of their time 1 K 13:1–31; 17:18–24; 20:28 2 K 1:9–13; 4:7–42; 5:8–20; 6:6–15; 7:2, 17; 8:2–11; 13:19; 23:16–17 (Ephr.) 2 Ch 25:7, 9; unnamed prophet 1 S 2:27; Hanan Je 35:4; a later title of prophet was עֶבֶד האלהים the servant of God, used of Moses 1 Ch 6:34 2 Ch 24:9 Ne 10:30 Dn 9:11. בית האלהים the house of God, Ju 18:31, especially late, Chr (52 times) Ec 4:17 Dn 1:2; בית י׳ הא׳ 1 Ch 22:1; האלהים (ברית) ארון the ark (of the covenant) of God Ju 20:27 1 S 4–5. 14, 2 S 6–7. 15 (23 times) 1 Ch 13. 15. 16, 2 Ch 1:4 (13 times); מטה האלהים the rod of God Ex 4:20; 17:9 (E); הר האלהים the mount of God (Horeb) Ex 3:1; 4:27; 18:5; 24:13 (E) 1 K 19:8 (Ephr.); מלאך האלהים the (theophanic) angel of God Gn 31:11 Ex 14:19 (E) Ju 6:20; 13:6, 9 2 S 14:17, 20; 19:28; in other combinations Ex 18:16 Nu 23:27 (E) Ju 20:2 1 S 4:8; 5:11; 10:5 2 S 16:23 1 K 12:22 1 Ch 21:7 + ψ 87:3 Ec 9:1.
4. אֱלֹהִים = God י׳ אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת = Yahweh is God in truth Je 10:10. a. אלהים (as subj. obj. direct or indirect) is used by P (50 times in story of creation and deluge, elsewhere 28 times), by E (91 times), J chiefly in poetic sources Gn 3:1, 3, 5(×2); 9:27; 39:9 Dt 32:17, 39, by D (11 times) Ju (21 times) S (50 times) K (29 times) Chr (45 times); in ψ 42–86 (180 times often by editorial change for an original יהוה), elsewhere ψ 3:3; 5:11; 7:11, 12; 9:18; 10:4, 13; 14:1, 2, 5; 25:22; 36:2, 8; 77:14; 100:3; 108:2, 6, 8, 12(×2), 14 Jb 5:8; 20:29; 28:23; 32:2; 34:9 (& in Prologue 6 times) Pr 2:5; 3:4; 25:2 Ec (7 times) Hos (5 times) Am 4:11 (כמהפכת אלהים את סדם as God overthrew Sodom = Je 50:40 = Is 13:19) Zc 8:23; 12:8 Mi 3:7 (but אליהם 𝔊 𝔖) Is 35:4 Is 2 (9 times) Je 10:10 Ez (13 times) Mal (5 times) Jon (4 times); the phrase היה ל׳ לאלהים Gn 28:21 (ER) 17:7, 8 Ex 6:7; 29:45 Lv 11:45; 22:33; 25:38; 26:12, 45 Nu 15:41 (P) Dt 26:17; 29:13 2 S 7:24 (= 1 Ch 17:22) Zc 8:8 Je (6 times) Ez (6 times); אלהים צדיק righteous God ψ 7:10; א׳ קדשים holy God Jos 24:19 (E); א׳ חיים living God Dt 5:23 1 S 17:26, 36 Je 10:10; 23:36; א׳ חי 2 K 19:4, 16 (= Is 37:4, 17). For the phrases יהוה א׳, י׳ א׳ צבאות, א׳ צבאות, אל א׳ י׳, יה א׳, י׳ צבאות א׳, י׳ אלהי צבאות, אדני א׳ vid. יהוה, יה, צבאות & אדני. b. cstr. אֱלֹהֵי (α) with persons אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם = God of Abraham, a phrase of J, Gn 26:24; 28:13; 31:53, Gn 31:42 (ε) Ex 3:6 ψ 47:10 1 K 18:36 1 Ch 29:18 2 Ch 30:6; א׳ אדני אברהם Gn 24:12, 27, 42, 48 (J); אלהי אב father’s God (various sf. & names), a phrase of E, Gn 31:5, 29, 42; 46:3; 50:17 Ex 3:6, 13, 15, 16; 15:2; 18:4 Jos 18:3, elsewhere Gn 32:10; 43:23 (J) Ex 4:5 (J?) Dt (8 times) Ju 2:12 2 K 21:22 Chr (31 times) Dn 11:37; אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel’s God, phrase of E, Gn 33:20 Ex 5:1; 24:10; 32:27 Jos 8:30; 14:14; 22:16; 24:2, 23, elsewhere Ex 34:23 Jos 7:13, 19, 20 (JE) Nu 16:9 Jos 9:18, 19; 22:24; 10:40, 42; 13:14, 33 (R vid. Di Jos 7:13) Ju 4:6; 5:3, 5; 6:8; 11:21, 23; 21:3 1 S 1:17 + (20 times) K (26 times) Chr (45 times) ψ 41:14; 106:48 (doxol.) 59:6; 69:7 Is 17:6; 21:10, 17; 29:23 Is 3; 24:15; 37:16, 21 Is 2; 41:17 + (6 times) Je 35:17 + (48 times), Ez 8:4 + (7 times) Zp 2:9 Mal 2:16 Ru 2:12; א׳ מערכות ישראל God of the battle array of Israel 1 S 17:45; א׳ יַעֲקֹב 2 S 23:1 (poet.) ψ 20:2; 46:8, 12; 75:10; 76:7; 81:2, 5; 84:9; 94:7 Is 2:3 (= Mi 4:2); א׳ העבריים God of the Hebrews Ex 3:18; 5:3; 7:16; 9:1, 13 (JE); it is used with other proper names, Nahor Gn 31:53 (E), Shem Gn 9:26 (J), David 2 K 20:5 2 Ch 21:12; 34:3 Is 38:5, Hezekiah 2 Ch 32:17, Elijah 2 K 2:14; א׳ אדני המלך the God of my lord the king 1 K 1:36. (β) with nouns of attributes or relationships, א׳ קֶדֶם ancient God Dt 33:27; א׳ עולם everlasting God Is 40:28; א׳ אֱמֶת true God 2 Ch 15:3; א׳ אָמֵן Is 65:16 (vid. אָמֵן); א׳ משפט Is 30:18 Mal 2:17; א׳ מרום Mi 6:6; א׳ כָל בָשָׂר God of all flesh Je 32:27; cf. א׳ הרוחת לכל בשר Nu 16:22; 27:16 (P); א׳ השמים God of heaven Gn 24:7 (JR) 2 Ch 36:23 Ezr 1:2 Ne 1:4, 5; 2:4, 20; cf. א׳ כל הארץ Is 54:5; י׳ א׳ השמים וא׳ הארץ Gn 24:3 (JR); א׳ מִקָּרֹב a God at hand opp. א׳ מֵרָחֹק Je 23:23, א׳ ישועתי, א׳ יִשְׁעִי God of my salvation ψ 18:47 (= 2 S 22:47) 24:5; 25:5; 27:9; 65:6; 79:9; 85:5 Is 17:10 Mi 7:7 Hb 3:18 1 Ch 16:35; א׳ ישועתי ψ 88:2; א׳ תשועתי ψ 51:16; א׳ צִדְקִי God of my righteousness ψ 4:2; א׳ חַסְדִּי ψ 59:11, 18; א׳ צוּרִי God who is my rock 2 S 22:3 (cf. ψ 18:3); א׳ מָעוּזִּי֯ God who is my stronghold ψ 43:2; א׳ תְהִלָּתִי God who is my praise ψ 109:1. c. with sf. in P (22 times incl. phr. ויראת מאלהיך) Lv 19:14, 32; 25:17, 36, 43 (H) Ex 8:21 Jos 24:27 (E) Dt 32:37 (poet.) Jos 9:23 (JE) Dt 10:21; 31:17 Ju 10:10; 16:23, 24 1 S 10:19 2 S 10:12; 22:32 + (4 times poet.) 1 K 12:28; 20:23 2 K 19:10 Chr (83 times) ψ (62 times) Pr 2:17; 30:9 Ru 1:15, 16(×2) Is 1:10; 7:13; 8:19, 21 Is 2 (29 times) Je 5:4, 5; 23:36; 51:5 Ez 34:31 Dn (5 times) Ho (12 times) Am 2:8; 4:12 Jo 1:13(×2), 16; 2:17 Mi 6:8; 7:7 Jon 1:5, 6 Zp 3:2 Na 1:14 Zc 9:7; 12:5; אלהים with sf. is also used with יהוה several hundred times (vid. יהוה).
† אֶלְדָּד n.pr.m. (God has loved, cf. Sab. ודדאל DHMZMG 1883, 15; v. also יְדִידְיָה) one of the elders Nu 11:26, 27; prob. = אֱלִידָד Nu 34:21 where called a prince of Benjamin.—On n.pr. with אֵל cf. those with אָב & אָח, & especially Nöl.c., v. p. 42, & (Sab.) DHMEpigr. Denkm.88.
† אֶלְדָּעָה n.pr.m. (God has called? cf. دعا Arabic) son of Midian Gn 25:4 1 Ch 1:33.
† אֶלְזָבָד n.pr.m. (God has given, cf. Θεόδωρος, זַבְדִּיאֵל, זְבַדְיָה)
a. one of David’s band of Gadites 1 Ch 12:12.
b. a Korahite 1 Ch 26:7.
† אֶלְחָנָן n.pr.m. (God has been gracious, cf. Ph. אלחנן, בעלחנן, in Assyrian Baʾalḫanunu COT Gn 10:18) two of David’s chiefs 2 S 21:19 = 1 Ch 20:5; 2 S 23:24 = 1 Ch 11:26.
† אֱלִיאָב n.pr.m. (God is father, cf. אֲבִיאֵל)
a. prince of Zebulon Nu 1:9; 2:7; 7:24, 29; 10:16.
b. prince of Reuben Nu 16:1, 12; 26:8, 9 Dt 11:6.
c. brother of David 1 S 16:6; 17:13, 28(×2) 1 Ch 2:13 2 Ch 11:18 (cf. אֱלִיהוּ 1 Ch 27:18).
d. a Kohathite 1 Ch 6:12 = אֱלִיאֵל v 19 cf. אֱלִיהוּ 1 S 1:1.
e. a Gadite 1 Ch 12:9.
f. Levite singer 1 Ch 15:18, 20; 16:5.
† אֱלִיאֵל n.pr.m. (Ēl is God, or my God is God) only Ch.
a. two or three of David’s chiefs 1 Ch 11:46, 47; 12:11.
b. chief of Manasseh 1 Ch 5:24.
c. two chiefs of Benjamin 1 Ch 8:20, 22.
d. chief of the Hebronites 1 Ch 15:9, 11.
e. a chief Kohathite 1 Ch 6:19 = אֱלִיאָב v 12 cf. אֱלִיהוּ 1 S 1:1.
f. a Levite 2 Ch 31:13.
† אֱלִיאָ֫תָה n.pr.m. (God has come) a Hemanite 1 Ch 25:4 = אֱלִיָּתָה 1 Ch 25:27.
אֱלִידָד v. אֶלְדָּד supr.
† אֶלְיָדָע n.pr.m. (God knows, cf. דְּעוּאֵל, Sab. אלידע Hal 209)
a. son of David 2 S 5:16 1 Ch 3:8 = בעלידע 1 Ch 14:7 which perhaps read here, cf. DrSm.
b. father of an adversary of Solomon 1 K 11:23.
c. chief of Benjamin 2 Ch 17:17.
אֵלִיָּה 2 K 1:3 + 4 times; אֵלִיָּ֫הוּ 1 K 17:1 + 62 times; n.pr.m. (Yah(u) is God, cf. יוֹאֵל)
a. Elijah, the great prophet of the reign of Ahab 1 K 17:1 + 65 times K; 2 Ch 21:12 Mal 3:23.
b. Benjamite 1 Ch 8:27;
c. a priest of Ezra’s time Ezr 10:21;
d. a son of Elam Ezr 10:26.
† אֱלִיהוּ Jb 32:4 + 3 times; אֱלִיהוּא Jb 32:2 + 6 times; n.pr.m. (He is (my) God)
a. the young friend of Job Jb 32:2, 4, 5, 6; 34:1; 35:1; 36:1.
b. an Ephraimite, Samuel’s great-grandfather 1 S 1:1 cf. אֱלִיאָב 1 Ch 6:12, אֱלִיאֵל v 19.
c. chief of Manasseh 1 Ch 12:20.
d. a Korahite 1 Ch 26:7.
e. one of the brethren of David 1 Ch 27:18 (cf. אֱלִיאָב 1 S 16:6).
† אֶלְיַחְבָּא n.pr.m. (God hides) one of David’s chiefs 2 S 23:32 1 Ch 11:33.
† אֱלִיחֹ֫רֶף n.pr.m. (Autumn God? cf. Jb 29:4) one of Solomon’s scribes 1 K 4:3.
† אֱלִימֶ֫לֶךְ (& ־מֶ֑לֶךְ Ru 2:1) n.pr.m. (God is king, cf. מַלְכִּיאֵל) husband of Naomi Ru 1:2, 3; 2:3; 4:3, 9.
† אֶלְיָסָף n.pr.m. (God has added)
a. chief of Gad Nu 1:14; 2:14; 7:42, 47; 10:20.
b. chief of Gershon Nu 3:24.
† אֱלִיעֶ֫זֶר (־עֶ֑זרֶ Gn 15:2 +) n.pr.m. (God is help, cf. Ex 18:4; v. also אֶלְעָזָר infr., עֲזַרְאֵל, Ph. אשמנעזר, בעלעזר, עזרבעל)
a. Abraham’s steward (אֱלִיעֶ֑זֶר), a Damascene Gn 15:2.
b. a son of Moses Ex 18:4 1 Ch 23:15, 17(×2).
c. Benjamite 1 Ch 7:8.
d. several priests 1 Ch 15:24 1 Ch 26:25 Ezr 10:18.
e. Reubenite 1 Ch 27:16.
f. prophet in time of Jehoshaphat 2 Ch 20:37.
g. Levite chief Ezr 8:16; 10:23.
h. son of Harim Ezr. 10:31.
† אֱלִיעָם n.pr.m. (God is kinsman; Ph. אלעם)
a. father of Bathsheba 2 S 11:3; cf. עַמִּיאֵל 1 Ch 3:5.
b. one of David’s heroes 2 S 23:34 (according to some = a). < = Etl is kinsman (v. GrayEncy. Bib. Ammi, Names with Nöib. Names, § 46).
† אֱלִיפַז n.pr.m. (God is fine gold?)
a. son of Esau Gn 36:4, 10, 11, 12(×2), 15, 16 1 Ch 1:35, 36.
b. friend of Job Jb 2:11; 4:1; 15:1; 22:1; 42:7, 9.
† אֱלִיפָל n.pr.m. (God has judged) one of David’s heroes 1 Ch 11:35 (but v. אֱלִיפֶלֶט 2 S 23:34).
† אֱלִיפְלֵ֫הוּ n.pr.m. (may God distinguish him) one of the doorkeepers 1 Ch 15:18, 21.
† אֱלִיפֶ֫לֶט (־פָ֑לֶט 2 S 5:16 +) n.pr.m. (God is deliverance, cf. פַּלְטִיאֵל)
a. son of David 2 S 5:16 1 Ch 3:6, 8; 14:7; = אֶלְפָּ֑לֶט 1 Ch 14:5.
b. one of David’s heroes 2 S 23:34 (cf. also אֱלִיפָל 1 Ch 11:35).
c. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:39.
d. one of the line of Adonikam Ezr 8:13.
e. of the line of Hashum Ezr 10:33.
† אֱלִיצוּר n.pr.m. (צור Rock is God, cf. Dt 32:4; v. also צוּרִיאֵל) chief of Reuben Nu 1:5; 2:10; 7:30, 35; 10:18.
† אֱלִיצָפָן n.pr.m. (God has protected, cf. Ph. צפנבעל)
a. chief of the Kohathites Nu 3:30 1 Ch 15:8 2 Ch 29:13; = אֶלְצָפָן Ex 6:22 Lv 10:4.
b. chief of Zebulun Nu 34:25.
† אֱלִיקָא n.pr.m. (? not in 𝔊, 1 Ch 11:27 Dr) one of David’s heroes 2 S 23:25.
† אֶלְיָקִים n.pr.m. (God sets up, cf. Sab. הקמאל, יקמאל Hal615)
a. Hezekiah’s prefect of the palace 2 K 18:18, 26, 37; 19:2 Is 22:20; 36:3, 11, 22; 37:2.
b. son of Josiah, made king by Pharaoh 2 K 23:34 2 Ch 36:4; = יְהוֹיָקִים 2 K 24:1 Je 1:3 1 Ch 3:15.
c. a priest Ne 12:41.
† אֱלִישֶׁ֫בַע n.pr.f. (God is an oath, by which one swears, cf. Is 19:18 Am 8:14 Zp 1:5) wife of Aaron Ex 6:23; = Ἐλεισαβεθ 𝔊, cf. Lu 1:5.
† אֱלִישׁוּעַ n.pr.m. (God is salvation, cf. אֱלִישָׁע infr.; or is opulence, cf. אֲבִישׁוּעַ) son of David 2 S 5:15; 1 Ch 14:5.
† אֶלְיָשִׁיב n.pr.m. (God restores, cf. NesEg194 & Sab. תֿובאל DHMZMG 1883, 16)
a. a descendant of David 1 Ch 3:24.
b. priest of David’s time 1 Ch 24:12.
c. high priest of Nehemiah’s time Ezr 10:6; Ne 3:1, 20, 21(×2); 12:10(×2), 22, 23; 13:4, 7, 28.
d. a singer Ezr 10:24.
e. one of the line of Zattu Ezr 10:27.
f. one of the line of Bani Ezr 10:36.
† אֱלִישָׁמָע (God has heard, cf. יִשְׁמָעֵאל, & Sab. אלסמע, יסמעאל Hal187, 193)
a. chief of Ephraim Nu 1:10; 2:18; 7:48, 53; 10:22; 1 Ch 7:26.
b. son of David 2 S 5:16 1 Ch 3:6, 8; 14:7.
c. scribe of Jehoiakim Je 36:12, 20, 21.
d. one of the royal seed 2 K 25:25; Je 41:1.
e. a man of Judah 1 Ch 2:41.
f. a priest 2 Ch 17:8.
אֱלִישָׁע n.pr.m. (God is salvation, cf. אֱלִישׁוּעַ, Sab. יתֿעאל DHMZMG 1883, 15) the prophet Elisha, the successor of Elijah 1 K 19:16 + 57 times all K; Ἐλισα, Ἐλισαιε 𝔊; Ἐλισαιος Lu 4:27.
† אֱלִישָׁפָט n.pr.m. (God has judged, Ph. בעלשפט, שפטבעל) a captain in the time of Jehoiada 2 Ch 23:1.
אֱלִיָּתָה v. אֱלִיאָתָה.
אֶלְמוֹדָד v. sub I. אַל.
† אֶלְנָ֑עַם n.pr.m. (God is pleasantness) father of two of David’s heroes 1 Ch 11:46 (not in S).
† אֶלְנָתָן (God has given, cf. נְתַנְאֵל, & Assyrian Ilu-iddin DlPr 207, Ph. בעליתן, יתנבעל, Palm. עתנתן, והבלת VogPal. 30 & p. 31 f, Nab. והבאל, קסנתן EutNab12, 1, Sab. והבאל, אלוהב DHMZMG 1883, 15, 361, 388 CISiv. 1, 1.2.6, Theodore, Diodate).
a. the grandfather of Jehoiakim 2 K 24:8; cf. Je 26:22; 36:12, 25(?).
b. Levites of the time of Ezra Ezr 8:16(×3).
† אֶלְעָד n.pr.m. (God has testified) an Ephraimite 1 Ch 7:21.
† אֶלְעָדָה n.pr.m. (God has adorned, cf. עֲדִיאֵל) an Ephraimite 1 Ch 7:20.
† אֶלְעוּזַי n.pr.m. (God is my strength = אֶלְעֻזּי, cf. עֻזּיאֵל, Sab. אלעת֡ (אלעז) DHMZMG 1883, 15) one of the heroes of David 1 Ch 12:5.
אֶלְעָזָר n.pr.m. (God has helped, cf. אֱלִיעֶזֶר supr.)
a. Eleazar the priest Ex 6:23 + (50 times in Hex) Ju 20:28; 1 Ch 5:29, 30; 6:35; 9:20; 24:1, 2, 3, 4(×2), 5, 6 Ezr 7:5.
b. son of Abinadab 1 S 7:1.
c. one of David’s heroes 2 S 23:9; 1 Ch 11:12; ins. also 1 Ch 27:4 cf. DrSm 280.
d. a Levite 1 Ch 23:21, 22; 24:28.
e. priest of the time of Ezra Ezr 8:33 Ne 12:42.
f. one of the line of Parosh Ezr 10:25.
† אֶלְעָלֵא ‖ אֶלְעָלֵה n.pr.loc. (God doth ascend?) of a village in the tribe of Reuben, near Heshbon, in ruins, el Âl (vid. RbBR ii, 278) Nu 32:3, 37 Is 15:4; 16:9 Je 48:34.
† אֶלְעָשָׂה n.pr.m. (God has made, cf. עֲשָׂהאֵל, יַעֲשִׂיאֵל etc.)
a. descendant of Judah 1 Ch 2:39, 40.
b. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:37; 9:43.
c. of the line of Pashur Ezr 10:22.
d. son of Shaphan Je 29:3.
אֶלְפֶּלֶט v. אֱלִיפֶלֶט.
† אֶלְפַּ֫עַל n.pr.m. (God of doing? cf. Ph. פעלאבסת) a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:11, 12, 18.
אֶלְצָפָן v. אֱלִיצָפָן.
אֶלְקָנָה n.pr.m. (God has created, or taken possession)
a. father of Samuel 1 S 1–2 (8 times) 1 Ch 6:12, 19.
b. son of Korah Ex 6:24.
c. a ruler in Jerusalem in the time of Ahaz 2 Ch 28:7.
d. one of David’s warriors 1 Ch 12:6.
e. several Levites (α) 1 Ch 6:8, 10, 21 (β) v 11, 20 (γ) 9:16 (δ) 15:23.
† II. אָלָה vb. swear, curse (cf. I. אלה? so Thes LagOr ii. 3)—
Qal Pf. 1 K 8:31 (= 2 Ch 6:22 all Vrss Th Bö Bä Kp reading וְאָלָה); אָלִית Ju 17:2; Inf. abs. אָלֹה Ho 4:2; אָלוֹת Ho 10:4. 1. swear, take oath before God 1 K 8:31 (= 2 Ch 6:22); in covenants Ho 4:2; 10:4 (falsely). 2. curse Ju 17:2.
Hiph. Impf. וַיֹּ֫אֶ֗ל 1 S 14:24; Inf. לְהַאֲלֹתוֹ 1 K 8:31 = 2 Ch 6:22 adjure, put under oath.
† אָלָה n.f. oath Gn 26:28 +; sf. אָלָתִי, אָלָתוֹ Gn 24:41 + (4 times); pl. אָלוֹת Dt 29:20 + (4 times)
1. oath in testimony Lv 5:1 Nu 5:21(×2) (P) Pr 29:24; בא באלה come into an oath Ne 10:30; הביא באלה bring into an oath Ez 17:13; נשׂא אלה 1 K 8:31 (= 2 Ch 6:22).
2. oath of covenant Gn 24:41(×2); 26:28 (J) Dt 29:11, 13; בזה אלה despise an oath Ez 16:59; 17:16, 18, 19.
3. curse (a) from God Nu 5:23 (P) Dt 29:18, 19, 20; 30:7 2 Ch 34:24 Is 24:6 Je 23:10 Dn 9:11 Zc 5:3; (b) from men Jb 31:30 ψ 10:7; 59:13.
4. execration in the phrase היה לאלה become an execration Nu 5:27 (P) Je 29:18; 42:18; 44:12.
† תַּאֲלָה sf. תַּאֲלָֽתְךָ, n.f. curse La 3:65.
† III. [אָלָה] vb. wail (Aramaic אֲלָא, ܐܶܠܴܐ ) only
Qal Imv. fs. אֱלִי Jo 1:8 (v. אַלְלַי).
I, II. אֵלָה v. II. אול, איל.
† אַלִיַה n.f. fat tail of sheep (Mish. id. 𝔗, אַלְיְתָה, אַלִּיתָא, etc.; Arabic أَلْيَة, cf. Fl.TWB i. 418 a) Ex 29:22; Lv 3:9; 7:3; 8:25 (all ‖ חֵ֫לֶב); 9:19, prob. also 1 S 9:24 for הֶעָלֶיהָ v. Gei Dr (cf. Tristram Nat. Hist. Bib. ch. vi RiHWB Schafe SmithDict. Bib. sheep).
† אִלּוּ conj. (often in Mishnah; Aramaic אִילּוּ, ܐܶܠܘܽ, ࠀࠋࠅ: from אִין, ܐܶܢ, and לוּ) if, though, only in late Heb., Ec 6:6 Est 7:4.
† I. אֱלוּל n.pr. of 6th month, Aug.–Sept. Ne 6:15 (Mish. id., Pal. אלול Vog79, Assyrian Ululu COT Ne 1:1, Arabic أَيْلُول, Aramaic ܐܻܝܠܘܽܠܴܐ ).
† אָלוּשׁ n.pr.loc. a station of Israel in the wilderness Nu 33:13, 14.
† [אָלַח] vb. only
Niph. be corrupt morally; tainted (Che ψ 14:3) (cf. Arabic أَلَخَ viii. be confused (of a thing), of milk, turn sour) Pf. 3 pl. נֶאֱלָ֑חוּ ψ 14:3; 53:4; Pt. נֶאֱלָח a corrupt man Jb 15:16.
אֻלַי Gn 24:39 v.אוּלַי.
† אֱלִישָׁה n.pr.loc. as son of Javan Gn 10:4; 1 Ch 1:7; אִיֵּי א׳ Ez 27:7 (Aeolis Josephus Jer Kn; H. DerenbourgMélanges Graux, 235 f (Eng. trans. Hbr. Oct. 1887, 7); Hellas 𝔗 Jon etc., LenOrig. ii. 2. 34 f; Italy, with Sicily, cf. מְדִינַת אִיטַלְיָא 𝔗 Ezek, Di Gn 10:4; Carthage = Elissa, StaDe Populo Javan, 8 f; E. MeyerGesch. i. § 282; decision difficult; last view very attractive).
I. [אלל] (to be weak or insufficient, assumed in Thes as root of אֱלִיל) (as also of אַל): cf. Arabic أَلَا to fail in a thing).
† II. אֱלוּל Je 14:14 Kt, i.q. אֱלִיל, q.v.
† אֱלִיל n.m. (etym. uncertain: most prob. akin to Syriac ܐܰܠܻܝܠ weak, feeble, poor; perhaps also in usage [cf. b.] felt to suggest אַל not; cf. Che on Is 2:8) insufficiency, worthlessness.
a. Zc 11:17 רֹעִי הָאֱלִיל the shepherd of worthlessness = the worthless shepherd, Jb 13:4 רֹפְאֵי אֱלִל worthless physicians (‖ טֹפְלֵי־שֶׁקֶר), Je 14:14 Qr concr. a thing of nought (uttered by prophets), but here קֶסֶם אֱלִיל a worthless divin. (‖ חֲזוֹן שֶׁקֶר, תַּרְמִית לִבָּם) should perhaps be read (cf. Gf).
b. especially pl. אֱלִילִים concr. worthless gods, idols (cf. הֲבָלִים) (possibly orig. an indep. word = gods, cf. Sab. אלאלת, & v. NöSBAk 1882, p. 1191, but even if so, associated by the prophets with idea of worthlessness, & used by them in iron. contrast with אֵלִים, אֱלֹהִים) Lv 19:4 (not to be made) 26:1 (both H), Is 2:8, 18, 20(×2) (of silver & gold), 10:10 מַמְלְכֹת הָאֱלִיל (coll.) kingdoms of idolatrous worthlessness, v 11; 19:1, 3 (of Egypt) 31:7(×2) Ez 30:13 (Egypt), Hb 2:18 א׳ אִלְּמִים dumb idols, ψ 96:5 (= 1 Ch 16:26) all the gods of the nations are א׳ vain, worthless gods 97:7.
II. אלל (√ assumed for following words).
† אַלָּה n.f. oak (cf. אַלּוֹן, but 𝔊 here τερέμινθος) only Jos 24:26 the oak which is in the sanctuary of י׳; read however perhaps אֵלָה, terebinth (v. i. אֵלָה).
† אַלּוֹן n.m. Gn 35:8 oak (𝔊 βάλανος, δρῦς, etc.)—א׳ abs. Gn 35:8 +; cstr. ib.; pl. אַלּוֹנִים Am 2:9; Ez 27:6; cstr. אַלּוֹנֵי Is 2:13; Zc 11:2;—as marking grave of Deborah, Rebekah’s nurse Gn 35:8 (E); whence called oak of weeping, א׳ בָּכוּת ib. (v. Di ad loc., & sub אֵלוֹן p. 18); elsewhere only in prophets; as marking illicit shrines Ho 4:13 (‖ לִבְנֶה, אֵלָה); as felled Is 6:13 (in sim.; ‖ אֵלָה); as furnishing material for making idols Is 44:14 (‖ אֶרֶז, תִּרְזָה, אֹרֶן); as sim. for strength (חסן) Am 2:9; also אַלּוֹנֵי הַבָּשָׁן Is 2:13 (as lofty & majestic), cf. Ez 27:6 (as strong, for making oars); Zc 11:2, metaph. of prominent men.
† אַלּוֹן n.pr.m. (oak) a Simeonite 1 Ch 4:37 (on Jos 19:33 v. אֵלוֹן p. 18).
† אַלַּמֶּלֶךְ n.pr.loc. in Asher (= אַלַּת מֶלָךְ? so Thes MV) Jos 19:26 (Baer אֲלַמּ׳).
† אַלְלַי interj. (prob. onomatop.: cf. أَلَّ, אָלָה, ܐܶܠܴܐ to wail, አሌ woe! Di 718) alas! woe! sq. לִי to me Mi 7:1 Jb 10:15.
† [אָלַם] vb. bind (perhaps cf. Assyrian [alāmu], alamattu, fortress Dl in ZimBP 114 & in BD Ezek.xi; Arabic أَلِمَ be in pain, Aramaic ܐܶܠܰܡ retain anger).
Niph. (be bound =) be dumb, Pf. 3 fs. נֶאֱלָמָ֑ה Is 53:7; וְנֶאֱלַמְתָּ֫ Ez 3:26, etc.; Impf. 2 ms. תֵּאָלֵם Ez 24:27; 3 fpl. תֵּאָלַמְנָה ψ 31:19.— 1. be dumb, i.e. silent ψ 39:3 נ׳ דוּמִיָּה (‖ הֶחֱשֵׁיתִי); cf. v 10 (‖ לֹא אֶפְתַּח־פִּי); sim. of sheep Is 53:7 (‖ id.); be dumb, i.e. unable to speak Ez 3:26 (result of וּלְשׁוֹנְךָ אַדְבִּיק אֶל־חִכֶּ֑ךָ) cf. 24:27 יִפָּתַח פִּיךָ … וּתְדַבֵּר וְלֹא תֵאָלֵם עוֹד; 33:22 וַיִּפָּתַח פִּי וְלֹא נֶאֱלַמְתִּי עוֹד; also Dn 10:15 (cf. v 16). 2. be made dumb subj. שִׂפְתֵי שָׁ֑קֶר lying lips ψ 31:19 (‖ יִדְּמוּ לִשְׁאוֹל v 18).
Pi. Pt. bind Gn 37:7(×4) (E) מְאַלְּמִים אֲלֻמִּים binding sheaves.
† [אֲלֻמָּה] n.f. sheaf, in Joseph’s dream Gn 37:7(×4) (E) sq. sf. אֲלֻמָּתִי, pl. אֲלֻמִּים, אֲלֻמֹּתֵיכֶם; also ψ 126:6 אֲלֻמֹּתָיו (in fig. of ret. from captivity).
† אֵ֫לֶם n.[m.] silence, ψ 56:1 (title) vid. Ol De, in name of melody עַל־יוֹנַת אֵלֶם רְחֹקִים; also ψ 58:2 (= adv. in silence?) but read אֵלִ(י)ם Ol De Che, etc.
† אִלֵּם adj. dumb, unable to speak; Ex 4:11 מִי שָׂם פֶּה לָֽאָדָם אוֹ מִי יָשׂוּם אִלֵּם; Is 56:10 כְּלָבִים אִלְּמִים fig. of false proph.; of idols אֱלִילִים א׳ Hb 2:18; as subst. Pr 31:8 ψ 38:14 Is 35:6.
אֻלָּם v. iii. אוּלָם p. 19. אֻלָם v. אוּלָם p. 17.
אֵלָם v. אֵילָם s. II. אול. אַלְמֻגִּים v. s. I. אל.
† אַלְמָן adj. widowed, of Israel Je 51:5 (sq. מֵאֱלֹהִים).
† אַלְמֹן n.[m.] widowhood, fig. of Babylon Is 47:9 (‖ שְׁכוֹל, cf. v 8; vid. BaNB 59).
† אַלְמָנָה54 n.f. widow (Mish. id., Assyrian almattu Dl in ZimBP 114)—א׳ Gn 38:11 +; no cstr.; pl. אַלְמָנוֹת Ex 22:23 +; pl. sf. אַלְמְנֹתָיו Jb 27:15, etc.—widow 1 K 17:20; אִשָּׁה אַ׳ 2 S 14:5 (‖ וַיָּ֫מָת אִישִׁי) 1 K 7:14; 11:26; 17:9, 10; Gn 38:11 (J; living in father’s house) cf. Lv 22:13 (H; ‖ גְּרוּשָׁה); 21:14 (H), where widow forbidden as wife of h. p., like גְּרוּשָׁה, חֲלָלָה, זֹנָה cf. Ez 44:22(×3) (id. of all priests, except widow of priest); Nu 30:10 (P; of widow’s vow, ‖ גְּרוּשָׁה); נְשֵׁיכֶם אַלְמָנוֹת = ye shall be slain Ex 22:23 (‖ בְּנֵיכֶם יְתֹמִים) cf. ψ 109:9 Je 15:8; 18:21 Ez 22:25, also La 5:3 (sim.); of those snatched away by pestilence אַלְמְנוֹתָיו לֹא תִבְכֶּינָה Jb 27:15; by sword, id., ψ 78:64; 𝔊 We read אַלְמָנוֹת חַיּוֹת 2 S 20:3 (v. אַלְמָנוּת infr.) of imprisoned concubines; fig. of Jerusalem La 1:1; Babylon Is 47:8; especially widow as helpless, exposed to oppression & harsh treatment (often ‖ יָתוֹם, & גֵּר); Is 1:23; 10:2 Jb 22:9; 24:3; 31:16 ψ 94:6 Mal 3:5; harshness forbidden, & care for them enjoined Ex 22:21 (E) Dt 14:29; 16:11, 14; 24:17, 19, 20, 21; 26:12, 13; 27:19 Is 1:17 Je 7:6; 22:3 Zc 7:10, cf. Jb 29:13; under especially care of God Dt 10:18 Je 49:11 Pr 15:25 ψ 68:6; 146:9; once of severity of judgment in not sparing widow Is 9:16. (אַל׳ Is 13:22 vid. sub אַרְמוֹן; Ez 19:7 vid. ib.)
† [אַלְמָנוּת] n.f. widowhood (Mish. id., Ph. אלמת) sf. בִּגְדֵי אַלְמְנוּתָהּ her widow’s garments Gn 38:14, 19; cstr. אַלְמְנוּת חַיּוּת 2 S 20:3 (of David’s imprisoned concubines; but text impossible; 𝔊 We אַלְמָנוֹת חַיּוֹת, cf. Dr; Klo thinks gloss); fig. of Jerusalem Is 54:4 אַלְמְנוּתַיִךְ.
† אַלְמֹנִי adj. some one, a certain (name unspoken); מְקוֹם פְּלֹנִי א׳ 1 S 21:3 2 K 6:8; פ׳ א׳ alone, of person, = such-an-one, so-and-so Ru 4:1.
† אֶלָּסָר n.pr.loc. Ellasar Gn 14:1, 9 (= Bab. Larsa, mod. Senkereh, c. 28 miles NE. from Ur; cf. LoftCS 240 f DlPa 223 f TieleGesch. i. 86, COTad loc.).
† I. [אָלַף] vb. learn (Arabic أَلِفَ keep, cleave to, become familiar with; Aramaic אֲלַף, ܝܺܠܶܦ, learn, ܐܰܠܶܦ, Pa teach).
Qal Impf. 2 ms. תֶּאְלַף אֹרְחֹתָו֯ Pr 22:25;
Pi. teach, sq. acc. יְאַלֵּף פִּיךָ Jb 15:5 (subj. עֲוֹנְךָ); so Pt. מַלְּפֵנוּ (for מְאַלְּ׳ Sta§ 111, 3 KöI, 388 Ge§ 68 fin., cf. Ew§ 73 b) Jb 35:11; sq. 2 acc. אֲאַלֶּפְךָ חָכְמָה Jb 33:33.
† I. [אֶ֫לֶף] n.m. ψ 8:8; only pl. cattle (Ph. אלף, Assyrian alpu, COTGloss.)—אֲלָפִים Pr 14:4 Is 30:24 used in tillage; subject to man ψ 8:8 (‖ צֹנֶה); their increase שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ a blessing Dt 7:13; 28:4, 18, 51 (‖ all עַשְׁתְּרֹת צֹאנֶ֑ךָ).
† I. אַלּוּף adj. tame—א׳ abs. Mi 7:5 +; cstr. Pr 2:17 +; sf. אַלּוּפִי ψ 55:14; pl. אַלֻּפִים Je 13:21, sf. אַלּוּפֵינוּ ψ 144:14, etc.;—
1. tame, docile, כֶּבֶשׂ אַלּוּף a docile (gentle) lamb Je 11:19.
2. n.m. friend, intimate ψ 55:14 (‖ מְיֻדָּע) Mi 7:5 (‖ רֵעַ) Pr 16:28; 17:9 Je 13:21; of a woman’s husband א׳ נְעוּרֶיהָ Pr 2:17; fig. of י׳ as husband of Judah, id., Je 3:4.
3. i.q. 1. אֶלֶף; אַלּוּפֵינוּ מְסֻבָּלִים ψ 144:14 (i.e. cows).
II. אֶ֫לֶף n.m. Ju 6:15 thousand (אלף MI, SI, Sab. DHMZMG 1875, 615; Arabic أَلْفٌ, Aramaic ܐܳܠܶܦ, אֲלַף, אלפיא; cf. Ethiopic እልፍ mille, myrias)*.—(אָ֑׳)א׳ Gn 20:16 +; sf. אַלְפִּי †Ju 6:15; du. אַלְפַּיִם Nu 4:36 +; pl. אֲלָפִים Ex 18:21 +; cstr. אַלְפֵי Ex 32:28 +; אֲלָפֶיךָ Dt 7:13 + 2 times; אֲלָפָיו Qr 1 S 18:7 + 2 times (Kt ־פו)—a thousand.
1. numeral: a. used with noun alone; mostly before noun Nu 35:4 Jos 7:3 Ne 3:13 1 Ch 18:4 +; after noun (late) 1 Ch 12:35 + 6 times Ch Ezr Ne; א׳ בָּאַמָּה Nu 35:5(×4) Ez 47:3 (del. Co); the noun always pl. when preceding, sometimes when following, 1 S 25:2 1 K 3:4 2 K 18:23 = Is 36:8 2 Ch 30:24 ψ 90:4 Jb 42:12 Ec 6:6; elsewhere sg. אישׁ Ju 9:49; 15:15, 16 Jos 7:3 +; אַמָּה Nu 35:4 + (so SI); דּוֹר Dt 7:9 +, cf. 1 Ch 18:4; 19:6 2 K 15:19 Jb 42:12 Ct 4:4 Is 7:23, noun sometimes coll.; א׳ pl. cstr. Mi 6:7 ψ 119:72 Gn 24:60; noun not expr. (or not fully) Gn 20:16 Nu 31:5, 6 +; distrib. אֶלֶף … אֶלָף Nu 31:4; multipl. Dt 1:11 א׳ פְּעָמִים; indef. for great no. (pl.) Ex 20:6; 34:7 Dt 5:10 Je 32:18, (sg.) Dt 32:30 Ec 6:6 +. b. א׳ + other num. usually precedes it Ex 38:25 + often; but foll. רִבּוֹא Ezr 2:64 + 2 times; it follows also smaller no. Nu 3:50 1 K 5:12 (so SI); the noun foll. in sg. Ex 38:25 + 8 times; pl. 2 S 8:4 + 2 times; noun precedes, in pl. (late) Dn 12:12 + 2 times; noun not expr. Ex 38:28 + often c. א׳ × other no. always foll. Ex 12:37 +; usual order is no. × א׳ + additional no. (if any) + noun (ifexpr.) Nu. 31:52 Ju 20:35 cf. Ex 12:37 2 K 3:4(×2) +; less often noun + no. × א׳ Nu 31:33 1 K 8:63 +; (other combin. v. Ex 38:26 Nu 26:51; 31:32 Ez 48:30 1 Ch 29:7 etc.); א׳ usually sg. Nu 11:21 +; except after units, where pl. abs. Nu 1:46 Ju 20:34 + (so MI); seld. pl. cstr. Ex 32:28 Ju 4:10 Jb 1:3(×2); (noun mostly sg. when foll. Ju 4:10 1 K 12:21 +, yet pl. Jos 4:13 1 S 13:5 +; when preceding it is pl. 1 Ch 5:21 +, or coll. Nu 31:33 1 S 25:2 1 K 8:63 2 Ch 7:5 +); אֶלָף אֲלָפִים 1 Ch 21:5; 22:14 2 Ch 14:8; אַלְפֵי שִׁנְאָן ψ 68:18, cf. שִׁנְאָן; בְּהַרְרֵי אָ֑לֶף ψ 50:10, read אֵל cf. ψ 36:7, Ol Bi Che; yet v. Hup De.— Note. 10,000 = עֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים etc. Ju 1:4; 3:29 1 K 5:28 1 Ch 29:7 +; less often רִבּוֹ, רְבָבָה etc. q.v.
2. a thousand, a company of 1000 men, as united under one superior, or leader, hence שַׂר א׳ (שָׂרֵי) Ex 18:21, 25 cf. Nu 31:14 +; cf. רָאשֵׁי א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Nu 1:16; 10:4 Jos 22:21, 30 & v. infr.; cf. also 1 S 29:2; especially family, etc. Ju 6:15 1 S 10:19 (‖ שֵׁבֶט & cf. מִשְׁפַּחַת v 21); cf. Mi 5:1;—Nu 10:36 (רִבְבוֹת אַלְפֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) 31:5 Jos 22:14 1 S 23:23 apparently shew transit. to this technical use.
III. אֶ֫לֶף n.pr.loc. city in Benj., הָא׳ Jos 18:28; perhaps Lifta NW. from Jerus. Surveyiii. 18.
† II. [אָלַף] vb.denom.*
II. אַלּוּף n.m. 1 Ch 1:51 chief, chiliarch (denom. from ii. אֶלָף v. Di Gn 36:15)—א׳ abs. Gn 36:15 +; pl. cstr. אַלּוּפֵי (אַלֻּפֵי) Ex 15:15 +; sf. אַלּוּפֵיהֶם Gn 36:19, 30—chief (tribal) of Edom Gn 36:15 (5 times) + 38 times Gn 36 (P); Ex 15:15 (E) 1 Ch 1:51 (4 times) + 9 times; of Judah Zc 12:5, 6; so אַלֻּף 9:7 (in sim.)
II. [אָלַף] vb. denom.
Hiph. ψ 144:13 מַאֲלִיפוֹת producing thousands (subj. צֹאן).
† [אָלַץ] vb.
Pi. urge (Aramaic ܐܶܠܰܨ, Sam. ࠀࠓࠑ ) 3 fs. וַתְּאַלַצֵהוּ Ju 16:16 (‖ הֵצִיקָה לוֹ בִדְבָרֶיהָ).
אַלְקוּם v. I. אַל.
† אֶלְקֹשִׁי adj.gent. c. art. Nahum the Elkoshite Na 1:1 (perhaps = from Elkosh, but locality unknown; identified by JerComm. with a village Elcesi in Galilee; cf. also Capernaum (= כְּפַר נַחוּם?) Elkosh near Mosul improbable; on etymol., and site of place, v. DaNahum, etc., 9 ff. GASmTwelve Proph. ii. 79f.).
אֶלְתּוֹלָד v. sub I. אַל (p. 39).
† אֶלְתְּקֵא, אֶלְתְּקֵה n.pr.loc. Levitical city in the tribe of Dan, between Ekron & Timna, Assyrian Altaku (COT) Jos 19:44; 21:23.
† אֶלְתְּקֹן n.pr.loc. a city in the tribe of Judah north of Hebron Jos 15:59.
אִם conj. (= Aramaic ܐܶܢ if [and in ܐܶܠܴܐ, אֶלָּא = ܐܶܢ ܠܴܐ if not, except], Arabic إِنْ if [and in إِلَّا = إِنْ لَا if not, except], Ethiopic እመ if = מָה + אִם (إِنْ + مَا) [and in አላ if not, but], Assyrian šumma; SAr. hm; Arabic أَمْ (Lat. an?) = أَاِمْ, cf. הַאִם: v. NöM p. 208, ZMG 1886, p. 739; WAG i. § 367 e 𝔗Onk Jon. אִם, 𝔗Hag אין.)
1. hypoth. part. if. a. construction (v. more fully Dr§ 136–138, 143 Friedrich Die Hebr. Condit. sätze 1884): (1) with impf. (continued by pff. & waw consec.; apod. usually begins with pf. & waw consec. or bare impf.; or, if necess., with imper. or juss.) (a) of future time: Gn 18:26 אִם־אֶמְצָא if I shall find 50 righteous in Sodom, וְנָשָׂאתִי I will pardon, etc., 24:8; 32:9 Dt 19:8 f. 1 K 1:52 b; 6:12 ψ 89:31–33; Gn 42:37 Ju 13:16 1 K 1:52 a ψ 132:12. (b) of past time (rare, but classical): Gn 31:8 אִם יֹאמַר if ever he said … וְיָֽלְדוּ then they used to bear, etc., Ex 40:37; & in the protestations Jb 31:7, 13, 16, 25 etc. (alternating with pff., v. infr., & with jussives in apod.) (c) assuming a purely imaginary case (with impf. in both clauses, like the double opt. in Greek), if, though: Gn 13:16 so that אִם־יוּכַל if a man were able to number the stars, thy seed also יִמָּנֶה might be numbered, Nu 22:18 Is 1:18 אִם־יִהְיוּ ח׳ כַּשָּׁנִים יַלְבִּינוּ though your sins were as scarlet, they should become white as snow, Am 9:2–4 אִם־יַחְתְּרוּ though they were to dig into Sheôl, from thence תִּקָּחֵם would my hand fetch them, ψ 27:3; 139:8 +. (2) with pt. (expressing either a present process, or an approaching future: apod. as 1 a) Gn 24:42, 49 Ju 6:36 (+ ישׁ) 9:15; 11:9 אִם מְשִׁיבִים אַתֶּם if ye are going to bring me back וְנָתַן י׳ then י׳ will, etc.; similarly with יֵשׁ or אֵין Gn 44:26 Ex 22:2 1 S 20:8; 23:23; & with no explicit copula Dt 22:2; 25:2 Lv 1:3, 14, etc. (3) with perf. (a) of fut. or pres. time (continued by pff. & waw consec.: apod. as 1 a) Gn 43:9 אִם־לֹא הֲבִיאֹתִיו אֵלָיךָ וְהִצַּגְתִּיו לְפָנֶיךָ if I do not bring him back (si eum non reduxero) and set him before thee, I will be guilty for ever, 47:6 if thou knowest that there are men of worth among them וְשַׂמְתָּם then make them, etc., Ju 16:17 2 S 15:33 2 K 7:4 ψ 41:7; 94:18 Jb 7:4; 9:30 f. 10:14 אִם חָטָאתִי וּשְׁמַרְתָּ֑נִי if I sin, thou watchest me. On אִם־נָא Gn 18:3 al. v. נָא. (b) of past time, whether (α) in actual fact, or (β) in an assumed case (the pf. is here continued by the impf. and waw consec.; apod. begins as before). (4) (a) Ju 9:16–19 אִם … עֲשִׂיתֶם if ye have done honestly וַתַּמְלִיכוּ and have made Abimelech king …, 1 S 26:19; especially in protestations, as ψ 7:4 אִם עָשִׂיתִי זאת if I have done this …, let the enemy pursue my soul, etc. Je 33:25 f. Jb 31:5 f. 9, etc. (b) Nu 5:27 if she have defiled herself וַתִּמְעֹל and been faithless, וּבָאוּ then shall they come, etc., 15:24; 35:22–24. (c) with bare pf. in apod., in sense of If … had …, only Dt 32:30 אִם־לֹא כִּי were it not that …, ψ 73:15. (לוּ is more usual in such cases.) (5) with inf. once (si vera l.) Jb 9:27 אִם אָמְרִי = if I say (lit. if (there is) my saying).—Note that the vb. following אִם is often strengthened by the inf. abs., as Ex 15:26; 19:5; 21:5; 22:3, 12, 16, 22 Ju 11:30; 14:12; 16:11 etc.; cf. DrSm 1:20, 6. b. Special uses: (1) repeated אִם … אִם whether … or (sive … sive) Ex 19:13 Dt 18:3 2 S 15:21; similarly אִם … וְאִם Gn 31:52 Je 42:6 Ez 2:5 Ec 11:3; 12:14 (cf. ܐܶܢ … ܐܶܢ, ܘܶܐܢ … ܐܢ PS250; وَإِنْ … إِنْ & وَإِمَّا … إِمَّا); cf. Pr 2:3. (2) After an oath (expressed, or merely implied) אִם (the formula of imprecation being omitted) becomes an emph. negative, and אִם־לֹא an emph. affirmative: 2 S 11:11 by thy life אִם־אֶעֱשֶׂה אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה (may God bring all manner of evil upon me) if I do this thing! = surely I will not do this thing! (cf. the full phrases in 1 S 3:17 2 K 6:31) Gn 14:23; 42:15 Nu 14:23 1 S 3:14; 19:6 2 K 2:2; 3:14 & often; Is 22:14 ψ 89:36; 95:11 Jb 6:28; אִם־לֹא Nu 14:28 Jos 14:9 1 K 20:23 2 K 9:26 Is 5:9; 14:24 Je 15:11; 49:20 Jb 1:11 + especially Ez; after a neg. clause, emphasizing a contrasted idea, Gn 24:38 (where the expl. by Aramaic אֶלָּא is not supported by Heb. usage), cf. Je 22:6. Repeated, אִם … וְאִם 2 S 20:20 2 K 3:14 Is 62:8 Je 38:16; Ez 14:16. In adjurations (with 2nd or 3rd ps.) = that not Gn 21:23; 26:29; 31:50 1 S 24:22 1 K 1:51 Ct 2:7; 3:5 +. Of past or present time: 1 S 25:34 as י׳ liveth (I say) that, unless thou hadst hastened …, כִּי אִם נוֹתַר that surely there had not been left …! 17:55 as thy soul liveth אִם־יָדָֽעְתִּי if I know it! 1 K 17:12; 18:10—both אִם־יֵשׁ (כִּי in 1 K 17:12 introduces the fact sworn to, & need not be translated; so 2 S 3:35: v. כִּי); ψ 131:2 אִם־לֹא (after a neg. clause: cf. supr. Gn 24:38). Cf. Str§ 90. (3) Part. of wishing, if but …! oh that …! (rare) ψ 81:9 If thou wouldest hearken to me! 95:7; 139:19 Pr 24:11 1 Ch 4:10. Cf. Ex 32:32. With imv. (si vera l.) Jb 34:16 וְאִם־בִּֽינָה; and with an anacoluthon, Gu 23:13 (P) אִם־אַתָּה לוּ שְמָעֵנִי if thou!—oh that thou wouldst hear me! (4) Nearly = when—with the pf.: (a) of past, Gn 38:9 Nu 21:9 וְהָיָה אִם־נָשַׁךְ … וְהִבִּיט and it used to be, if or when a serpent had bitten a man, that he would look, etc., Ju 6:3 ψ 78:34 (v. Dr§ 136 δ Obs.); Am 7:2. (b) of pres. or fut., Is 4:4 אִם רָחַץ when the Lord shall have washed, 24:13; 28:25; cf. Nu 36:4 (with the impf.) c. Compounded with other particles:—(α) בִּלְתִּי אִם except if, except, †Gn 47:18 Ju 7:14 Am 3:3, 4. (β) הֲלוֹא אִם †2 K 20:19 (for which Is 39:8 has simply כִּי), perhaps Is it not (good), if …? (De Di). (γ) כִּי־אִם, q.v. (δ) עַד אִם †Gn 24:19, 33 Is 30:17 Ru 2:21, & עַד אֲשֶׁר אִם †Gn 28:15 Nu 32:17 Is 6:11, until, proposes until if or when. (ε) רַק אִם if only (v. sub רַק). אִם־לֹא in Ez 3:6b is very difficult. The Vrss render If I had sent, etc., implying לֻא for אִם־לֹא (for Ew’s אִם־לֻא = אִלּוּ, q.v., is precarious): Ges Hi Co ‘but (אִם־לֹא after a neg., cf. supr. Gn 24:38 ψ 131:2) unto them (Isr.) have I sent thee: they can understand thee’ (but understand is a dub. rendering of שָׁמַע אֶל).
2. Interrog.part. a. in direct qu.: (a) alone (not freq. and usually = Num? expecting the answer No, especially in a rhet. style): Gn 38:17 1 K 1:27; Ju 5:8 מָגֵן אִם־יֵרָאֶה וָרֹמַח was there a shield to be seen or a spear …? Is 29:16; and repeated Am 3:6 Je 48:27 Jb 6:12. (b) more freq. in disjunctive interrogation: (α) הֲ … אִם, expressing a real alternative Jos 5:13 הֲלָנוּ אַתָּה אִם־לְצָרֵינוּ art thou for us, or for our enemies? Ju 9:2 1 K 22:6, 15: more often expressing a merely formal alternative, especially in poetry (a rhetorical Num?) Gn 37:8 Nu 11:12, 22 Ju 11:25b 2 S 19:36 Is 10:15; 66:8 Je 3:5 Hb 3:8 ψ 77:10; 78:20 Jb 4:17; 6:5, 6; 10:4, 5; 11:7 etc. (β) הֲ … וְאִם (rarer than הֲ … אִם, but similar in use) 2 S 24:13 (a real alt.); Is 49:24; 50:2 Je 5:9 (v 29 אִם) 14:22 Jo 1:2; 4:4 Jb 8:3; 11:2; 21:4; 22:3; 34:17; 40:8f. (formal); Gn 17:17 P (with an anacol.) shall a child …? וְאִם־שָׂרָה הֲבַת־תִּשְׁעִים שָׁנָה תֵּלֵד or Sarah,—shall she that is 90 years old bear? Pr 27:24 (וְאִם after neg. clause). b. in oblique interrogation, if, whether: (a) alone, after verbs of seeing, inquiring, etc. 2 K 1:2 Je 5:1; 30:6 Mal 3:10 ψ 139:24 Ct 7:13 La 1:12 Ezr 2:59; once מִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם who knoweth if …? i. e. (like haud scio an) perhaps Est 4:14 (older syn. מִי יוֹדֵעַ alone: see 2 S 12:22 Jo 2:14 Jon 3:9). (b) disjunctively הֲ … אִם Gn 27:21 Nu 13:18–20; so אִם … וְאִם Jos 24:15. c. compounded with הֲ, הַאִם †Nu 17:28 הַאִם תַּמְנוּ לִגְוֹעַ prob. an emph. Num? Shall we ever have finished dying? Jb 6:13 difficult: perhaps Is it that my help is not in me? (a forcible means of expressing that that which might be thought impossible is nevertheless the case); Hi as an aposiop., If my help is not in me (am I still to wait)? (The view that הַאִם = הֲלֹא nonne? is inconsistent with the fact that אִם in a question has regularly the force of Num?)
אֵם v. אמם.
אַמָּה, אֻמָּה v. אמם.
אמה (assumed as √ of foll., which however prob. bilit. cf. Sta§ 188; vid. also LagBN 82).
† אָמָה n.f. maid, handmaid (Ph. אמת, Arabic أَمَةٌ, Sab. אמת in n.pr. Sab.Denkm.20, Aramaic ܐܰܡܬܳܐ Assyrian amtu ZimBP 67)—א׳ abs. Gn 21:10 +; sf. אֲמָתִי Gn 30:3 +, etc.; pl. abs. אֲמָהֹת Gn 31:33 2 S 6:22; cstr. אַמְהוֹת 2 S 6:20; אַמְהֹתַי Jb 19:15 etc.—maid, handmaid.
1. lit. maidservant (= שִׁפְחָה q.v., wh. however sometimes more servile; rarely P in Hex) Gn 30:3; 31:33 (‖ שִׁפְחָה 29:24, 29 P 30:4 f. J etc.) Ex 2:5 (all E); 2 S 6:20, 22 Jb 19:15 Na 2:8 (sf. refers to mistress, except Jb 19:15 cf. 2 S 6:20, 22); in legisl. (‖ עֶבֶד) Ex 20:10, 17; 21:20, 26, 27, 32 (all E) Lv 25:6, 44(×2) (H) Dt 5:14(×2), 18; 12:12, 18; 15:17 (cf. v. 12) 16:11, 14; cf. also Jb 31:13 Ezr 2:65 Ne 7:67; applied to concubine (sf. of master) Gn 20:17; 21:12 Ex 23:12 (all E) Ju 9:18; 19:19; also Gn 21:10(×2), 13 (16:1 f. P שִׁפְחָה q.v.) Ex 21:7 (all E), vid. on this StaGesch. i. p. 380.
2. fig. in address, אֲמָֽתְךָ etc., referring to speaker, in token of humility; Ru 3:9(×2) (‖ שׁפחה 2:13) 1 S 1:16 (‖ id. v 18) 25:24(×2), 25, 28, 31, 41 (‖ id. v 27) 2 S 14:15, 16 (‖ id. v 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 19); 20:17; 1 K 1:13, 17; 3:20; in addressing God (never שׁפחה) 1 S 1:11(×3), cf. בֶּן־א׳ ψ 86:16; 116:16.
† I. אָמוֹן n.pr. Amon, an Egyptian god Na 3:8 Je 46:25, comp. by Greeks with Zeus (Herod. ii, 42; Diod i. 13), Ἀμμῶν. He was originally the local deity of Thebes (= נֹא, called נֹא אָמוֹן Na 3:8, cf. א׳ מִנֹּא Je 46:25), but subsequently became the supreme god of the Egyptian Pantheon, the successor of the sun-god Ra and so-called Amon Ra. He was the secret god, who hid himself and was difficult to find (Amon = concealment, hidden); v. Rawl. Hist. Anc. Egypt, i, 322 Ebers. RiHWB. Je 46:25 Spiegelberg Randglossen, 43 ff. reads נֹא אָמוֹן (as Na 3:8) for אָמוֹן נֹא, and finds in both a Thebes in the Delta. (ii. iii. אָמוֹן v. p. 54.)
† אָמִי n.pr.m. Ezr 2:57 = iii. אָמוֹן Ne 7:59.
† [אָמַל] vb. be weak, languish (cf. Arabic أَمَلَ hope, expect).
Qal Pt. pass. f. מָה אֲמֻלָה לִבָּתֵךְ how weak is thy heart! Ez 16:30 (but < Co מַה־לִּי וְלִבְרִיתֵךְ); Puʿl. Pf. אֻמְלַל Jo 1:10 +; אֻמְלְלָה Is 33:9 +; אֻמְלְלוּ Je 14:2 etc.;—be or grow feeble, languish; of loss of fertility (woman) 1 S 2:5 Je 15:9; of fisherman whose trade fails Is 19:8 (‖ אנה, אבל); in genl. in inhab. of smitten land Ho 4:3 (‖ תֶּאֱבַל הָאָרֶץ); Is 24:4 cf. infr. usually subj. inanim., personif.; שַׁדְמוֹת חֶשְׁבּוֹן Is 16:8; cf. Na 1:4(×2); תֵּבֵל Is 24:4 (‖ נבל, אבל); אֶרֶץ 33:9 (‖ אבל); subj. גֶּפֶן Is 24:7 (‖ אָבַל תִּירוֹשׁ); יִצְּהָר Jo 1:10 (‖ שׁדד, אבל, הובישׁ; kindred subj.); תְּאֵנָה v 12 (‖ הַגֶּפֶן הוֹבִישָׁה); שְׁעָרִים Je 14:2 (‖ אָֽבְלָה יְהוּדָה); cf. La 2:8 וַיַּאֲבֶל־חֵל וְחוֹמָה יַחְדָּו אֻמְלָ֑לוּ.
† [אֲמֵלָל] adj. feeble (Mish. id.; on formation cf. Ew§ 157 b Sta§ 232); הַיְּהוּדִים הָאֲמֵלָלִים Ne 3:34.
† אֻמְלַל adj. id. (Ewib. Sta§ 230); א׳ אָ֫נִי ψ 6:3 (‖ נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָ֑י).
אמם (perhaps be wide, roomy, Assyrian [amāmu] whence ummu, womb, mother = אֵם cf. DlPr 109; but אֵם n.prim. according to Thes Sta§ 189 b LagBN 22).
אֵם221 n.f. mother (Ph. אם, Arabic أُمٌّ, إِمٌّ, Ethiopic እም, Sab. אם (only in n.pr. cf. e.g. BaeRel. 118) Assyrian ummu COTGloss; Aramaic אֵם, אִימָּא, ܐܶܡܳܐ )—א׳ abs. Gn 32:12 +; cstr. Gn 3:20 +; sf. אִמִּי Gn 20:12 + etc.; †pl. only sf. אִמֹּתֵנוּ La 5:3; אִמֹּתָם Je 16:3 La 2:12(×2)—
1. lit. (human) mother, as parent Gn 20:12; 32:12; 44:20 Ex 2:8 ψ 51:7; 113:9 (opp. עֲקֶרֶת) Je 15:8, 10; 20:14; 22:26; 50:12 1 Ch 4:9 Ct 6:9; 8:5 +; hence of Eve אֵם כָּל־הָ֑י Gn 3:20; poet. of birth, יָצָא מִבֶּטֶן אֵם Jb 1:21 Ec 5:14; יָצָא מֵרֶחֶם אֵם Nu 12:12 cf. ψ 139:13 (Je 20:18 +) מִמְּעֵי אִמִּי גּוֹזִי ψ 71:6 (subj. י׳, cf. גחה 22:10; > גּוֹזִי = my benefactor from birth Thes Ew Hup Pe); also וַתְּהִי אִמִּי קִבְרִי Je 20:17; מִבֶּטֶן אֵם = from earliest existence Ju 16:17 Jb 31:18 ψ 22:11; so מִמְּעֵי אֵם Is 49:1; as giving suck Ct 8:1 (שְׁדֵי אֵם) ψ 22:10 cf. 131:2; (v. Ex 2:9 cf. v 8); as exercising authority Gn 21:21; 24:28; 27:11, 13, 14 Ju 17:2 f Ru 1:8 Ct 3:4; 8:2 etc.; especially of queen-mother as possessing dignity & influence 1 K 1:11; 2:13, 19, 20 2 Ch 22:2, 3 Ct 3:11 Pr 31:1; cf. names of mothers of kings of Judah 1 K 14:21, 31; 15:2, 10, 13 +; as shewing love & care 1 S 2:19 1 K 3:27; 17:23 2 K 4:30 Is 66:13 (sim. of י׳’s comforting his people; cf. also Gn 27:45); as beloved & lamented 1 K 19:20 (‖ אָב) Gn 24:67 ψ 35:14; בֶּן־אִמּוֹ = own (uterine) brother Gn 43:29; & ‖ אָח Gn 27:29 Dt 13:7 Ju 8:19 ψ 50:20; 69:9 Ct 1:6 cf. 8:1; so בַּת־אִמּוֹ Lv 18:9; 20:17 Dt 27:22 (‖ בַּת־אָבִיו) Gn 20:12; often with אָב, as parentes Je 16:3 Zc 13:3(×2) Is 8:4; as rightfully claiming honour, authority, etc., cf. supr., Gn 28:7 (P) cf. 37:10 (E) Ju 14:2f, so in precept Pr 1:8; 6:20; 10:1; 15:20 etc. cf. Ez 22:7; laws enjoining these Ex 20:12 = Dt 5:16 Lv 19:3 cf. Dt 22:15; laws prohib. contrary Ex 21:15, 17 (E) Lv 20:9(×2) (H) Dt 21:18, 19; 27:16; laws as to mourning for Lv 21:2, 11 (H) Nu 6:7 (P) cf. Je 16:7 Ez 44:25; left for wife Gn 2:24; for mother-in-law Ru 2:11; for husband Dt 21:13 (law for captive women); cf. Dt 33:9 (of devoted service of Levites); loving, caring for children Pr 4:3 (on the opposite cf. ψ 27:10); loved, cared for Jos 2:13 cf. v 18; 6:23 1 S 22:3 1 K 19:20 cf. 2 S 19:38.
†2. fig. of Deborah as caring for her people אֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל Ju 5:7 (cf. אָב Is 22:21 Jb 29:16); so of a city 2 S 20:19 (‘stock, race, community’ RSK 28 cf. Proph. iv. n 8); of Israel Ho 2:4, 7; 4:5 cf. 10:14; of Judah Is 50:1(×2); of Hittite as mother of Jerusalem אָבִיךְ הָאֱמֹרִי וְאִמֵּךְ חִתִּיתֹ Ez 16:3, 45 cf. v 44, 45; also 19:2, 10 & vid. 23:2.
†3. of animals, dam Ex 22:29 (of ox & sheep) Lv 22:27 (of bullock, sheep, or goat); Ex 23:19 = 34:26 = Dt 14:21 (of kid); mother-bird Dt 22:6(×2), 7; fig. Jb 17:14 לַשַּׁחַת קָרָאתי אָבִי אָ֑תָּה אִמִּי וַאֲחֹתִי לָרִמָּֽה׃.
†4. = point of departure or division אֵם הַדֶּרֶךְ Ez 21:26 (‖ רֹאשׁ שְׁנֵי הַדְּרָכִים).
† I. אַמָּה n.f. only mother-city, metropolis (cf. אֵם 2 S 20:19 & Ph.); in phrase מֶתֶג הָאַמָּה authority of mother-city 2 S 8:1; v. מֶתֶג; cf. Dr.
II. אַמָּה246 n.f. ell, cubit (SI אמה; so Sab. DHMZMG 1865, 613; Aramaic ܐܰܡܳܐ, אַמָּא; Assyrian ammatu Nor280; Ethiopic እመት etym. dub.; Thes al. mater brachii, i.e. length of fore-arm; others from √ ii. אמם, أَمَّ precede, be in front, & hence fore-arm cf. Di Is 6:4; DlPr 109 MV der. immediately from √ אמם be wide (v. supr.), אַמָּה = distance, & hence a particular distance, ell, cubit)—א׳ abs. Gn 6:15 +; cstr. אַמַּת Dt 3:11 Je 51:13; du. אַמָּתַיִם Ex 25:10 +; pl. אַמּוֹת Ex 26:16 +;—
1. cubit, so אַמַּת־אִישׁ i.e. ordinary cubit, Dt 3:11 (cf. Is 8:1); in Ez 40:5; 43:13 is a cubit one hand-breadth longer, cf. 2 Ch 3:3 א׳ בַּמִּדָּה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה; absol. length dub., cf. SmithDict. Bib., art. Weights and Measures; LepsiusLängenmaasse der Alten, SBAk 1883, 1195 f. identif. with Egyptian, longer cubit.525 m., shorter.450 m.; v. also Id.Bab.-Assyrian Längenmaasse 1877; MBAk 1877, 741 OppertGGA 1878, 1055; Rev. d’Assyrian i. 124 (also on the Bab. ‘half-cubit’ =.270 m. HptAJPh 1888, 419 HomSemiten i. 501); on א׳ אַצִּילָה Ez 41:8 cf. Sm & Co (Co del.); חֲמֵשׁ אמות קָנִים Ez 42:16 Kt, read מֵאוֹת so Qr Co; chiefly in Ex 25–27. 36–38 (56 times) 1 K 6.7 (45 times) 2 Ch 3.4 (21 times) Ez 40–43 (86 times); a (one) cubit = אַמָּה Gn 6:16 Ex 25:10, 23 +; הָאַמָּה Ez 43:14; א׳ אַחַת Ez 40:12(×2), 42(×3); 42:4; 43:14; two cubits = אַמָּתַיִם Ex 25:10, 17, 23; 30:2; 37:1, 6, 10, 25 Nu 11:31; שְׁתַּיִם אַמּוֹת Ez 40:9; 41:3, 22; 43:14; c. num. 1–10 א׳ mostly pl. after num. Ex 26:16; 27:1(×3) 1 K 6:10 Je 52:22 Ez 40:5, 7, 9 +; c. num. 11–1000 +, it mostly foll. num. in sing. Gn 6:15(×3) Ex 27:12, 13; 38:13, 14, 15 Nu 35:4 Jos 3:4 1 K 6:2(×2), 3; 7:15(×2) Je 52:21 Ez 40:49(×2) +; seld. foll. in pl. Ez 40:11 (del. Co) v 27 (Co sg.) 42:2; so also עֶשְׂרִים וְחָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת Ez 40:13, 29 but חָמֵשׁ וְעֶשְׂרִים אֵמָּה Ez 40:25, 30, 33, 36; (late) also in pl. precedes all num. 2 Ch 3:3(×2), 4, 8(×2) +; 6:13 Ez 42:2; also often בָּאַמָּה foll. all num. Ex 26:2(×2), 8(×2); 27:9, 18; 36:9(×2), 15 Nu 35:5(×4) 1 K 6:6(×3); 7:23(×3) 2 Ch 4:2(×3) Ez 40:21; 47:3 Zc 5:2(×2) +, cf. לְאַמּוֹת חָמֵשׁ 2 Ch 3:11; often א׳ וָחֵצִי Ex 25:10(×3), 17(×2) +, also א׳ וַחֲצִי הָא׳ Ex 26:16; 36:21 1 K 7:31, 32, 35 etc.; cf. שֵׁשׁ אַמּוֹת וָזָ֑רֶת 1 S 17:4; sq. בַּמִּדָּה in measurement Jos 3:4 2 Ch 3:3.
2. †measure, full measure, limit, only אַמַּת בִּצְעֵךְ the measure of thy gain-making Je 51:13 (‖ קִצֵּךְ).
† III. [אַמָּה] n.f. (etym. & meaning dub.; Thes foundation (cf. Talm. AW), from אֵם in metaph. sense, cf. MV; De on Is 6:4 der. similarly, but makes support of superliminaria (cf. 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙); Ew Di from √ ii. אמם = أَمَّ precede, whence إِمَامٌ front; DlPr 110 tr. holder from √ אמם be wide, hence contain, hold) only אַמּוֹת הַסִּפִּים Is 6:4.
† IV. אַמָּה n.pr.loc. hill near Gibeon, גִּבְעַת־אַמָּה 2 S 2:24.
† [אֻמָּה] n.f. tribe, people (Arabic أُمَّةٌ; Assyrian ummatu cf. JenKosmol. 336, Aramaic ܐܘܽܡܬܳܐ, אוּמָּא) only pl. אֻמּוֹת Nu 25:15; אֻמִּים ψ 117:1; sf. אֻמֹּתָם Gn 25:16;—of tribes of Ishmaelites Gn 25:16; of Midian (‖ בֵּית־אָב) Nu 25:15; ‖ גּוֹיִם ψ 117:1.
† אֲמָם n.pr.loc. in southern Judah Jos 15:26 (𝔊L Ἀμαμ, so A, but B Σην).
† I. [אָמַן] vb. confirm, support (cf. Arabic أَمِنَ, etc., v. infr.; Sab. אמן in deriv. & n.pr. cf. CIS iv. 1, 10 DHMZMG 1885, 598; Aramaic אֲמַן, ܐܡܢ in Haph. Ethiopic አምነ Assyrian in deriv.)—only
Qal Pt. אֹמֵן;— 1. as vb. support, nourish 2 K 10:1, 5 Est 2:7. 2. as subst. foster-father Nu 11:12 (J) Is 49:23. 3. אֹמֶנֶת foster-mother, nurse Ru 4:16 2 S 4:4. 4. אֹמְנוֹת pillars, supporters of the door 2 K 18:16. Pt. pass. a. הָאֱמֻנִים those brought up (in scarlet) La 4:5. b. אֱמוּנִים intrans. faithful (as firm, stable) as subst. m. faithful ones ψ 12:2 (> 𝔊 𝔖 al. faithfulness) 2 S 20:19 (cf. Arabic أمُنَ be faithful, أَمَنَ trust in, أَمَنَ be secure); ψ 31:23 faithful ones י׳ keepeth, אֱמוּנִים נֹצֵר י׳; but א׳ is here taken by 𝔊 Ri De Che as n. abstr. v. אֵמֻן.
Niph. נֶאֱמַן Pr 11:13 + (6 times); Impf. יֵאָמֵן, יֵאָ֫מֶן 1 K 8:26 + (9 times); Pt. נֶאֱמָן Pr 25:13 + (16 times) נֶאֱמָנָה Is 1:21 + (4 times); נֶאֱמֶנֶת ψ 89:29; נֶאֱמָנִים Pr 27:6 + (9 times); נֶאֱמָנוֹת Dt 28:59. 1. carried by a nurse Is 60:4. 2. made firm, sure, lasting: place Is 22:23, 25; name 1 Ch 17:24; waters Is 33:16 Je 15:18; an event Ho 5:9; sickness Dt 28:59; mercy Is 55:3. 3. confirmed, established, sure: kingdom 2 S 7:16; house, dynasty 1 S 2:35; 25:28 1 K 11:38; prophet Samuel 1 S 3:20; cf. word-play אִם לֹא תַאֲמִינוּ לֹא תֵאָמֵנוּ = if ye believe not (have not firm confidence) ye will not be confirmed Is 7:9; הַאֲמִינוּ בי׳ וְתֵאָמֵנוּ = believe in Yahweh and ye will be confirmed 2 Ch 20:20. 4. verified, confirmed: words of God 1 K 8:26 2 Ch 1:9; 6:17; 17:23; precepts ψ 111:7; testimonies ψ 19:8; 93:5; covenant ψ 89:29; words of men Gn 42:20 (E). 5. reliable, faithful, trusty: persons 1 S 2:35; 22:14 Jb 12:20 ψ 89:38; 101:6 Pr 25:13 Is 8:2 Ne 13:13; a city Is 1:21; האל הנאמן the faithful God Dt 7:9 cf. Is 49:7; נֶאֱמַן רוּחַ faithful in spirit (disposition) Pr 11:13; לְבָבוֹ נֶאֱמָן his heart faithful Ne 9:8; עֵד אֱמֶת וְנֶאֱמָן true and faithful witness Je 42:5; נאמנים פצעי אוהב faithful the wounds of a friend Pr 27:6; c. אֵת (אֶל) ψ 78:8; עִם Ho 12:1; בְּ of thing ψ 78:37; בְּכָל־בֵּיתִי in all my house (of Moses) Nu 12:7 (E).
Hiph. הֶאֱמִין Gn 45:26 + (18 times); Impf. יַאֲמִין, יַאֲמֵן Jb 15:31 + (30 times); Imv. הַאֲמִינוּ 2 Ch 20:20 + (2 times); Pt. מַאֲמִין Dt 1:32 Is 28:16. 1. stand firm Jb 39:24 (c. neg. of the horse when the trumpet sounds Di De MV RVm; but neither believeth RV, hardly trusts Da). 2. trust, believe: (a) abs. Ex 4:31 (J) Is 7:9; 28:16 Hb 1:5 ψ 116:10 Jb 29:24; (b) with ל of person, trust to, believe Gn 45:26 (E) Ex 4:1, 8 (J) Je 40:14 2 Ch 32:15; with God Dt 9:23 Is 43:10; ל of thing Ex 4:8, 9 (J) ψ 106:24 1 K 10:7 2 Ch 9:6 Is 53:1 Pr 14:15; (c) with ב of person, trust in, believe in Ex 19:9 (J) 1 S 27:12 2 Ch 20:20 Jb 4:18; 15:15 Pr 26:25 Je 12:6 Mi 7:5; the usual construction with God Gn 15:6 (E) Ex 14:31 Nu 14:11 (J) 20:12 (P) Dt 1:32 2 K 17:14 2 Ch 20:20 ψ 78:22 Jon 3:5; with ב of thing Dt 28:66 Jb 15:31; 24:22; 39:12 ψ 78:32; 106:12; 119:66; (d) with כִּי trust or believe that Ex 4:5 (J) Jb 9:16 La 4:12; (e) so with infin. Jb 15:22 ψ 27:13 (sq. ל); also trust to do a thing, almost = allow, Ju 11:20.
† אֹ֫מֶן n.[m.] faithfulness; אֱמוּנָה אֹמֶן perfect faithfulness (faithfulness, faithfulness) Is 25:1.
† אָמֵן adv. verily, truly Dt 27:15–26 (12 times) 1 K 1:36 Ne 5:13 Je 11:5; 28:6 & doxologies 1 Ch 16:36 (= ψ 106:48); אָמֵן (ו)אָמֵן Nu 5:22 (P) Ne 8:6, & in the doxologies ψ 41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48. ἀμήν = Amen: אֱלֹהֵי אָמֵן Is 65:16(×2) God of Amen De Che RVm; cf. Rev 3:14, or God of faithfulness, God of truth (RV) (perhaps read אֹמֶן Che Di).
† אָמָּן n.m. master-workman, artist Ct 7:2 (Mish. Talm. אוּמָן, אוּמָנוּת handiwork, Syriac ܐܽܘܡܳܢ 𝔖 Ex 28:11, where = Heb. חָרָשׁ & is likewise used of gems; Nab. אמנא Vog94, Assyrian mar ummâni, Lyon Sargontexte 65, cf. ZimBP 12; cf. ii. אָמוֹן).
† אֵמֻן n.[m.] trusting, faithfulness (on format. cf. Ges§ 84 a R. 12).
1. בָּנִים לֹא אֵמֻן בָּם children in whom there is no trusting Dt 32:20 (poet.)
2. אֱמוּנִים pl. abst. faithfulness; צִיר א׳ messenger of faithfulness, trusty messenger Pr 13:17; עֵד א׳ faithful witness Pr 14:5; cf. אִישׁ א׳ Pr 20:6; שֹׁמֵר א׳ keeping faithfulness Is 26:2; perhaps also ψ 31:24 נצר א׳ v. I. [אָמַן].
† אֱמוּנָה n.f. firmness, steadfastness, fidelity Ex 17:12 + 46 times; אֱמוּנוֹת Pr 28:20.
1. lit. firmness, steadiness: Ex 17:12 וַיְהִי יָדָיו א׳ his hands were steadiness (i.e. steady).
2. steadfastness, אֱמוּנַת עִתֶּיךָ steadfastness of thy times Is 33:6.
3. faithfulness, trust: a. of human conduct ψ 37:3 Pr 12:22 Je 5:3; 7:28; 9:2; in office 2 K 12:16; 22:7 2 Ch 19:9; 31:12; 34:12; (על) בֶּאֱמוּנָה in trust (over) 1 Ch 9:22, 26, 31 2 Ch 31:15, 18; דֶּרֶךְ א׳ ψ 119:30; אִישׁ אֱמוּנוֹת man of great faithfulness Pr 28:20; associated with צֶדֶק in human character יָפִיחַ א׳ יַגִּיד צֶדֶק who breatheth out faithfulness sheweth forth righteousness Pr 12:17; cf. 1 S 26:23 Is 59:4 Je 5:1; צַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה a righteous man by his faithfulness liveth Hb 2:4 (> faith Luth AV RV). b. as a divine attribute ψ 88:12; 89:2, 3, 6, 9 Is 25:1 Ho 2:22 La 3:23; אֵל אֱמוּנָה Dt 32:4; his faithfulness is shewn in his works ψ 33:4; commands ψ 119:86; in affliction ψ 119:75; in his oath to David ψ 89:50; it reacheth unto the skies ψ 36:6; unto all generations ψ 100:5; 119:90; he will not belie it ψ 89:34. It is אֱמוּנָה אֹמֶן Is 25:1; cf. אֱמוּנָה מְאֹד ψ 119:138. It is closely associated with the divine חֶסֶד mercy ψ 89:25; 92:3; 98:3 Ho 2:22; with the divine צֶדֶק, צְדָקָה ψ 96:13; 143:1 Is 11:5; & salvation ψ 40:11.
† I. אָמְנָה n.f. bringing up, nourishment, Est 2:20.
† II. אָמְנָה adv. (from אֹמֶן by affix ָה) verily, truly, indeed Gn 20:12 (E) Jos 7:20 (JE).
† I. אֲמָנָה n.f. faith, support.
1. אֲנַחְנוּ כֹּרְתִים אֲמָנָה we are plighting faith (make a sure covenant AV RV) Ne 10:1.
2. א׳ עַל המ׳ support, fixed provision, for the singers Ne 11:23.
† II. אֲמָנָה n.pr.fl.
1. a river (constant? cf. Is 33:16) flowing down from Antilebanon into the plain of Damascus 2 K 5:12 (Qr; אֲבָנָה Kt), the Gr. Chrysorrhoas, mod. Arabic Nahr Baradâ.
2. the region from which it flows Ct 4:8.
† אֻמְנָם adv. (from אֹמֶן by aff. ָם) verily, truly, indeed, always in interrog. Gn 18:13 (J), elsewhere הַאֻמְנָם Nu 22:37 (E) 1 K 8:27 2 Ch 6:18 ψ 58:2.
† אָמְנָם adv. (= אֻמְנָם) verily, truly, in asseverations 2 K 19:17 (= Is 37:18) Jb 19:4, 5; 34:12; 36:4 Ru 3:12, also ironical Jb 9:2; 12:2.
† אֱמֶת n.f. firmness, faithfulness, truth (contr. for אֱמֶנֶת, from אָמֵן) Gn 24:48 + 106 times; sf. אֲמִתּוֹ, אֲמִתְּךָ ψ 91:4 + 18 times
1. reliability, sureness: דֶּרֶךְ אֱמֶת sure way Gn 24:48 (J); שׂכר אמת sure reward Pr 11:18; אות אמת sure token Jos 2:12 (J); זֶרַע אמת Je 2:21.
2. stability, continuance: שָׁלוֹם וֶאֱמֶת peace and stability Is 39:8 (= 2 K 20:19) Est 9:30 Je 33:6 Zc 8:19, cf. שׁלום אמת Je 14:13.
3. faithfulness, reliableness: (a) of men אִישׁ אֱמֶת faithful man Ne 7:2; אנשׁי אמת Ex 18:21 (E); הָלַךְ בֶּאֱמֶת walk in faithfulness, faithfully 1 K 2:4; 3:6 2 K 20:3 Is 38:3 cf. 1 S 12:24; of י׳, בַּאֲמִתֶּ֑ךָ ψ 25:5; 26:3; 86:11; עיר האמת Zc 8:3; of men ψ 45:5; 51:8 2 Ch 31:20; 32:1 Pr 29:14 Is 10:20; 42:3; 48:1; בא׳ ובתמים Ju 9:16, 19 Jos 24:14; חֶסֶד וֶאֱ׳ mercy and faithfulness Pr 3:3; 14:22; 16:6; 20:28 Ho 4:1, & the phrase עשׂה חסד ואמת Gn 24:49; 47:29 Jos 2:14 (J) 2 S 15:20. (b) an attribute of God ψ 54:7; 71:22 Is 38:18, 19; 61:8; נתן אמת Mi 7:20; עשׂה אמת Ez 18:9 Ne 9:33; עשׂה חסד ואמת Gn 32:11 (J) 2 S 2:6; רב חסד ואמת abundant in mercy and faithfulness Ex 34:6 (J) ψ 86:15; these attributes are also associated ψ 40:11, 12; 61:8; 115:1; 138:2 Is 16:5 Gn 24:27 (J); they are messengers of God to men ψ 57:4; 85:11; 89:15 cf. ψ 43:3; כל ארחות י׳ חסד ואמת ψ 25:10; the faithfulness of God endureth for ever ψ 117:2; he keepeth it for ever ψ 146:6; it reacheth unto the skies ψ 57:11; 108:5; it is shield & buckler ψ 91:4; he is אל אמת ψ 31:6 = אלהי אמת 2 Ch 15:3; אֱמֶת is also associated with the divine ישׁר ψ 111:8; צֶדֶק ψ 85:12; צְדָקָה Zc 8:8; מִשְׁפָּט ψ 111:7 Je 4:2; & salvation ψ 69:14.
4. truth (a) as spoken: דבר אמת speak truth 1 K 22:16 2 Ch 18:15 Je 9:4 Zc 8:16 ψ 15:2; דִּבְרֵי א׳ Ec 12:10; אֱמֶת הַדָּבָר the thing is true Dt 22:20 1 K 10:6 2 Ch 9:5 Dn 10:1; אמת נכון הדבר the thing is certainly true Dt 13:15; 17:4; אִמְרֵי אֱמֶת = אמרים אמת Pr 22:21; הגה אמת Pr 8:7; הגיד א׳ Dn 11:2, אֲמִתְּךָ ψ 30:10; שׂפת אמת Pr 12:19; אֱמֶת it is true Is 43:9; האמת אתכם whether truth is with you Gn 42:16 (E) cf. Is 59:14, 15. (b) of testimony and judgment עֵד אֱמֶת true witness Pr 14:25; עד אמת ונאמן Je 42:5; משׁפט אמת Ez 18:8 Zc 7:9; שָׁפַט אמת Zc 8:16. (c) of divine instruction כְּתָב אֱמֶת Dn 10:21; תורת אמת Mal 2:6 cf. Ne 9:13; תורתך אמת ψ 119:142; דבר י׳ בְּפִיךָ אמת 1 K 17:24 cf. 2 S 7:28; משׁפטי י׳ אמת ψ 19:10; ראשׁ דברך אמת ψ 119:160; מצותיך אמת ψ 119:151. (d) truth as a body of ethical or religious knowledge Dn 8:12; להשׂכיל באמתך Dn 9:13.
5. adv. in truth, truly ψ 132:11; יהוה אלהים אמת Yahweh is God in truth, truly Je 10:10; 23:28; elsewhere בֶּאֱמֶת Ju 9:15; ψ 145:18 Je 26:15; 28:9; 32:41.
† II. אָמוֹן n.m. artificer, architect, master-workman, as firm and sure in his workmanship: וָאֶהְיֶה אֶצְלוֹ אָמוֹן I was at his side architect, master-workman (𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Ges Ew De MV RV, > foster-son AE Ki AV) Pr 8:30; יֶתֶר הָֽאָמוֹן rest of the master-workmen Je 52:15 (Hi Gf De RVm, but rest of the multitude Ges MV RV et al., אמון = המון)—1. אָמוֹן v. supr. p. 51.
† III. אָמוֹן n.pr.m. (master-workman) (a) king of Judah 2 K 21:18, 19, 23, 24, 25 1 Ch 3:14 2 Ch 33:20, 21, 22, 23 25 Je 1:2; 25:3; (b) captain of a city 1 K 22:26 2 Ch 18:25; (c) one of the line of Solomon’s servants Ne 7:59 = אָמִי Ezr 2:57.
† אַמְנוֹן n.pr.m. (faithful)
1. eldest son of David 2 S 3:2; 13:1–39; = אֲמִינוֹן 2 S 13:20; = אַמְנֹן 1 Ch 3:1.
2. a son of Shimon 1 Ch 4:20.
אֲמִינוֹן dimin., so Ew§ 167 a cf. W i. § 269, or textual error; cf. Dr 2 S 13:20, v. אַמְנוֹן.
† אֲמִתַּי n.pr.m. (true, from אֱמֶת by adj. affix -י) father of the prophet Jonah 2 K 14:25 Jon 1:1.
† הֵימָן n.pr.m. Heman (faithful, cf. Aramaic מְהֵימָן, ܡܗܰܝܡܰܢ ) a wise man with whom Solomon is compared 1 K 5:11, where app. son of Mahol (Klo sons of the dance); named with 3 others, one being Ethan the Ezrahite; 1 Ch 2:6 a Heman is named with same 3 + 1 other, & all called sons of Zerah of Judah; Heman appears ψ 88:1 also as the Ezrahite (v. sub זרח), cf. Ethan supr.; in other passages Heman is a Levite; specif. Kohathite, son of Joel, called the singer (הַמְשׁוֹרֵר) 1 Ch 6:18 (‖ Asaph v 24, Ethan v 29); Heman, Asaph & Ethan named as the singers (הַמְשֹׁרְרִים) 1 Ch 15:17, 19; cf. Heman & Jeduthun 16:41, 42 (‖ Asaph v 37); Heman, Asaph & Jeduthun 25:6 2 Ch 5:12; 35:15; elsewhere בְּנֵי אָסָף וְהֵימָן וִידוּתוּן 1 Ch 25:1 cf. v 4(×2), 5(×2); בְּנֵי הֵימָן 2 Ch 29:14 (‖ בְּנֵי ידוּתוּן); 1 Ch 25:5 Heman is called חֹזֵה הַמֶּלָךְ בְּדִבְרֵי הָאֱלֹהִים (cf. Asaph 2 Ch 29:30, Jeduthun 2 Ch 35:15).—On question of identity of Heman in these various connections, v. Thes Comm.
† מְהוּמָן n.pr.m. a eunuch of Ahasuerus (id.; but 𝔊 Ἀμαν) Est 1:10.
II. [אָמַן] v. II. יָמַן.
† [אָמֵץ] vb. be stout, strong, bold, alert (according to LagBN 28 f. from earlier אָמֹץ cf. אֹמֶץ)—
Qal Pf. 3 pl. אָֽמְצוּ 2 S 22:18; + 2 times; Impf. יֶאֱמָ֑ץ Gn 25:23; וַיֶּאֶמְצוּ 2 Ch 13:18; Imv. אֱמַץ Jos 1:7 1 Ch 28:20; אֱמַ֑ץ Jos 1:6; אֱמָ֑ץ Dt 31:7 + 3 times; אִמְצוּ Dt 31:6 + 2 times— 1. be strong, of a people Gn 25:23 (J); of personal enemies 2 S 22:18 = ψ 18:18; ψ 142:7 (all sq. מִן of compar.); also (without מן) prevail 2 Ch 13:18. 2. Imv. be bold (always ‖ חֲזַק, חִזְקוּ) Dt 31:7, 23 Jos 1:6, 7, 18; (‖ id. + אַל־תִּירְאוּ וְאַל־תַּעַרְצוּ) Dt 31:6; ‖ id. + אַל־תַּעֲרֹץ וְאַל תֵּחָת) Jos 1:9; (‖ id. + אַל תִּירְאוּ וְאַל תֵּחָ֑תּוּ) Jos 10:25 1 Ch 22:13; 28:20 2 Ch 32:7.
Pi. Pf. אִמֵּץ Dt 2:30 etc.; Impf. יְאַמֵּץ Am 2:14 etc.; וַיְאַמֶּץ־לוֹ Is 44:14 3 fs. sf. 3 ms. תְּאַמְּצֶנּוּ ψ 89:22; 1 s. sf. אֲאַמִּצְכֶם Jb 16:5 etc.; Imv. אַמֵּץ Na 2:2; אַמֵּ֑צוּ Is 35:3; אַמְּצֵ֑הוּ Dt 3:28; Inf. sf. אַמְּצוֹ Pr 8:28; Pt. מְאַמֶּץ־ Pr 24:5;— 1. make firm, strengthen, sq. acc., of giving clouds their place Pr 8:28 (subj. י׳); of repairing temple 2 Ch 24:13; of physical vigour Pr 31:17 חָֽגְרָה בְעוֹז מָתְנֶי֑הָ וַתְּא׳ זְרוֹעֹתֶֽיהָ ׃ (subj. אֵשֶׁת חַיִל); of strength for war א׳ כֹּחַ Na 2:2 (‖ חִזֵּק מָתְנַיִם) Am 2:14 (subj. חָזָק); cf. Pr 24:5; of royal power 2 Ch 11:17 (‖ חִזֵּק); cf. א׳ בִּרְכַּיִם כֹּשְׁלוֹת Is 35:3; א׳ בּ׳ כֹּרְעוֹת Jb 4:4 (both ‖ חִזֵּק יָדַיִם רָפוֹת) fig. of encouragement; so א׳ alone Dt 3:28 (‖ חִזֵּק) Jb 16:5 (‖ חשׂך q.v.); ψ 89:22 (subj. זְרוֹעַ י׳); of support Is 41:10 (subj. י׳; ‖ עזר, תמך;—De Che sub 2). 2. assure, secure for one’s self, always sq. ל + sf.; of carpenter appropr. tree Is 44:14; cf. of י׳ appropriating Isr. under fig. of bough ψ 80:16; under fig. of chosen man v. 18. 3. sq. לֵבָב harden, make obstinate Dt 2:30; (subj. י׳; ‖ הִקְשָׁה רוּחוֹ) Dt 15:7 (of unkind man); 2 Ch 36:13 (of king Zedekiah, ‖ הִקְשָׁה אֶת־עָרְפּוֹ).
Hithp. Pf. הִתְאַמֵּץ 1 K 12:18 = 2 Ch 10:18; Impf. וַיִּתְאַמְּצוּ 2 Ch 13:7; Pt. מִתְאַמֶּצֶת Ru 1:18; 1. strengthen oneself, of conspirators 2 Ch 13:7 (sq. עַל). 2. confirm oneself in a purpose, be determined Ru 1:18 (sq. ל + Inf.) 3. make oneself alert, make haste 1 K 12:18 = 2 Ch 10:18 (sq. ל + Inf.)
Hiph. Impf. Juss. exhibit strength, be strong וְיַאֲמֵץ, חֲזַק ויא׳ לִבֶּ֑ךָ ψ 27:14, so also 31:25.
† אֹ֫מֶץ n.[m.] strength, fig. טֳהָר־יָדַיִם יֹסִיף אֹ֑מֶץ Jb 17:9 the clean of hands increaseth strength.
† אַמְצָה n.f. strength, fig. Zc 12:5, but sense difficult, cf. WRZech. p. 585; StaZAW 1881, 34 proposes אֶמְצְאָה לְיוֹשְׁבֵי (after 𝔊 𝔗) may I be sufficient for.
† אָמוֹץ n.pr.m. father of Isaiah ( = following) Is 1:1; 2:1; 13:1; 20:2; 37:2, 21; 38:1 = 2 K 19:2, 20; 20:1; 2 Ch 26:22; 32:20, 32.
† [אָמֹץ] adj. strong, only pl. אֲמֻצִּים of horses Zc 6:3, 7 (in v 7 perhaps read אֲדֻמִּים, cf. v 2, & Hi; see another view in LagBN 29).
† אַמִּיץ (אַמִּץ) adj. mighty—א׳ abs. 2 S 15:12 + 2 times; cstr. Jb 9:4 + 2 times—mighty, of Absalom’s conspiracy 2 S 15:12; elsewhere of persons; as subst., instrum. of י׳ (i.e. Assyrians) Is 28:2 (‖ חָזָק); א׳ לִבּוֹ = valiant, conqueror Am 2:16; of י׳, חֲכַם לֵבָב וְא׳ כֹּחַ Jb 9:4; cf. כֹּחַ א׳ v 19 (v. Di & RV), א׳ כֹּחַ Is 40:26 (‖ רֹב אוֹנִים). Is 40:26 read probably אֹמֶץ (𝔊).
† אַמְצִי n.pr.m.
1. a Levite 1 Ch 6:31.
2. man of priestly line Ne 11:12 (not in ‖ 1 Ch 9:12).
אֲמַצְיָ֫הוּ, אֲמַצְיָה n.pr.m. (י׳ is mighty).
1. king of Jud., son of Joash, father of Azariah; אֲמַצְיָהוּ 2 K 14:1, 9 + 8 times 2 K 14; 15:3 1 Ch 3:12; 2 Ch 24:27; 25:1 + 15 times 2 Ch 25; 26:1, 4; אֲמַצְיָה 2 K 12:22; 13:12; 14:8; 15:1.
2. אֲמַצְיָה, a Simeonite 1 Ch 4:34.
3. id., a Levite 1 Ch 6:30.
4. priest of Bethel, under Jerob. II, Am 7:10, 12, 14.
† [מַאֲמָץ] n.[m.] power, strength, force, pl. cstr. מַאֲמַצֵּי־כֹחַ Jb 36:19.
אָמַר5287 vb. utter, say (MI Ph. אמר, Aramaic אֲמַר, Ethiopic አመረ I. 2 shew, declare, Arabic أَمَرَ command; perhaps √ אמר orig. = be or make prominent, hence Hithp. infr., אָמִיר; Sab. אמר lofty, epith. of king JHMordtmZMG 1876, 37; cf. DlPr 28 who thinks orig. meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amâru, see & shew, declare, say)—
Qal Pf. א׳ Gn 3:1 +, etc.; Impf. יֹאמַר Gn 31:8 +; וַיֹּא֫מֶר Gn 1:3 +; וַיֹּאמַ֑ר Gn 14:19 +; in Jb always וַיֹּא֑מַר Jb 3:2 +; 3 fs. תֹּאמַר Gn 21:12 +; תֹּאמֵ֑ר Pr 1:21; 1 s. אֹמַר Gn 22:2 +; אוֹמְרָה ψ 42:10; וָאֹמַר Gn 20:13 +; וָאוֹמַר Ne 2:7, 17, 20; 3 m. pl. יֹאמְרוּ Ex 4:1 + etc.; sf. יֹמְרוּךָ ψ 139:20; 2 mpl. תֹּמְרוּ 2 S 19:14 (cf. Köi. p. 385); Imv. אֱמֹר (אֱמָר־) Gn 45:17 +, etc.; Inf. abs. אָמוֹר Ex 21:5 +; cstr. אֱמֹר Ez 25:8 +; (הַ)אֲמֹר Jb 34:18 but read הָאֹמֵר 𝔊 𝔙 Di, or better הֶאָמֹר Inf. abs. c. ה interrog. cf. Ew§ 328 d; sf. אָמְרִי Jos 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Je 23:38; אֱמָרְכֶם Mal 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Gn 1:22 +, etc.; Pt; act. אֹמֵר Gn 32:10 +, etc.; pass. הֶאָמוּר Mi 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֶאָמוֹר, Inf. abs. c. ה interrog., v. DrExpositor, April, 1887, 263. 1. Say (subj. God Gn 3:1 + or man 32:5, serpent 3:1, ass Nu 22:28, horse יֹאמַר הֶאָח Jb 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personif. Jb 28:14 cf. v 22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Ju 9:8 2 K 14:9 etc.; especially in narrat., וַיֹּאמֶר etc., Gn 4:6 + very often): mostly sq. thing said, either subst. Je 14:17 (c. cl. app.) Dt 27:16 f. Ju 12:6; pronoun Gn 44:16 2 K 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Gn 1:3; 3:1; 37:20 + often (orat. recta); with adv. thus, so Gn 32:5 Nu 20:14 1 K 20:3, 5 +; especially כֹּה אָמַר י׳ Ex 5:1; 7:17, 26; 8:16; 1 Ch 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֶל Gn 3:1; 15:7; 22:7; Lv 21:1; 2 S 3:7; 1 K 12:5, 23, or לְ Gn 3:13; 4:15; 1 S 20:2; 2 S 2:21; 1 K 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, א׳ בְּאָזְנֵי Is 49:20 (cf. 5:9 & vid. דבר); א׳ לִפְנֵי Ez 28:9; א׳ לְעֵינֵי Dt 31:7; Jos 10:12; Je 28:11; א׳ בְּ Jo 2:17 ψ 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually sq. dir. obj. of words said, Ex 19:25; Ju 17:2 being singular; Gn 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, cf. Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Gn 22:2, 3; 43:27, 29 Ex 32:13; Nu 14:40; 1 S 10:16; 16:3; 2 S 6:22 Ne 6:19; cf. ψ 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim (sq. dir. obj. only) ψ 40:11; Ez 13:7; in reply to question = answer Ex 12:27; Jos 4:7; 1 K 9:9; Je 5:19; 22:9. The obj. spoken of may be referred to by אֶל 2 K 19:32; Je 22:18; 27:19, or לְ Gn 20:13 אִמְרִי לִי say of me, etc. Dt 33:9; Ju 9:54; Is 5:20 ψ 3:3; 71:10, very rarely by a simple accus. Is 3:10 (where read prob. for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (cf. אֲשֶׁר 4 d) Gn 3:17; Nu 10:29; 14:31 Dt 28:68; Ju 7:4; 1 S 9:17, 23b; 1 K 8:29; La 4:20; cf. Nu 21:16; 2 K 17:12; 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Is 8:12; La 2:15 (v. DrSm i. 25, 5); הֶֽאָמוּר Mi 2:7 read inf. abs. c. ה interrog. הֶאָמוֹר (v. supr.) shall one say? shall it be said? After another vb. of saying, introducing thing said: Dt 21:7; 25:9; 27:15; Ct 2:10 +, even after אמר Gn 22:7; Lv 21:1; Je 34:2; Est 7:5 +; especially inf. לֵאמֹר, after דבר Gn 8:15, צוה 2:16; 3:17, ענה 41:16, ברך 1:22, נשׁבע 24:7, נדר 28:20, etc.; after אמר 2 S 3:18; 1 K 12:23; 1 Ch 21:18 +; after שׁלח 2 Ch 35:21 שׁוּב Gn 32:7; cf. also Gn 28:6 Ex 5:13; 9:5; 13:8; 17:4; Nu 11:20; Dt 1:28; 13:7; Ju 8:15; 1 S 23:2; 1 K 13:3; Je 32:3; 37:9; Ru 4:4 +; when subj. of לֵאמֹר differs from that of preceding clause Gn 31:1; 38:13, 24 etc.; after שׁמע Is 37:9 = 2 K 19:9. 2. Say in the heart (= think) א׳ בלבב Dt 8:17 cf. 1 K 12:26 ψ 10:6, 11, 13; 14:1; 35:25; Is 14:13; 47:8, 10; 49:21; Ec 2:1, 15; 3:17, 18; א׳ לִלְבָבָם Ho 7:2; א׳ אֶל־לִבּוֹ Gn 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subj. י׳, cf. 1 S 27:1; אָֽמְרָה נַפְשִׁי La 3:24; thence א׳ alone Gn 20:11; 26:9 Nu 24:11; Ru 4:4; 1 S 20:26; 2 S 5:6; 12:22; 2 K 5:11; Mal 1:7; with כִּי Ju 15:2; in particular = desire מַה־תֹּאמַר נַפְשְׁךָ 1 S 20:4 cf. Est 2:13; sq. inf. = purpose, Ex 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? Jos 22:33; 1 S 30:6; 1 K 5:19; 2 Ch 28:10, 13; expect 2 S 21:16 he expected to slay David 2 Ch 13:8; 32:1. 3. Promise (sq. inf.) 1 Ch 27:23; 2 Ch 21:7; Est 4:7; (id. + ל of pers.) 2 K 8:19; Ne 9:15; (sq. acc. of dir. obj. + ל of pers. + inf. of purpose) Ne 9:23. 4. Command (especially late) sq. אֶל־ of person addressed, Nu 15:28; 1 Ch 21:18; sq. ל Jos 11:9; 2 S 16:11 2 K 4:24; Jb 9:7 ψ 106:24 (v. sub אֲשֶׁר 8 e); sq. inf. 1 S 24:11 1 Ch 21:17; 2 Ch 1:18; 29:27, 36; 31:11; 35:21 Est 1:17; 4:13, 15; 6:1; 9:14; inf. + ל of pers. 2 Ch 14:3; 29:21; 31:4; Ne 9:15; Est 1:10; sq. acc. dir. obj. 2 Ch 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, cf. 1 K 5:20; Est 2:15; sq. cl. with אשׁר = that Ne 13:19; id. + ל of pers. v 22; sq. cl. with כִּי Jb 36:10; abs. 1 S 16:16 (read however prob. יאמרו for יאמר, cf. Dr); also ψ 105:31, 34; 107:25; 1 Ch 14:12; 2 Ch 24:8; Ne 13:9, 19 (all sq. vb. consec.); command by leter א׳ עִם־הַסֵּפֶר Est 9:25 (sq. impf.); appoint, assign לֶחֶם א׳ לוֹ 1 K 11:18 = threaten sq. inf. Dt 9:25 ψ 106:23.
†Niph. Pf. נֶאֱמַר Dn 8:26; Impf. יֵאָמֵר Gn 22:14 +; יֵאָ֫מֶר לוֹ Is 4:3; יֵאָמַ֑ר Gn 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַ֑ר Jos 2:2; be said, told Gn 10:9; 22:14 ψ 87:5; Je 4:11; 16:14 (all abs., indef. subj., of current saying); so said in a book Nu 21:14; be related, told, of vision Dn 8:26; said, told to (sq. ל ind. obj.) Jos 2:2; Ho 2:1(×2) Zp 3:16; either so, or told concerning Nu 23:23; Ez 13:12 (אֶל־); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Is 61:6 (‖ תִּקָּרֵ֔אוּ), cf. 4:3; 19:18; 32:5 (‖ יִקָּרֵא ל) 62:4(×2); hence be called, of Tophet לֹא־יֵאָמֵר עוֹד הַתֹּפֶת Je 7:32; subj. שֵׁם Gn 32:29; Jb 34:31 כִּי אֶל־אֵל חֶאָמַר, Rabb. (cf. AV) treat הֵאָמַר as Niph. Inf. for לְהֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Pf., אֶל־אֵל being prefixed to the interrog. for emphasis (cf. Je 22:15; 23:26 Ne 13:27), v. Dr§ 9 Di al.; Hoffm., however, reads הֵאָמֵר inf. abs. = imv. ‘so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.’
†Hiph. Pf. avow, avouch Dt 26:17 אֶת־י׳ הֶאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים; v 18 וי׳ הֶאֱמִירְךָ היום להיות לוֹ לְעַם (lit. cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpr. vid. Di).
†Hithp. Impf. יִתְאַמְּרוּ ψ 94:4 subj. כָּל־פֹּעֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן act proudly, boast (‖ יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק); prob. also 2 mpl. תִּתְיַמָּ֑רוּ Is 61:6 (in good sense, sq. בְּ of thing gloried in) 𝔖 𝔙 𝔗 & cf. 𝔊; GesComm. so De Che Köi. 457 f. (from [ימר] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but vid. ימר).
† [אֵמֶר], אֹמֶר n.m. ψ 77, 9 speech, word, only poet., & Jos 24:27 exalted style;—abs. אוֹ׳ Jb 22:28 + 5 times; sf. אִמְרוֹ Jb 20:29; Pl. abs. אֲמָרִים Pr 19:7; 22:21; cstr. אִמְרֵי Nu 24:4 +; אֲמָרָיו Jb 22:22; אִמְרֵיכֶם Jb 32:14; Is 41:26 (on deriv. from אֹמֶר cf. Di Jb 33:33) etc.;—
1. utterance, word, especially pl. Jb. 6:26 (‖ מִלִּים) 32:12, 14 (‖ מִלִּין) 33:3; 34:37; ψ 5:2 (‖ הָגִיג), 141:6 (on this v. cf. Che); Pr 2:1 (‖ מִצְוָה), v 16 4:10, 20 (‖ דָּבָר), 7:1 (‖ מִצְוָה), v 5; 19:7; Is 41:26; words of God Nu 24:4, 16 cf. Jos 24:27; Jb 6:10; 22:22 ψ 107:11; fig. of day ψ 19:3 (sing.); cf. v 4 (‖ דְּבָרִים) but vid. Che on v.; of wisdom (personif.) Pr 1:21 (‖ קוֹל); often in phrase אִמְרֵי־פִי Dt 32:1 ψ 19:15 (‖ הֶגְיוֹן); 54:4 (‖ תְּפִלָּה); 78:1 (‖ תּוֹרָה); Pr 4:5; 5:7; 7:24; 8:8; cf. Jb 8:2 Pr 6:2(×2); of י׳ Jb 23:12 (‖ מִצְוַת שְׂפָתָיו); ψ 138:4; Ho 6:5 (of Yahweh’s words as weapon); in phrases אִמְרֵיישֶׁר Jb 6:25; א׳ בִינָה Pr 1:2; א׳ נֹעַם Pr 15:26; 16:24; א׳ דָ֑עַת 19:27; 23:12; א׳ אֱמֶת 22:21, cf. הֵשִׁיב אֲמָרִים אֱמֶת v 21 return answer; תָּשִׁיב אֲמָרֶיהָ לָהּ Ju 5:29 she returneth (i.e. repeateth) her words to herself; חָשַׂךְ א׳ spare (i.e. refrain from) words Pr 17:27.
2. sg. promise ψ 77:9; appointment, decree Jb 20:29; command ψ 68:12 (but v. Che); plan, purpose Jb 22:28 גָּזַר־א׳; Hb 3:9 Thes sworn are the rods of appointment (i.e. the chastisements decreed), but passage dub., v. Comm.;—Gn 49:21 read אֲמִרֵי cf. אָמִיר; vid. Di
[אִמְרָה] n.f. utterance, speech, word (poet., mostly sg. coll., cf. pl. vb. ψ 119:103; but here read prob. pl. n. cf. 𝔊 Ol Hi De Che)—cstr. אִמְרַת Is 5:24 +; אִמְרָתִי Gn 4:23 + etc.; Pl. abs. אֲמָרוֹת ψ 12:7; cstr. אִמְרֹת ib.;—utterance, speech Gn 4:23 (song of Lamech, ‖ קוֹל) so Is 28:23; 29:4; 32:9; Dt 32:2 (‖ לֶקַח), ψ 17:6; Is 29:4 (w. נָשָׂא, צִפְצֵף); especially saying(s), word(s) of י׳ (command & promise) Dt 33:9 (‖ בְּרִית); Is 5:24 (‖ תּוֹרָה) 2 S 22:31 = ψ 18:31; ψ 12:7; 105:19 (‖ דָּבָר); especially ψ 119:11, 38, 41 + 16 times; 138:2; 147:15 (‖ דָּבָר), Pr 30:5.
† [אֶמְרָה] n.f. id., only אֶמְרָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה La 2:17.
† אוֹמָר n.pr.m. grandson of Esau (eloquent?) Gn 36:11, 15; 1 Ch 1:36.
† אָמִיר n.m. top, summit, of tree Is 17:6; of mt. v 9 (? so Ew Kn De Di; Lag Che Brd Or foll. 𝔊 & read הָאֱמֹרִי); Pl. cstr. אֲמִרֵי Gn 49:21 (so read for אִמְרֵי, Ew Di al., cf. also i. אֵלָה p. 18).
† אִמֵּר n.pr.m.
1. a priest assigned to Dvd’s time 1 Ch 24:14 perhaps =
2. ancestor of priest 1 Ch 9:12 cf. Ne 11:13; Ezr 2:37; 10:20; Ne 7:40.
3. priest in Jerem.’s time Je 20:1.
4. father of Zadok Ne 3:29.
5. n.pr.loc. (?) Ezr 2:59 = Ne 7:61.
אֱמֹרִי n.pr.m.coll. (construed as pl. Dt 3:9 + 5 times) Amorites (perhaps = mountain-dwellers, cf. Nu 13:29; Dt 1:7, 19 f. etc. & Di Gn 10:16 al.)—always c. art., except Nu 21:29; Ez 16:45. Meaning mountain-dwellers very dub.; on א׳ = Egyptian ʾA-ma-ra v. WMMAs. u. Eur. 229 ff., = TelAm. and Assyrian Amurru, v. WklTelAm. 36 JastrEB Canaan, § 10 SayHastDB Amorites al.; cf. also GFM; Ju 4,5 Dr Dt 1:7 Gray Nu 13:29.
1. called son of Canaan Gn 10:16 (J) 1 Ch 1:14 =
2. a chief people dispossessed by Hebrews; (a) living E. of Jordan Nu 21:13,(×2), 25 + 9 times Nu + Jos 24:8 (all E), cf. Jos 2:10; 9:10 (JE) Dt 1:4; 3:2, 9 + 7 times D; also Ju 10:8, 11; 11:19, 21, 22, 23; 1 K 4:19 ψ 135:11; 136:19 (Sihon their king Nu 21:21 +; Sihon & Og Dt 3:8 +); (b) living W. of Jordan Jos 10:5, 6; 24:12, 15, 18 (all E), cf. 7:7 (JE); 5:1; 10:12 (both D; cf. also 13:4, q. del. Di) Ju 1:34, 35, 36; 6:10; 1 K 21:26; 2 K 21:11 cf. 1 S 7:14; 2 S 21:2; (c) living in south Dt 1:7, 19, 20, 27, 44; cf. Gn 14:7 (W. of Dead Sea); (d) in gen. = ancient inhabitants of Canaan Gn 15:16 (J or R) 48:22 (E) Am 2:9, 10; (e) named in list of Canaanitish peoples, to be dispossessed by Isr. Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:2; 34:11; Jos 3:10; 9:1 (all J); Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 11:3; 12:8 (all D); Ex 23:23; Nu 13:29; Jos 24:11 (all E); Ju 3:5; 1 K 9:20; 2 Ch 8:7; Ezr 9:1; Ne 9:8; cf. Ez 16:3, 45; (on these lists cf. BuUrgesch 344 ff. & WeJBTh xxi. 602.)
3. adj.gent. sg. Gn 14:13; Dt 2:24.
† אִמְרִי n.pr.m.
1. a man of Judah 1 Ch 9:4; cf.
2. Ne 3:2 ( = tall? or eloquent?).
אֲמַרְיָ֫הוּ, אֲמַרְיָה n.pr.m. (Yah(u) hath promised, cf. Palm. אמרשמשא, Sab. יתעאמר) long form only 1 Ch 24:23; 2 Ch 19:11; 31:15.
1. a Levite 1 Ch 23:19; 24:23 (in Dvd’s time), cf. 1 Ch 5:33,(×2); 6:37; Ezr 7:3; vid. also
2. 1 Ch 5:37,(×2); also
3. Ezr 10:42.
4. chief priest under Jehosh. 2 Ch 19:11.
5. Levite under Hezekiah 2 Ch 31:15.
6. son of Hezekiah & great-grandfather of Zephaniah Zp 1:1.
7. a priest Ne 10:4; 12:2, 13.
8. a man of Judah Ne 11:4.
† [מַאֲמָר] n.m. Est 9:32 word, command (late; Mish. id.) cstr. מַאֲמַר Est 1:15; 2:20; 9:32.
† אַמְרָפֶל n.pr.m. king of Shinar Gn 14:1, 9 (prob. = חמרבי, Ḫammurabi of Babylon, who reigned c. 2100 b.c., cf. SchrSBA 1887, xxxi (June 23) COTii. 296 f. Dl in DeGen 1887, Excursus).
† אֶ֫מֶשׁ adv. yesterday (etym. dub.; MV after Fl De on Jb 30:3 cf. Sta§ 256 c der. from √ משׁה = Arabic مسا, whence مَسَآءٌ, evening; v. also in Thes, & cf. Assyrian mušu, night COTGloss, Ethiopic ምሴት but also Arabic أَمْسٌ = Assyrian amšatu, yesterday) = last night Gn 19:34; 31:29, 42 (אָ֑מֶשׁ); = recently 2 K 9:26.—Jb 30:3 א׳ שׁוֹאָה is difficult & uncertain Thes MV al. darkness, gloom of wasteness, so RV, but dub., cf. Di; G. Hoffm. reads אֵם שׁ׳ = the mother of (all) the ruined (said of the desert).
אֱמֶת, אֲמִתַּי v. אמן.
אַמְתַּ֫חַת v. מתח.
אָן adv. v. p. 33 sub אַי.
† אֹן (Gn 41:45; 46:20) אוֹן (Gn 41:50 Ez 30:17) n.pr.loc. On (Egypt. Ȧn cf. EbGS 75 WiedSamml 46; perhaps = Assyrian Unu, SteindorffBAS i. 610, contr. DlPa 318) city in lower Egypt, prob. on border of land of Goshen, residence of ‘Potiphera, priest of On,’ father-in-law of Joseph Gn 41:45, 50; 46:20; also Ez 30:17 (where MT אָוֶן); it was celebrated for worship of sun-god Ra, & hence called also sun-city, בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ Je 43:13, 𝔊 Ἡλίου πόλις; mod. Matariye, on E. bank of Nile, c. 7 miles E. of N. from Cairo & 18 from Memphis;—cf. EbGS 75, 507 f. & map Wiedl.c.
† אָֽנָּ֫א interj. (from אָהּ and נָא, q.v.) a strong part. of entreaty, ah, now! I (or we) beseech thee! often sq. an imper.; Gn 50:17 (to Joseph) אָנָּא שָׂא נָא וג׳ Ah, now! forgive, we pray, etc., Ex 32:31 (to God); elsewhere always sq. י׳ or אֲדֹנָי ψ 118:25(×2) Ne 1:5, 11 Dn 9:4. Written אָֽנָּ֫ה 2 K 20:3 (= Is 38:3) Jon 1:14; 4:2 ψ 116:4, 16.
אנב (perhaps spring, leap, so DlHA 65, Pr 114, inferred from Assyrian annabu, hare; ag. this NöZMG 1886, 734).
† אַרְנֶבֶת n.f. hare (Arabic أَرْنَبٌ, Syriac ܐܰܪܢܶܒܳܐ, Assyrian annabu, as springer?) eating of it forbidden Lv 11:6 (P) Dt 14:7.
אָ֫נָה, אָ֫נֶה v. אָן sub אַי.
† I. [אָנָה] vb. mourn—
Qal Pf. 3 pl. וְאָנוּ cons. Is 3:26; 19:8 (‖ אָבַל q.v.)
† אֲנִיָּה n.f. mourning; Is 29:2 La 2:5 (both times in combin. תַּאֲנִיָּה וַאֲנִיָּה).
† תַּאֲנִיָּה n.f. id. ib.
† אֲנִיעָם n.pr.m. (lament of people) 1 Ch 7:19 a man of Manasseh.
II. אנה (√ whence foll. nouns, cf. Assyrian ânu, unûtu, vessel, utensil, v. Dl in ZimBP 115 Hpt in KAT2Gloss i.; Arabic إِنَآءٌ ).
† אֳנִי n.m. 1 K 10:11 & f. v 22 coll. ships, fleet—abs. 1 K 9:26 +; cstr. 10:11 +;—of Sol. 1 K 9:26, 27; called א׳ תַרְשִׁישׁ (i.e. large, sea-going vessels, such as sail to Tarshish) 10:22(×2); א׳ חִירָם 10:11, 22; propelled by oars א׳־שַׁיִט Is 33:21.
† אֳנִיָּה n.f. unit. a ship—abs. Jon 1:3 + 3 times; Pl. abs. אֳנִיּוֹת Dt 28:68 +; אֳונִ֯יּוֹת 2 Ch 8:18; cstr. = abs. 1 K 22:49 +, etc.;—a ship Pr 30:19 Gn 49:13 Dt 28:68 Ju 5:17 (where, however, cf. BuBB Richter u. Sam. p. 16 on text) 1 K 22:49, 50 Is 43:14 2 Ch 8:18; 20:36, 37; Jon 1:4, 5 ψ 104:26; 107:23 Dn 11:40; א׳ הַיָּם Ez 27:9; propelled by oars Ez 27:29; especially א׳ תַּרְשִׁישׁ (cf. אֳנִי) 1 K 22:49 2 Ch 9:21 (cf. 1 K 10:22 supr. sub אֳנִי) ψ 48:8; Is 2:16; 23:1, 14; 60:9; Ez 27:25; late of ship going to Tarshish 2 Ch 9:21; 20:26 Jon 1:3; merchant-ship, א׳ סוֹחֵר Pr 31:14; א׳ אֵבֶ֑ה swift ships Jb 9:26 (cf. אבה); seamen אַנְשֵׁי־אֳנִיּוֹת 1 K 9:27.
† III. [אָנָה] vb. be opportune, meet, encounter opportunely (Arabic أَنَى the right time is come, or it is come to the right time, or to maturity, or is opportune).
Pi. Pf. אִנָּה Ex 21:13 cause (or allow) to meet in הָאֱלֹהִים א׳ לְיָדוֹ (obj. om.) i.e. without any purpose of the man to whom sf. ref.
Pu. be allowed to meet, be sent, Impf. יְאֻנֶּה Pr 12:21 (c. ל); 3 fs. תְּאֻנֶּה ψ 91:10 (c. אֶל), subj. evil.
Hithp. cause oneself to meet, seek occasion (= seek a quarrel with) sq. ל 2 K 5:7.
† [תַּאֲנָה] n.f. occasion, time of copulation; sf. תַּאֲנָתָהּ i.e. of wild ass Je 2:24.
† תֹּאֲנָה n.f. opportunity, i.e. ground of quarrel; of Samson, sq. מִן Ju 14:4.
אָֽנָּ֫ה v. אָֽנָּ֫א.
אֲנוּ Je 42:6 Kt: v. after אֲנִי.
† [אָנַח] vb. only
Niph. sigh, groan, mostly poet. & late (Aramaic אֲנַה, ܐܶܢܰܚ Ethiopic cf. Assyrian [anâḫu], inḫu, sigh ZimBP 12, 30)—Pf. 3 fs. נֶאֶנְחָה La 1:8 Jo 1:18; 3 pl. נֶאֶנְחוּ Is 24:7; Impf. יֵאָנַח Pr 29:2 etc.; Imv. הֵאָנַ֑ח֯ Ez 21:11; Pt. נֶאְנָ֑ה Ez 21:12; נֶאֱנָחָה La 1:21 etc.;— 1. sigh, in token of grief Is 24:7 Pr 29:2 La 1:4 (‖ נוּגוֹת) v 21 Ez 21:11(×2); of Jerus. La 1:8; mostly abs. but sq. עַל־ Ez 9:4 (‖ נֶאֱנָק); sq. עַל־ & אֶל־ 21:12. 2. in physical distress La 1:11 (‖ בִּקֵּשׁ לֶחֶם); Ex 2:23 sq. מִן by reason of (‖ זָעַק) 3. groan of cattle (בְּהֵמָה) Jo 1:18.
† אֲנָחָה n.f. sighing, groaning (poet. & late);—abs. ψ 31:11 +; sf. אַנְחָתִי Jb 3:24 +; אַנְחָתָהֿ Is 21:2 (sf. with Raphe). Pl. sf. אַנְחֹתַי La 1:22;—sighing, groaning, in distress, physical or mental Jb 3:24 (‖ שְׁאָגָה), 23:2 (‖ שִׂיחַ), ψ 6:7; 38:10 (‖ תַּאֲוָה), Is 21:2, La 1:22; ‖ יָגוֹן ψ 31:11; Is 35:10; 51:11 Je 45:3; קוֹל א׳ ψ 102:6.
אֲנַחְנוּ pron. 1 pl. we v. infr.
† אֲנָֽחֲרָ֑ת n.pr.loc. city in Naphtali Jos 19:19. Kn (cf. Di) comp. en-Naʿûra, on E. side of Jebel Daḥi, little Hermon; cf. RobBR iii. 339.
אֲנִי, אָ֑נִי pron. 1 s. comm. I (أَنَا, אֲנָא, ܐܶܢܳܐ:, አነ ) Gn 6:17; 9:9, 12 + oft. Following a ptcp. as its subj. (to express mostly either a true present or the fut. instans) Gn 18:17 הַמְכַסֶּה אֲנִי Am I hiding from Abraham that which, etc., Ju 15:3 1 S 3:13 Je 1:12; 38:14; 44:29 (v. Dr§ 135, 4). Appended to a verb, it expresses, in early Hebrew, a real emphasis, as Ju 8:23 לֹא אֶמְשֹׁל אֲנִי בָּכֶם I will not rule over you, 2 S 12:28 lest I take the city, 2 S 17:15 thus and thus did Ahitophel counsel, and thus and thus יָעַצְתִּי אָ֑נִי did I counsel; but in later Heb. it is sometimes pleonastic, Ec 2:11–15, 18–20 +. In response to a question, אָ֑נִי alone = I am, It is I, Gn 27:24 Ju 13:11 1 K 18:8 +. With הֲ, הַאֲנִי †Is 66:9. (Syn. אָנֹכִי, q.v.)
† אֲנוּ pron. 1 pl. comm. we (common in postB. Heb.; cf. also Amh. እና ) pl. of אֲנִי (WSG 98), only Je 42:6 Kt. (אֲנַחְנוּ Qr).
אֲנִיָעם v. sub I. [אנה].
אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי (once Jb 33:9 אָֽנֹכִ֑י) pron. 1 s. comm. I; Gn 3:10; 7:4; 15:1, 2; 16:5 + often With הֲ, הֶאָנֹכִי †Nu 11:12 Jb 21:4. (Assyrian anâku, Ph. & Moab. אנך: not in Arabic Aramaic Ethiopic; but ku appears as the affix of the 1 s. in the Ethiopic verb (e.g. waladkū = Heb. יָלַדְתִּי). אָנֹכִי and אֲנִי appear to be two parallel formations (both containing the element ani [cf. the sf. -نِيَ, -נִי] or ana, & one strengthened by the addition of the demonst. basis ku [prob. akin to ܟܳܐ כָּא, כֹּה here]: cf. Sta§ 179 WSG 95 f. 98–101), of which, in most of the Sem. languages, one prevailed to the exclusion of the other, but which in Heb. maintained their place side by side.) In some cases אני and אנכי appear capable of being used indifferently; in others the choice seems to have been determined, partly by rhythmical considerations, partly by a growing preference for אֲנִי among later writers. Thus when appended to the verb for emph. (whether with or without גַּם) the lighter form אֲנִי is nearly always used (Lv 20:5; 26:24, 32; Dt 12:30; Ju 1:3; 8:23; 2 S 12:28; 17:15; 18:2, 22; Je 17:18; 21:5; Ez 17:22; Jb 13:2 +; cf. the cases Gn 27:34 1 S 25:24 2 S 19:1 1 K 1:26 Pr 23:15); on the contrary, in the emph. rhetorical style of Dt, אָנֹכִי is preferred (in the discourses, uniformly, except 12:30, in acc. with usage just noted, & 29:5 in a standing expression; on 32:49, 52 (P) cf. infr.) In partic. phrases, also, usage prefers sometimes. אני, sometimes אנכי; thus there occurs חַי־אָנִי Nu 14:21 & always, except Dt 32:40; (אָ֑נִי) אִתְּךָ אֲנִי Je 1:8, 19; 30:11; 46:18; Is 43:2, 5); אֲנִי יהוה Ex 6:2, 6–8 & elsewhere in P, & especially freq. in H (Lv 18:2, 4, 6 etc.) & Ez, also Gn 15:7; 28:13; Dt 29:5 Ju 6:10 +; (אנכי יהוה much less freq.; only JE & proph. writers, †Ex 20:2 = Dt 5:6, Ho 12:10; 13:4 ψ 81:11, Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9, Is 43:11; 44:24; 51:15 (Ex 4:11 is diff.) cf. DrJPh. xi. 224 f.); אני אמרתי Is 38:10; (Hez.) 49:4; Je 5:4; 10:19 (3:19 אנכי) Ru 4:4 ψ 30:7; 31:23; 41:5; 82:6 +; ויאמר אָ֑נִי (in reponse to a qu.) Gn 27:24 Ju 13:11 2 S 20:17 1 K 13:14; 18:8 (וי׳ אנכי only 2 S 2:20; on the contrary, with a predicate, אָנֹכִי is regularly employed, Gn 24:34 1 S 30:13 2 S 1:8 עֲמָלֵקִי אָנֹ֑כִי 11:5; 20:17; Is 6:5; Je 1:6; Jon 1:9); (הִנְנִי) וַאֲנִי הִנֵּה Gn 6:17; 9:9; Ex 31:6; Nu 3:12 + (but הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי Gn 24:13, 43; 25:32; Ex 3:13; 19:9 +; הִנֵּה אֲנִי is very uncommon; v. ib. 226). So far as the usage of partic. books is concerned, in the Pent. (except Dt) אֲנִי is used in P (incl. H) always (about 130 times) except Gn 23:4 (cf. Ez below); in JE אנכי is preferred, though not exclusively (81: 48). In S there are 50 instances of each form. Je has some 54 instances of אני, 37 of אנכי. In later books the preponderance of אֲנִי is evident. Thus in Ez אני occurs 138 times, אנכי once 36:28 (perhaps a reminiscense of Je 11:4b; 24:7; 30:22); in La Hg Ezr Est Ec אני 45 times, אנכי never; in Ch אני 30 times, אנכי once 1 Ch 17:1 (from 2 S 7:2); in Dn אני 23 times, אנכי once 10:11. Vid. more fully GiesebrechtZAW 1881, 251–8 Drl.c. 222–7.
אֲנַ֫חְנוּ, אֲנָ֑חְנוּ pron. 1 pl. comm. we (the pl. corresp. to אָנֹכִי, as אֲנוּ to אֲנִי; v. WSG p. 100; Ph. אנחן, Aramaic אֲנַחְנָא, 𝔗 also נַחְנָא, Syriac ܐܶܢܚܢܰܢ, ܐܶܢܰܚܢܰܢ, ܚܢܰܢ, Arabic نَحْنُ, Ethiopic ንሕነ ) Gn 13:8; 29:4; 37:7; 42:11, 13; Nu 9:7; Dt 1:28, 41; Jo 2:17, 18, etc. Like אֲנִי, following a ptcp. as its subj. Gn 19:13; Nu 10:29; Ju 19:18 2 K 18:26; appended to a vb. for emph. Ju 9:28 2 K 10:4; Is 20:6.
† נַ֫חְנוּ, נָחְ֑נוּ pron. 1 pl. we (abbrev. from אֲנַחְנוּ; cf. the forms نَحْنُ, ንሕነ נַחְנָא, just cited; also Assyrian nîni) Gn 42:11; Ex 16:7, 8; Nu 32:32; La 3:42. (In 2 S 17:12 נַחְנוּ is 1 pl. perf. Qal from נוּחַ.)
† אֲנָךְ n.[m.] plummet (cf. words in cogn. lang. for lead, tin, etym. dub., perhaps foreign; Arabic آنُكٌ (v. Frä153) Syriac ܐܰܢܟܳܐ Mand. אנכא, Assyrian anâku LyonSargontexte 92; v. LagArm. Stud. § 103 cf. Id.BN 175)—אֲנָ֑ךְ except once Am 7:8—plummet Am 7:7, 8(×2); חוֹמַת א׳, i.e. a vertical wall v 7.
אָֽנֹכִי pron. 1 sg. v. supr. sub אֲנִי.
† [אָנַן] vb. only
Hithpo. complain, murmur (Mish. אנן, Aramaic אֲנַן, Arabic أَنَّ, Syriac ܐܰܢ; cf. Assyrian enênu, unnînu, sigh ZimBP 22)—Impf. יִתְאוֹנֵן La 3:39 (sq. עַל־ in ‖ member); Pt. מִתְאֹנְנִים בְּאָזְנֵי י׳ Nu 11:1 (sq. acc.; vid. Di).
† [אָנַס] vb. compel, constrain (late, often Mish. id., Aramaic אֲנַס, ܐܶܢܰܣ )—
Qal Pt. אֵין אֹנֵס viz., to drink Est 1:8 (‖ כִּרְצוֹן אִישׁ וָאִישׁ).
† [אָנֵף, אָנַף] vb. denom. from אַף be angry (MI id., cf. Arabic أَنِفَ, Assyrian etc. in deriv.)—
Qal Pf. אָנַפְתָּ ψ 60:3, etc.; Impf. יֶאֱנַף ψ 2:12, etc.;—be angry, of י׳; usually sq. בְּ 1 K 8:46 = 2 Ch 6:36; Is 12:1 ψ 85:6; Ezr 9:14; abs. ψ 60:3; 79:5; cf. also ψ 2:12.
Hithp. id. always sq. בְּ, & alw. of י׳, Pf. הִתְאַנַּף Dt 1:37; 4:21; 9:20; Impf. וַיִּתְאַנַּף Dt 9:8; 1 K 11:9; 2 K 17:18.
I. אַף277 n.m. Gn 30:2 nostril, nose, face, anger (Assyrian appu, face Floodiii. 27, 29 cf. Hpt KAT2Gloss, Arabic أَنْفٌ, Ethiopic አንፍ nose; Aramaic ܐܰܦܶܐ, אַנְפִּין face)—abs. ψ 78:21 +; cstr. Gn 27:45 +; sf. אַפִּי Ex 22:23 +, etc.; du. אַפַּיִם Pr 14:17 +; אַפָּיו Gn 2:7 + etc.;—In Hex JE (Jos 7:1 P? 23:16 D?).
1. nostril, as organ of breathing Gn 2:7; 7:22; Jb 27:3 cf. Nu 11:20; 2 S 22:9 = ψ 18:9 cf. Is 65:5; Is 2:22; La 4:20; Ez 38:18 (del. Co) Am 4:10; רוּחַ אַפֶּיךָ (of י׳) i.e. wind Ex 15:8; cf. נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ אַפּוֹ 2 S 22:16 = ψ 18:16 (vid. also sub 3); nose sg. Ct 7:5, 9; Ez 8:17; 23:25; Pr 30:33 (where play upon diff. meaning of אַף & אַפַּיִם): (a) as organ of smelling Dt 33:10 ψ 115:6; (b) as place of ring for ornament Gn 24:47; Is 3:21 Ez 16:12; (c) as place of ring or hook for captive 2 K 19:28 = Is 37:29; for beasts, e.g. swine Pr 11:22; hippopot. Jb 40:24; crocod. v 26.
2. Du face (especially in phrase אַפַּיִם אַרְצָה) Gn 19:1; 42:6; 48:12 Nu 22:31; 1 S 20:41; 24:9; 25:41; 28:14; 2 S 14:4, 33; 18:28; 24:20; 1 K 1:23, 31; Is 49:23; 1 Ch 21:21; 2 Ch 7:3; 20:18; Ne 8:6 also Gn 3:19; גֹּבַהּ אַפּוֹ pride of his countenance ψ 10:4; לְאַפֵּי before, loc. sense (cf. לִפְנֵי) 1 S 25:23; אַפָּ֑יִם 1 S 1:5 read אֶפֶס 𝔊 We Dr (q.v.)
3. mostly anger, human Gn 27:45; 49:6, 7 + (45 times); oftener divine Ex 32:12; Dt 9:19; 2 K 24:20 + (177 times); often subj. חָרָה (וַיִּ֫חַר etc.) his anger was kindled Gn 30:2; 39:19; Ex 4:14; 22:23; 32:10, 11 +; in various combinations, especially חֲרוֹן אַף fierceness of anger Ex 32:12; Nu 25:4; 32:14 +; cf. חֳרִי־אַף 1 S 20:34; בַּעַל־אַף Pr 22:24 given to anger; אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם slow to anger Ex 34:6; Nu 14:18; Ne 9:17 + 7 times of God; Pr 14:29; 15:18; 16:32 of man; אֹרֶךְ א׳ 25:15.
† אַפַּיִם n.pr.m. a son of Nadab, 1 Ch 2:30, 31.
† אֲנָפָה n.f. an unclean bird (cf. Assyrian anpatu DlHA 33; meaning quite dub.; on conjectures v. Di Lv 11:19) Lv 11:19; Dt 14:18.
† [אָנַק] vb. cry, groan (Aramaic אֲנַק, ܐܶܢܰܩ )—
Qal Impf. יֶאֱנֹק Je 51:52; Inf. cstr. אֱנֹק Ez 26:15, both of groaning of wounded (חָלָל).
Niph. id., in mourning, lamentation; Inf. cstr. הֵאָנֵק Ez 24:17 (‖ עָשָׂה אֵבֶל); Pt. נֶאֱנָקִים 9:4 (‖ נֶאֱנָחִים) sq. עַל.
† I. אֲנָקָה n.f. crying, groaning, in distress (Aramaic ܐܶܢܰܩܬܳܐ ) Mal 2:13 (‖ דִּמְעָה, בְּכִי); cstr. אֶנְקַת ψ 12:6 (of poor, אֶבְיוֹן); 79:11 (of prisoner אָסִיר), so 102:21.
† II. אֲנָקָה n.f. ferret, or shrew-mouse, unclean animal Lv 11:30 (TristrFFP 24; ܐܳܡܰܩܬܳܐ, 𝔗 אקמתא).
† I. [אָנַשׁ] vb. be weak, sick (Assyrian anâšu ZimBP 56, 70; Wetzst in DePsalmen, ed. 4, 882 der. from II. אנשׁ per antiphrasin; DlPr 160 identified with III. אנשׁ; v. also DePsalmen, ed. 4, 904; so LagBN 60, who comp. سَيْف أَنِيث, weichliches d.h. stumpfes Schwert. It seems safer at present to keep the three distinct).
Qal Pt. pass. אָנוּשׁ Jb 34:6 +; אֲנוּשָׁה Je 15:18; Mi 1:9 & so read ψ 69:21 (Bi Che) etc.; as adj. incurable, of wound, but metaph. (מַכָּה) Mi 1:9; Je 15:18; cf. Jb 34:6 (חֵץ), Je 30:12 (שֵׁבֶר; ‖ נַחְלָה מַכָּה); so כְּאֵב אָנוּשׁ Is 17:11; cf. Je 30:15 (מַכְאֹב); cf. יוֹם אָנוּשׁ 17:16; also in phr. עָקֹב הַלֵּב מִכֹּל וְאָנֻשׁ הוּא Je 17:9.
Niph. Impf. וַיֵּאָנַ֑֯שׁ 2 S 12:15 be sick, of child.
II. אנשׁ (cf. Arabic أَنِسَ be inclined to, friendly, social, which however NöZMG 1886, 739 thinks denom., cf. إِنْسٌ coll. men, people; v. on the other hand Wetzstl.c. ZimBP 20, v. also LagBN 68;—hence אֲנָשִׁים pl. of אִישׁ; v. also sub אישׁ).
† אֱנוֹשׁ n.m. Jb 15:14 man, mankind, mostly poet. (18 times Jb, 13 times ψ, etc.) (Arabic أُنَاسٌ (coll.), Aramaic אֱנָשׁ, ܐ݈݇ܢܳܫܳܐ (coll.), Nab. אנוש, Palm. אנש, Sab. אנס DHMZMG 1883, 330, also Arabic نَاسٌ, Assyrian nišu, people, & cf. tenišêtu, humanity, human race, v. COTGloss. sub אנשׁ & נשׁ & HptKAT 2 497)—abs. Is 8:1 +; cstr. Je 20:10;—
1. of individ. Jb 5:17; 13:9 ψ 55:14, cf. Is 13:12 (‖ אָדָם) 56:2 (‖ בֶּן־אדם); Je 20:10 א׳ שְׁלֹמִי man of my peace, i.e. my friend.
2. coll. men Is 24:6; 33:8; 51:7 ψ 66:12; = men in general, ordinary men ψ 73:5 cf. חֶרֶט א׳ i.e. a common stylus Is 8:1 (v. אַמַּת אִישׁ Dt 3:11).
3. man, mankind Dt 32:26; Jb 7:1; 14:19; 28:4, 13; 32:8; 33:26; 36:25 (‖ אָדָם & אֲנָשִׁים v 24) ψ 56:2; especially opp. God Jb 4:17 (‖ גֶּבֶר) 7:17; 9:2; 10:4, 5; 15:14; 25:4; 33:12; 2 Ch 14:10; ψ 8:5 (‖ בֶּן־אָדָם) so Is 51:12; ψ 9:20, 21, 90:3 (‖ בְּנֵי־אָדָם); 103:15; בֶּן־א׳ 144:3 (‖ אָדָם); cf. כִּי־א׳ רִמָּה וּבֶן־אָדָם תּוֹלֵעָה Jb 25:6; א׳ מִן־הָאָרֶץ ψ 10:18; כָּל־לְבַב א׳ Is 13:7 cf. ψ 104:15(×2). אֲנָשִׁים v. אִושׁ (p. 35).
† אֱנוֹשׁ n.pr.m. son of Seth Gn 4:26; 5:6, 7, 9, 10, 11; 1 Ch 1:1.
III. אנשׁ (soft, delicate, cf. Arabic انُثَ, id., v. LagBN 68 DlPr 160, also sub I. אנשׁ; but cf. NöZMG 1886, 739 who der. this meaning from feminine).
אִשָּׁה775 n.f. woman, wife, female (Arabic أُنْثَى, Sab. אנתֿת etc. DHMZK 1884, 360, Aramaic אִתְּתָא, אִנְתְּתָא, אִתָּא, ܐܰܢ̱ܬܬܴܐ, Palm. Nab. אנתתא, Ethiopic አንስት Ph. אשת, Assyrian aššatu COTGloss)—א׳ abs. Gn 2:23 +; cstr. אֵשֶׁת Gn 11:29 + (appar. abs. Dt 21:11; 1 S 28:7 ψ 58:9 but cf. Bö§ 728 Ges§ 130, 5); sf. אִשְׁתִּי Gn 20:11 +; אִשְׁתְּךָ Gn 12:18 + (אֶשְׁתְּךָ ψ 128:3), etc.; Pl. †אִשֹּׁת Ez 23:44 (Co לעשׂות); נָשִׁים Gn 4:19 +; cstr. נְשֵׁי Gn 4:23 +; sf. נָשַׁי Gn 30:26; 1 K 20:7; נְשֵׁיכֶם Ex 22:23 +, etc.;—
1. woman Gn 3:1, 2; 12:11 +; opp. man 2:22, 23 Ex 35:29; 36:6; Dt 17:2, 5; 22:22; 1 S 21:5 +; א׳ emphat. a genuine (or ideal) woman Ec 7:28 (‖ אדם); sim. of men as feeble, timid Je 50:37; 51:30; note especially הַטַּף בַּנָּשִׁים the children among the women, female children Nu 31:18 (P); as conceiving Ex 2:2; Lv 12:2; 2 S 11:5 +; travailing Je 13:21; bearing children Ju 13:24; 1 K 3:18; cf. Jb 14:1; 15:14; 25:4 +, etc.; suckling Is 49:15; אֹרַח כַּנָּשִׁים Gn 18:11; דֶּרֶךְ נָשִׁים 31:35; with adj., or app., א׳מֵינֶקֶת nursing woman, nurse Ex 2:7; א׳ זוֹנָה harlot Jos 2:1; 6:22; Ju 11:1; 16:1; 1 K 3:16; Pr 6:26; Je 3:3 Ez 16:30; 23:44; so א׳ זָרָה Pr 2:16; 7:5; cf. also Ez 23:44 supr.; א׳ מְנָאָ֑פֶת adulteress Pr 30:20 (cf. אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ 6:26), אֵשֶׁת זְנוּנִים Ho 1:2; נָשִׁים נָכְרִיּוֹת foreign women 1 K 11:1, 8; Ezr 10:2, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 44; Ne 13:26, 27 (cf. v 23); א׳ חֲכָמָה wise woman, one known as clever, shrewd 2 S 14:2; 20:16, etc.; also א׳ פִּילֶגֶשׁ concubine Ju 19:1, 27: א׳ אַלְמָנָה widow 2 S 14:5; 1 K 11:26; 17:9, 10; א׳ נְבִיאָה prophetess Ju 4:4; also cstr. bef. noun of quality אֵשֶׁתרָ֑ע Pr 6:24; א׳ כְּסִילוּת 9:13; א׳ חֵן 11:16; א׳ חַיִל 12:4; 31:10; Ru 3:11; א׳ מִדְיָנִים Pr 21:9; 25:24; 27:15; א׳ מ׳ וָכָ֑עַס 21:19.
2. Wife (woman belonging to a man, usually cstr. or sf.) Gn 2:24, 25; 3:8, 17; 4:1, 17 + often; of one betrothed (ארשׂ) Dt 20:7; 28:30; בַּעַל (הָ)אִשָּׁה Ex 21:3, 22; אִישׁ הָאִשָּׁה Ju 20:4; לְאִשָּׁה to wife Gn 12:19; 16:3; 34:21 + often (after לָקַח, נָתַן husband or father subj.); for wife (after הָֽיְתָה, woman subj.) Gn 20:12; Nu 36:3, 6(×2), 11, 12; Dt 22:19, 29 +; for unfaithful wife cf. 1; cstr. in phr. אֵשֶׁת חֵיקֶ֑ךָ Dt 13:7 cf. 28:54; א׳ נְעוּרֶיךָ Pr 5:18; Mal 2:14, 15; א׳ בְּרִיתֶ֑ךָ v 14; אֵשֶׁת אָב = step-mother Lv 18:8, 11; 20:11.
3. Female of animals Gn 7:2(×2); v. also sub 4.
†4. With distrib. & recipr. sense, א׳ מֵאֵת רְעוּתָהּ each woman from her neighbour Ex 11:2 (E); cf. Ru 1:8, 9; Je 9:19; each one, of birds of prey Is 34:15 cf. v 16 (del. Bi Che); of cows (fig. of heartless women of Isr.) Am 4:3; of sheep (fig. of Isr.) Zc 11:9; & of inanimate things (P, & late) א׳ אֶל אֲחֹתָהּ Ex 26:3(×2), 5, 6, 17 (P) Ez 1:9 (del. Co) v 23; 3:13.
אנת (the root of the pron. 2 pers. in Shemitic: أَنْتَ, አንተ anta; f. أَنْتِ, አንቲ: antī; Biblical Aramaic Kt אַנְתָּה (m.), 𝔗 אַנְתְּ & אַתְּ (both m. & f.); Syriac ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀, f. ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀ܝ, the n being written but not pronounced; Assyrian atta, f. atti-e Dl§ 55 a, the nt being merged in the double t; Heb. similarly. Pl. أَنْتُمْ, አንትሙ: f. أَنْتُنَّ, አንትn; Aramaic אַנְתּוּן, ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀ܘܢ, f. אַתִּין, ܐܰܢ̱ܬܷ݀ܝܢ, Assyrian attunu).
אַתָּ֫ה, אָ֑תָּה (so regularly; but 26–7 times, with different disj. accents, אַ֑תָּה: v. FrMM 228; Sta§ 178 a (read 8 for 18) pron. 2 s. m. thou (for anta, v. supr.; cf. נָתַתָּ for נָתַנְתָּ) Gn 3:11, 19 + often. Written אַתָּ †1 S 24:18 ψ 6:4; Jb 1:10; Ec 7:22; Ne 9:6. Appended to a vb. for emph., Ex 18:19(×2) 1 S 17:56 שְׁאַל אַתָּה inquire thou, 20:8; 22:18; Is 43:26 סַפֵּר אַתָּה. Added for the purpose of strengthening a gen. or accus. sf. 1 K 21:19; Pr 22:19 (Ges§ 135, 2).
אתי i.e. אַתִּי, the older & more original form of אַתְּ thou (fem.), preserved, prob. dialectically, 7 times in Kt, Ju 17:2; 1 K 14:2; 2 K 4:16, 23; 8:1; Je 4:30; Ez 36:13. (V. supr. As in Syriac, the י may not have been fully sounded: the Massorites direct אַתְּ to be everywhere read.)
אַתְּ, אָ֑תְּ pron. 2 s. f. thou (fem.) (shortened from אַתִּי (q.v.); in Syriac the two genders are written differently, ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀, ܐܰܢ̱ܬ݀ܝ, but, the ܝ not being sounded, are pronounced alike: in 𝔗 both are written אַתְּ or אַנְתְּ) Gn 12:11, 13; 24:23 + often. Thrice Nu 11:15; Dt 5:24; Ez 28:14 used as a masc. (as in Aramaic of 𝔗); but prob. אַתָּ (v. sub אַתָּה) should be here read.
אַתֶּם pron. 2 m.pl. you (masc.) (for antem, v. supr.) Gn 9:7; 26:27; 29:4 + often. With הֲ, הָאַתֶּם †Ju 6:31; following the vb. for emph. Ju 15:12; Je 34:15; construed inaccurately with a fem. Ez 13:20.
† אַתֵּן Ez 34:31 (many edd. אַתֶּן), אַתֵּ֫נָה Gn 31:6 Ez 13:11, 20 (edd. אַתֵּ֫נָּה) 34:17 pron. 2 f.pl. you (fem.)
I. אסה (perhaps cf. Arabic أَسَا heal, Aramaic אֲסָא, ܐܶܣܳܐ ).
אָסָא n.pr.m. (perhaps healer) I king of Judah, son of Abijam and father of Jehoshaphat 1 K 15:8, 9, 11 + 24 times 1 K 15; 16; 22; 1 Ch 3:10 2 Ch 13:23 + 28 times 2 Ch 14–21; Je 41:9. Perhaps apoc. theophoric name, cf. רְפָאֵל. Also son of Elkanah and father of Berechiah 1 Ch 9:16.
II. אסה (cf. Arabic أَسِىَ be sorrowful, distressed).
† אָסוֹן n.m. mischief, evil, harm; always abs. without art. Gn 42:4, 38 (as subj. of קרא), 44:29 (קרה), Ex 21:22, 23 (היה).
אָסוּךְ v. סוך. v. I. סוך.
אסם (gather, store, Aramaic ܐܶܣܰܢ ).
† [אָסָם] n.m. Pr 3:10 storehouse (Aramaic אסנא, id., ܐܰܣܳܢܳܐ store, supply) pl. sf. אֲסָמֶיךָ Dt 28:8; Pr 3:10.
† אַסְנָה n.pr.m. (Aramaic אֲסָנָא thorn-bush?) head of a family of Nethinim Ezr 2:50 (om. Ne 7:52).
† אָֽסְנַת n.pr.f. wife of Joseph (𝔊 Ἀσεννεθ, 𝔊L Ἀσσενεθ; Egyptian, = belonging to (goddess) Neith (Thes); CookSpeaker’s Comm. i.479 proposes either As-Neit, favourite of Neith, or < Isis-Neit) Gn 41:45, 50; 46:20.
אָסַף200 vb. gather, remove (Assyrian esêpu, DlPr 45)—
Qal Pf. אָסַף Gn 30:23 +; אָסַפְתָּ ψ 85:4, etc.; Impf. יֶאֱסֹף 2 K 5:3; יַאַסְפֵנִי ψ 27:10, etc.; also וַיֹּסֶף 2 S 6:1; 2 ms. תֹּסֵף ψ 104:29; 1 s. אֹסְפָה Mi 4:6; so prob. (sf.) אֹסִֽפְךָ 1 S 15:6 (read אֹסִפְךָ) v. Köi 382 DrSm; Imv. אֱסֹף Nu 21:16 + אֶסְפָה Nu 11:16; 2 fs. אִסְפִּי Je 10:17; אִסְפוּ ψ 50:5 +; Inf. abs. אָסֹף Je 8:13 + (Hiph., from סוף according to BaNB 73); cstr. אֱסֹף 2 K 5:7 +; אָסְפְּךָ Ex 23:16; אָסְפְּכֶם Lv 23:39; Pt. act. אֹסֵף Nu 19:10; אֹסִפְךָ 2 K 22:20; 2 Ch 34:28 (pointed אֹסִֽפְךָ i.e. Hiph.; cf. Köl.c.); אֹסְפָם ψ 39:7; pass. pl. cstr. אֲסֻפֵי Ez 34:29;— 1. gather, collect (a) persons Gn 29:22; 42:17 (sq. אֶל־) Ex 3:16; 4:29; Nu 11:16, 24; 21:16 Jos 2:18 (sq. אֶל־ + ־ה loc.) 24:1 (sq. ־ה loc.; all these JE); 1 S 5:8, 11; 2 K 23:1 (sq. אֶל־) Jo 2:16; Is 11:12 Zp 3:8; Hb 2:6; Ez 11:17 (all ‖ קבץ) +; collect men, people, armies, etc., for fighting Nu 21:23 (E) Ju 11:20; 1 S 17:1 2 S 10:17; 12:29 +; cf. Zc 14:2 (sq. אֶל־ against); (b) once obj. beasts Je 12:9; (c) things, especially fruits of earth Ex 23:10, 16 (Cov’t code) Lv 23:39; 25:3, 20 (H) Dt 11:14; 16:13; 28:38; Is 17:5; Je 40:10, 12; Jb 39:12 ψ 39:7; cf. Ru 2:7 (‖ לקט glean); the quails Nu 11:32(×2); food in gen. (מַאֲכָל) Gn 6:21 (sq. אֶל־); eggs Is 10:14; money 2 K 22:4; 2 Ch 24:11; ashes of red heifer Nu 19:9, 10; chariots 1 K 10:26; 2 Ch 1:14, etc.; of fisherman (בְּמִכְמַרְתּוֹ, in metaph.) Hb 1:15; of collecting wind Pr 30:4 מִי א׳־רוּחַ בְּחָפְנָיו. 2. gather an individual into company of others: (a) obj. pers. especially gather to one’s fathers 2 K 22:20 (עַל־אֲבֹתֶיךָ) = 2 Ch 34:28 (אֶל־; both ‖ Niph. of same vb. q.v.); hence also (b) bring, obj. pers. 1 S 14:52 (on form here v. Dr) 2 S 11:27 (both sq. אֶל־), association, responsibility, protection being implied; also of stray ox or sheep Dt 22:2 (sq. אֶל־תּוֹךְ); hence also (c) take up, care for, subj. י׳ ψ 27:10 (cf. perhaps Is 40:11 קבץ); (d) draw up the feet upon the bed (אֶל־) Gn 49:33. 3. bring up the rear of Is 58:8 כְּבוֹד י׳ יַאַסְפֶ֑ךָ i.e. be thy rear-guard (‖ הָלַךְ לְפָנֶיךָ צִדְקֶ֑ךָ)—52:12 has Pi. מְאְסִּפְכֶם q.v. †4. gather and take away, remove, withdraw 1 S 14:19 (obj. hand), Je 10:17 (bundle, sq. מִן), leper 2 K 5:11 (v. צרע); cf. also א׳ מִצָּרַעַת, remove (set free) a man from leprosy v 3, 6, 7; Gn 30:23; Is 4:1 (reproach), ψ 85:4 (wrath, ‖ הֵשִׁיב), Je 16:5 (peace, sq. מִן), Jo 2:10; 4:15 (light), ψ 26:9 (נֶפֶשׁ) so Ju 18:25; ψ 104:29 (רוּחַ) v. also Jb 34:14 (sq. אֶל־); hence destroy 1 S 15:6 (obj. pers.); pass. אֲסֻפֵי רָעָב destroyed with hunger Ez 34:29; also Inf. abs. Je 8:13; Zp 1:2 (joined with הֵסִיף from סוף, v. Köi. 445; considered Hiph. Inf. abs. by BaNB 73 v. supr.)
Niph. Pf. נֶאֱסַף Nu 27:13 + נֶאֶסְפָה Je 48:33 etc.; Impf. יֵאָסֵף Ex 9:19 +; וַיֵּאָ֫סֶף Gn 25:8 +; יֵאָסֵכּ֑וּן ψ 104:22 etc.; Imv. הֵאָסֵף Dt 32:50; הֵאָֽסְפִי Je 47:6; הֵאָֽסְפוּ Gn 49:1 +; Inf. abs. הֵאָסֹף 2 S 17:11 (on form cf. BaNB 74); cstr. הֵאָסֵף Gn 29:7; Nu 12:15; Pt. נֶאֱסָף Gn 49:29; נֶאֱסָפִים 1 S 13:11; Is 13:4; נֶאֱסָפִים Is 57:1;— 1. assemble, be gathered, reflex. (a) subj. men Gn 49:1 (‖ קבץ v 2), Is 43:9 (‖ קבץ), 2 Ch 30:3 (sq. לְ) v 13 (sq. acc. loc.), Ezr 3:1; 9:4; Ne 8:1, 13 (all sq. אֶל־) 9:1; 12:28; earlier mostly of assembling for war Gn 34:30 (sq. עַל־), Jos 10:5; Ju 6:33; 9:6; 10:17 (‖ נצעק), 20:11 (sq. אֶל־) v 14 (sq. ־ה loc.), 1 S 13:11 (sq. acc. loc.) +; (b) subj. flocks, etc. Gn 29:3 (pass.; sq. שָׁמָּה) v 7, 8 (all J); fish Nu 11:22 (cf. Hb 1:16 Qal); (c) inanim. subj. herbs Pr 27:25; water 2 S 14:14 (in sim.); bones for burial Je 8:2 cf. 25:33 (bodies of slain) v. also Ez 29:5 (‖ קבץ which Co reads קבר), appar. = compose, arrange for burial. so יֵאָסֵף Jb 27:19; but read prob. יאסִף = יוֹסִף (Ex 5:7), 𝔊 𝔖 Ew De Di Du. 2. pass. of Qal 2; (a) be gathered to one’s fathers נֶא׳ אֶל־אֲבוֹהָיו Ju 2:10; elsewhere to one’s people אֶל־עַמָּיו (all P) Gn 25:8, 17; 35:29 (‖ וַיִּגְוַע וַיָּמָת) 49:29, 33 (‖ גוע), Nu 20:24, 26 (‖ מות) 27:13; 31:2; Dt 32:50(×2) (both ‖ מות); also אֶל־קִבְרֹתֶיךָ 2 K 22:20 = 2 Ch 34:28 (both ‖ Qal q.v.); abs. Nu 27:13; (b) be brought in (into association with others, etc.) Nu 12:14, 15 (E) of Miriam, after leprosy; also refl. betake oneself, of Moses 11:30 (E), cf. 2 S 17:13 (both sq. אֶל־); even with inanim. subj. Je 47:6 הֵאָֽסְפִי אֶל־תַּעְרֵךְ (addressed to sword); of man & beast brought home (sq. ־ה loc.) for protection Ex 9:19. 3. Pass. of Qal 4; be taken away, removed, perish, of men Is 57:1(×2) (‖ אבד); fish Ho 4:3; gladness Is 16:10 Je 48:33 (sq. מִן); also reflex., withdraw itself, of moon Is 60:20 (‖ בוא שׁמשׁ).
†Pi. Pt. מְאַסֵּף Nu 10:25 +; מְאָֽסְפָיו Is 62:9 (so BD v. Köi201); מְאַסִּפְכֶם Is 52:12;— 1. gather harvest Is 62:9 (‖ קבץ); bodies for burial Je 9:21. 2. take in, receive into (sq. בַּיְתָה) Ju 19:15, 18. 3. as subst. rearguard, rearward Nu 10:25 (P) Jos 6:9, 13 (both E); fig. of God Is 52:12.
†Pu. Pf. וְאֻסַּף (cons.) Is 33:4; Zc 14:14 etc.; Pt. מְאֻסָּף, Ez 38:12—be gathered, of men Is 24:22; Ho 10:10 (sq. עַל against), Ez 38:12; booty Is 33:4; wealth Zc 14:14.
†Hithp. Inf. הִתְאַסֵּף Dt 33:5 gather themselves.
† אֹ֫סֶף n.m. Is 32:10 gathering (on formation cf. BaNB 109) of summer fruit אָסְפֵּי־קַיִץ Mi 7:1; cf. abs. אֹסָף Is 32:10; א׳ הֶחָסִיל gathering of the locust, i.e. as the locust devours, destroys Is 33:4.
אָסָף n.pr.m. (gatherer, cf. Ph. n.pr.f. אספת)
†1. father of יוֹאָח the recorder 2 K 18:18, 37 = Is 36:3, 22.
2. one of David’s chief musicians, a Levite, son of Berechiah 1 Ch 6:24(×2) (‖ הֵימָן v 18, אֵיתָן v 29 vid. these names); 15:17 (‖ Heman & Ethan, all called) הַמְשֹׁרֲרִים v 19, v. also 16:5(×2), 7 cf. v 37 (‖ Heman & Jeduthun v 41, 42); 25:9, named with Heman & Jeduthun also 25:6; 2 Ch 5:12; 35:15; ψ 50. 73–83 are ascribed to Asaph; cf. also בִּימֵי דָוִיד וְאָסָף Ne 12:46; he is called also הַחֹזֶה 2 Ch 29:30, cf. אָסָף הַנִּבָּא עַל־יְדֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ 1 Ch 25:2; repeated mention is made also of sons of Asaph בְּנֵי־אָסָף, sons, descendants, and pupils, or those who sang and played after his manner 1 Ch 25:1 (‖ Heman & Jeduthun) v 2(×2); called הַמְשֹׁרֲרִים 2 Ch 35:15; Ezr 2:41; Ne 7:44; 11:22, cf. Ezr 3:10; performing service of purification, Hezekiah’s time 2 Ch 29:13, one of them prophesying 2 Ch 20:14;—1 Ch 26:1 for בְּנֵי אָסָף read בְּנֵי אֶבְיָסָף, cf. 9:19; on זִכְרִי 9:15, זַבְדִּי Ne 11:17, זַכּוּר 12:35, called בֶּן־אָסָף, v. these names.
†3. keeper of king’s park Ne 2:8.
† אָסִיף n.[m.] ingathering, harvest (on formation cf. LagBN 173 BaNB 136) חַג הָאָסִיף Ex 34:22 (J); ח׳ הָאָסִף Ex 23:16 (E)—both Cov’t codes.
† [אָסֹף] n.[m.] what is gathered, store, hence בֵּית הָאֲסֻפִּים store-house, near south gate of temple 1 Ch 26:15 (cf. 2 Ch 25:24); v 17 הָא׳ alone in same sense; cf. אֲכֻפֵּי הַשְּׁעָרִים Ne 12:25.
† אֲסֵפָה n.f.verbal. a collecting, gathering; אֻסְּפוּ א׳ אַסִּיר Is 24:22 they are collected, as a collecting captives unto a pit (dungeon); or they are gathered with a gathering (as) captives, cf. 22:18; but perhaps read אֹסֶף הָאַסִּיר (cstr.); v. Weir Che.
† [אֲסֻפָּה] n.f. collection (cf. Ph. אספת assembly) only בַּעֲלֵי אֲסֻפּוֹת Ec 12:11 (דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים) compared to driven nails; members of learned assemblies Thes MV al.; so postB. Heb. NHWBi. 127; but Hitz-Now al. refer to the wise utterances, called lords (possessors) of collection because of their well-connected grouping.
† [אֲסַפְסֻף] n.[m.] collection, rabble, only הָאסַפְסֻף Nu 11:4 of the camp-followers attending Hebrews at the Exodus.
† אַסְפָּ֑תָא n.pr.m. 3rd son of Haman Est 9:7 (Pers. aspadâta, ab equo sacre datus according to Thes Add71, after Pott & Benefy).
† [אָסַר] vb. tie, bind, imprison (Arabic أَسَرَ, Assyrian asâru, cf. COTGloss, Aramaic אֲסַר, ܐܶܣܰܪ, Ethiopic አሰረ, አሠረ )—
Qal Pf. sf. אֲסָרָם Jb 36:13; 3 fs. אָֽסְרָה Nu 30:5 +, etc.; Impf. יֶאְסֹר 1 K 20:14; וַיֶּאֱסֹר Gn 42:24; וַיֶּאְסֹר Gn 46:29 +; pl. sf. יַאַסְרֻנִי Ju 16:7 etc.; Imv. אֱסֹר 1 K 18:44; 2 K 9:21; אִסְרוּ Je 46:4 ψ 118:27; Inf. abs. אָסֹר Ju 15:13; אָסוֹר 16:11; cstr. לֶאְסֹר Nu 30:3 +; לֶאֱסוֹר Ju 15:10; לֶאֱסָרְךָ 15:12; אָסֳּרָם Ho 10:10; Pt. act. cstr. אֹסְרִי Gn 49:11; pass. אָסוּר Gn 40:3 +; pl. אֲסוּרִים 39:20 +; also Ju 16:21, 25 Qr (Kt אסירים); הָסוּרִים Ec 4:14 (cf. Now); אֲסֻרוֹת 2 S 3:34; cstr. אסורי Gn 39:20; Kt (Qr אֲסִירֵי);— 1. tie, bind, for security, foal to vine (sq. ל) Gn 49:11 (blessing of Jacob); horses and asses 2 K 7:10(×2); ψ 118:27 is dub. De bind the festal victim with cords; Che bind the procession with branches, etc. 2. tie, harness, kine to (ב) cart 1 S 6:7, 10; so (metaph.) Ho 10:10 harness them to (ל) their two iniquities (but Jer Ew Now make א׳ here = יסר chastise, cf. אֶסֳּרֵם v a); also sq. acc. chariot Gn 46:29 (J) Ex 14:6 (E) 2 K 9:21; abs. 1 K 18:44 2 K 9:21; even of making ready chargers א׳ הַסּוּסִים Je 46:4 (‖ עֲלוּ הַפָּרָשִׁים). 3. bind, with cords, fetters, etc., as prisoner, Simeon Gn 42:24 (E), Samson Ju 15:10, 12, 13(×3); 16:5, 7, 8, 11(×2), 12; א׳ בַּנְחֻשְׁתַּיִם 2 K 25:7 = 2 Ch 36:6 = Je 39:7; 52:11; also 2 Ch 33:11; cf. (without בַּנ׳) 2 K 17:4 (א׳ בֵּית כֶּלֶא ‖ עָצַר), 23:33; cf. of divine chastisement Jb 36:13 & v. also Ez 3:25 ψ 149:8; fig. of absolute authority ψ 105:22; especially Pt. pass. 2 S 3:34 thy hands were not bound (‖ and thy feet not put in fetters); א׳ בָּאֿזִקִּים Je 40:1 cf. א׳ בַּזִּקִּים Jb 36:8 (prob. fig. ‖ חַבְלֵי־עֹ֑נִי); metaph. of king held captive by a woman’s tresses Ct 7:6; perhaps = imprisoned (whether bound or not) Gn 39:20; 40:3, 5 (all JE); as subst. pl. prisoners Gn 39:20 (Kt, v. supr.); so (late) as distressed, & obj. of divine compassion Is 49:9; 61:1 ψ 146:7; בֵּית האסיר֯ים prison Ju 16:21, 25; cf. Ec 4:14. 4. gird (rare & late) א׳ אֵזוֹר בְּמָתְנֵיהֶם Jb 12:18 (אֵזוֹר = slaves’ waistcloth, RS p. 25 supr.; Hoffm reads וַיָּסַר for וַיֶּאְסֹר); חַרְבּוֹ אֲסוּרִים עַל־מָתְנָיו Ne 4:12. 5. sq. מִלְחָמָה begin the battle, make the attack (cf. Germ. mit jemandem anbinden) 1 K 20:14 2 Ch 13:3. 6. fig. of obligation of oath or vow (only Nu 30, P) א׳ עַל־נֶפֶשׁ, usually sq. acc. cogn. אֱסָר, אִסָּר Nu 30:3, 5(×2), 6, 8, 9, 11, 12; without אֱסָר etc., v 7, 10; cf. v 4 א׳ אִסָּר (עַל־נֶפֶשׁ om.)
Niph. pass. of Qal 3, be bound, imprisoned, Impf. (juss.) יֵאָסֵר Gn 42:19 (E); 2 ms. תֵּאָסֵר Ju 16:6, 10, 13 (of Samson); Imv. הֵאָֽסְרוּ Gn 42:16 (E).
Pu. Pf. be taken prisoner אֻסְּרוּ Is 22:3; אֻסָּ֑רוּ ib.
† אֵסוּר n.m. Ju 15:14 band, bond (Aramaic אֱסוּר, ܐܰܣܘܽܪܳܐ; on the form v. Ges§ 84 a 12. R.) אֲסוּרָיו, of Samson Ju 15:14; אֲסוּרִים Ec 7:26 of hands of evil woman; בֵּית הָאֵסוּר = prison Je 37:15.
† אָסִיר n.m. Gn 39:20 bondman, prisoner (Arabic أَسِيرٌ, Aramaic ܐܰܣܝܺܪܳܐ, MI אסר)—א׳ abs. ψ 79:11; 102:21; pl. אֲסִירִם Gn 39:22 +, cf. Ju 16:21, 25 Kt; cstr. אֲסִירֵי ψ 107:10 +, Gn 39:20 Qr; אֲסִירָיו ψ 69:34 +, etc.;—prisoner Gn 39:20, 22 (J), elsewhere only poetic; Is 14:17; as having rest in grave from task-master Jb 3:18; especially as obj. of divine compassion ψ 68:7 (‖ יָחִיד), 69:34 (‖ אֶבְיוֹן); אֶנְקַת א׳ 79:11; 102:21 (both ‖ בְּנֵי תְמוּתָה), 107:10 א׳ עֳנִי וּבַרְזֶל (‖ ישְׁבֵי חֹשֶׁךְ וְצַלְמָ֑וֶת); cf. א׳ אָ֑רֶץ La 3:34; specif. of liberated exiles of Isr. Zc 9:11, called captives of hope א׳ הַתִּקְוָה v 12.
† I. אַסִּיר n.[m.] mostly coll. prisoners (according to Ol§ 185 a corruption of אָסִיר, cf. LagBN 110) taken in battle Is 10:4 (LagSymm i. 105; GGA 1884, 259 reads חַת אֹסִיר etc., Osiris is broken, but cf. Checrit. n.), 24:22 (sim. of judgment upon kings of earth); 42:7 (‖ ישְׁבֵי חֹשֶׁךְ; ref. to exiled Isr., but v. also Hi Che Di); 1 Ch 3:17 בְּנֵי יְכָנְיָה אַסִּר prob. = sons of Jeconiah the captive (yet note omission of art.) so Be Zö Öt al.; 𝔊 𝔙 trans. as n.pr.
† I. אַסִּיר n.pr.m. son of Korah Ex 6:24 1 Ch 6:7; called son of Ebiasaph v 8, 22.
† אִסָּר n.m. Nu 30:8 bond, binding obligation (cf. Biblical Aramaic אֱבָר, Syriac ܐܶܣܳܪ; so forms with suff. infr. v. BaNB62 cf. Sta§ 208a; but perhaps Aramaic loanword v. LagBN 175)—א׳ abs. Nu 30:3 +; cstr. אִסַּר v 13; sf. אֱסָרָהּ v 5; pl. sf. אֱסָרֶיהָ v 6, 15, אֱסָרֶהָ v 8—only Nu 30 (P), binding obligation of oath or vow; mostly acc. cogn. with אָסַר (q.v.); Nu 30:3, 4, 5(×2), 6, 8, 11, 12; אִסַּר נַפְשָׁהּ v 13; שְׁבֻעַת אִסָּר binding oath v 14.
† מָסֹ֫רֶת n.f. cstr. מ׳ הַבְּרִית bond of the covenant Ez 20:37 (= מַאֲסֹרֶת; text dub. cf. LagGN 1882, 168 f. M 61; Co reads מוסר, i.e. מוּסָר v. sub יסר; so 𝔖).
† [מוֹסֵר] n.m. Is 28:22 band, bond, poet. & late (= מֹאסֵר; Ethiopic ማእሰr Syriac ܡܶܐܣܰܪܬܳܐ, cf. Assyrian mêsiru, sheathing, plating, e.g. LyonSargontexte, p. 16, l. 65 & p. 80)—cstr. מוּסַר Jb 12:18 (so Di Hoffm al. for מוּסַר); pl. מוֹסֵרוֹת Je 5:5; 27:2; cstr. מֹסְרוֹת Jb 39:5; מוֹסְרֵי Is 52:2; sf. מוֹסֵרָ֑י ψ 116:16; מוֹסְרוֹתֶיךָ Je 30:8; מוֹסְרֵיכֶם Is 28:22; מוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑ימוֹ ψ 2:3 etc.;—bands acc. after פִתֵּחַ Jb 39:5 restraining-bands of wild ass; ψ 116:16 bonds of distress; Is 52:2 מ׳ צַוָּארֵךְ bonds of captivity of Zion, vb. Hithp.; cf. also Jb 12:18 מוֹסַר מְלָכִים פִּתֵּחַ (so read, v. supr. & AV RV); Di understands bonds imposed by kings; Hoffm girdles of kings, & reads וַיָּסַר in ‖, for וַיֶּאְסַר; more often acc. after נִתֵּק ψ 2:3 bonds imposed by י׳ & his anointed, cf. Je 5:5 & 2:20 (𝔊 𝔙, v. Comm.); of Yahweh’s breaking bonds of Isr. Je 30:8 Na 1:13 (last four ‖ שָׁבַר עֹל), bonds of oppressed ψ 107:14; יֶחְזְקוּ מ׳ Is 28:22, i.e. bonds imposed by Assyria; cf. Je 27:2 (‖ מֹט) lit., symbol. of rule of Nebuchadrezzar.
† מוֹסֵרָה n.pr.loc. station of Isr. in wilderness, where Aaron died (this was Mt. Hor according to Nu 20:22 f.; 33:37 f.) Dt 10:6; locality unknown. Another form is
† מֹסֵרוֹת n.pr.loc. id., Nu 33:30, 31.
† אֵסַרְחַדֹּן n.pr.m. Esarhaddon (Assyrian Ašuraḫ-iddina, Ashur hath given a brother) king of Assyria b.c. 681–668, son & successor of Sennacherib Is 37:38 = 2 K 19:37 (van d. H. אֵסַר־חַדֹּן); Ezr 4:2; cf. COT.
אֶסְתֵּר n.pr.f. Esther (Pers. stâra, star)—daughter of Abihail, cousin and adopted daughter of Mordecai, of tribe of Benjamin; made queen in Vashti’s place by Ahasuerus; her Jewish name הֲדַסָּה q.v. Est 2:7, 8, 10, 11, 15(×2), 16, 17 + 47 times Est.
I. אַף v. sub אנף.
II. אַף conj. denoting addition, especially of something greater, also, yea (so Ph. Aramaic ܐܳܦ, אַף, אוֹף; cf. فَ ).
1. very rare in plain prose (in which גַּם is more usual): Gn 40:16 (with pron., as rather often) I also in my dream, Nu 16:14 Dt 2:11, 20 2 S 20:14 (v. Dr) 2 K 2:14 Est 5:12; more freq. in poetry, especially as introducing emphatically a new thought Dt 33:3, 20, 28 1 S 2:7 ψ 16:6, 7, 9; 18:49; 65:14 they shout for joy, yea, they sing! 68:9, 17; 74:16; 89:28; 93:1 Pr 22:19; 23:28 +; or in more elevated prose style, Lv 26:16, 24, 28, 41; and 25 times in the impassioned rhetoric of Is 2 (40:24–48:15), e.q. 40:24; 41:10, 26; 42:13; 43:7, 19; 46:11 yea, I have spoken, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed, I will also do it! 48:12, 15. Implying something surprising or unexpected, even, indeed Jb 14:3; 15:4. וְאַף and also Lv 26:39, 40, 42, 44 Dt 15:17 Hb 2:15 ψ 68:19 1 Ch 8:32 = 9:38 2 Ch 12:5 Ne 2:18; 13:15; and even Jb 19:4 וְאַף־אָמְנָם שָׁגִיתִי and even indeed (if) I have erred … With הֲ, הַאַף indeed …? really …? †Gn 18:13, 23 wilt thou indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked? v 24 Am 2:11 Jb 34:17; 40:8. In contrast to a preceding thought (expressed or implied) but, nay ψ 44:10; 58:3; cf. Ju 5:29.
2. (Equally in prose and poetry) with ref. to a preceding sentence, yea, à fortiori, the more so (= how much more! after an affirm. clause; = how much less! after a neg. one): †2 S 4:10 f. when one told me, Saul is dead … I took hold of him and slew him … אַף כִּי־אֲנָשִׁים רְשָׁעִים הָרְגוּ וג׳ à fortiori, how much more (should I do so), when wicked men have slain a righteous person, etc.! Ez 14:21 (Ew Hi) 15:5 Pr 21:27 (in all these passages כִּי = when) Jb 4:19. So וְאַף †1 S 23:3 2 K 5:13 … וְאַף כִּי־אָמַר אֵלֶיךָ and the more (= and how much rather), when he hath said to thee, etc. More commonly in this sense strengthened by כִּי (q.v.), v. infr.
אַף כִּי 1. furthermore †Ez 23:40 Hb 2:5 (Ges quin imo, quin etiam).
2. in a qu., indeed (is it) that …? †Gn 3:1 אַף כִּי־אָמַר אֱלֹהִים indeed, that God has said …? i.e. has God really said …? (cf. הַאַף above).
3. with ref. to a preceding sentence (which is often introduced by הֵן or הִנֵּה), yea, that …! i.e. how much more (or less)! †Pr. 11:31 lo, the righteous is recompensed in the earth אַֹ֝ף כִּי רָשָׁע וְחוֹטֵא ’tis indeed that (= how much more) the wicked and the sinner! 15:11; 17:7; 19:7, 10 Jb 9:14; 15:16; 25:6 1 S 14:30 1 K 8:27 (= 2 Ch 6:18) lo, the heavens … cannot contain thee אַ֕ף כִּי הַבַּיִת הַזֶּה ’tis indeed that this house (cannot do so), i.e. how much less this house! 2 Ch 32:15. So וְאַף כִּי †Dt 31:27 1 S 21:6 (perhaps; v. RSSemi.436 DrSm 293) 23:3 2 S 16:11 2 K 5:13. (In Jb 35:14 (Hi De) Ne 9:18 אַף כִּי is simply = yea, when …)
אפד (existence & meaning dub. Thes MV al. identify with אָפַד gird on, but this denom. v. infr.; LagBN 178; GN 1890, p. 15 proposes وفد,, come as ambassador, as √ of אֵפוֹד).
אֵפוֹד (28 times) & אֵפֹד (20 times) n.m. Ex 28:7 ephod (Ethiopic ኤፉድ cf. Aramaic ܦܶܕܬܳܐ id. (on meaning v. Lagl.c.), perhaps also Assyrian pid, pittu ZimBP 39; on form v. Ges§ 84 a 12. R. but Lagl.c. comp. وفاد, & thinks אֵפוֹד shortened from חֵשֶׁב הָא׳ ‘robe of approach’ to God)—א׳ abs. Ex 25:7 +; cstr. 1 S 2:18 +;—
1. ephod, priestly garment, shoulder-cape or mantle; a. as worn by ordinary priest made of white stuff (בַּד) 1 S 22:18; נֹשֵׂא א׳ cf. 2; so Samuel as a temple-servant 2:8, חָגוּר א׳ girt with an eph.; so David when dancing before ark 2 S 6:14 (id.) 1 Ch 15:27 וְעַל דויד א׳; b. as prescribed in P for high priest, more costly, woven of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, & linen (? שֵׁשׁ) threads, provided with shoulder-pieces & breast-piece of like material, ornamented with gems and gold, Ex 25:7; 28:4, 6, 12, 15; 29:5; 35:9, 27; 39:2, 7 + 17 times Ex 28, 39, also Lv 8:7; cf. prob. 1 S 2:28 (נֹשֵׂא א׳) 14:3; 21:10 (v. sub 2); חֵשֶׁב הָא׳ Ex 28:27, 28; 29:5; 39:20, 21 Lv 8:7; מְעִיל הָא׳ Ex 29:5; 39:22 (cf. Lv 8:7); with vb. נָתַן אֶת־הָא׳ עַל־ put the ephod on Aaron Lv 8:7.
2. ephod used in consulting י׳ 1 S 23:6 א׳ borne in hand (read יָרַד וְהָא׳ בְּיָדוֹ 𝔊 We Dr) v 9 30:7(×2) (all c. הִגִּישׁ) + 14:18a (הגישׁ) & v 18b, in both read הָא׳ for ארון & v 18b also נֹשֵׂא 𝔊 Klo Dr; a. according to Thes MV Di Ex 28:6 al. properly sub 1 b; consultation of י׳ in that case by Urim & Thummim in the breast-piece attached to the ephod (cf. Ex 28:28–30 & v. אוּרִים); if so, in view of נשׂא 1 S 2:28; 14:3, 18 (cf. supr.), not used elsewhere = wear except 22:18, & of 23:6, the word might be used by meton. for the breast-piece itself; b. others, e.g. StaGesch. i. 466, 471 BuRS 115 al., think of an image representing י׳; cf. following.
3. a. ephod of gold made by Gideon Ju 8:27 for a local sanctuary, by which Isr. was ensnared; = 2 b according to 𝔖 Thes (‘sine controversia’) Stu al. + Sta Bu l.c.; orig. = gold sheathing of an image (cf. etymol. supr. & Is 30:22 sub אֲפֻדָּה); MV Be KöHauptprobleme 59 think of garment, as sub 1 v. supr. b. made (material not given) for a private, local sanctuary Ju 17:5; 18:14, 17, 18, 20 (‖ פֶּסֶל, מַסֵּכָה, תְּרָפִים in all, for 𝔊 gives מַסֵּכָה v 20, om. ℌ); cf. Ho 3:4 Isr. shall abide without king, prince, sacrifice, pillar, ephod or teraphim; according to Thes al. + Sta Bu l.c. = 2 b; Stu Be Ry al. regard as sub 1; in view of distinction from פסל, מסכה & תרפים it seems more likely that this is not an image, but some means of consulting deity, perhaps in imitation of Urim & Thummim.
† אֵפֹד n.pr.m. father of a chief of Manasseh Nu 34:23.
† [אָפַד] vb.denom. gird on ephod,
Qal Pf. וְאָפַדְתָּ לוֹ בְּחֵשֶׁב הָאֵפֹד Ex 29:5 and thou shalt gird the ephod upon him with the cunningly-wrought band of the ephod; so Impf. וַיֶּאְפֹּד לוֹ בּוֹ (‖ חגר) Lv 8:7.
† אֲפֻדָּה n.f. ephod (= אֵפוֹד, for which it supplies cstr. & sf. forms).
1. of high-priest’s ephod, cf. אֵפוֹד 1 b, only חֵשֶׁב אֲפֻדָּתוֹ Ex 28:8; 39:5 the cunningly-wrought band of his ephod.
2. of sheathing of idol-images, אֲפֻדַּת מַסֵּכַת זְהָבֶ֑ךָ Is 30:22 (‖ צִפּוּי פְּסִילֵי כַסְפֶּךָ) cf. אֵפוֹד 3 a.
† [אַפֶּ֫דֶן] n.[m.] palace (Syriac ܐܳܦܰܕܢܳܐ; both from Pers. apadâna, cf. SpiegelAltpers. Keilschr. 128, but this = treasury, armoury, M. SchultzeZMG 1885, 48 f.) אָהֳלֵי אַפַּדְֿנוֹ Dn 11:45, of the ‘king of the north,’ i.e. Antiochus Epiphanes. DieulafoyRÉJ xvi (1888), p. ccixxv f. makes apadâna, more precisely, throne-room, cf. Dr Dn 11:45.
† אָפָה vb. bake (Assyrian epû, ZimBP 43 Aramaic אֲפָא, ܐܶܦܳܐ )—
Qal Pf. א׳ Gn 19:3; אָפִיתִי Is 44:19; וְאָפוּ consec. Lv 26:26 etc.; Impf. 3 fs. sf. וַתֹּפֵהוּ 1 S 28:24; יֹאפוּ Ez 46:20; תֹּאפוּ Ex 16:23; Imv. אֵפוּ Ex 16:23; Pt. אֹפֶה Gn 40:1 +; אֹפֵהֶם Ho 7:6; pl. אֹפִים Gn 40:16 +; אֹפוֹת 1 S 8:13, etc.—bake, obj. לֶחֶם Lv 26:26 (H) Is 44:15, 19 (cf. Je 37:21); מַצּוֹת Gn 19:3 (J) 1 S 28:24; עֻגֹת מצות Ex 12:39 (J); חַלּוֹת Lv 24:5 (H); מִנְחָה Ez 46:20; מָן Ex 16:23(×2) (P;—c. 2nd obj. of material Ex 12:39 בָּצֵק, Lv 24:5 סֹלֶת, 1 S 28:24 קֶמַח). Pt. always as subst. baker Gn 40:1, 2, 5, 16, 17, 20, 22; 41:10 (all E) Ho 7:4, 6; Je 37:21 מִחוּץ הָא׳ out of the bakers’ street; also 1 S 8:13 (‖ טַבָּחוֹת, רַקָּחוֹת; only here fem.) Nowhere as a menial office, not even 1 S 8:13 where despotic power & growth of court emphasized.
Niph. Impf. 3 fs. תֵּאָפֶה Lv 6:10; 7:9; 3 fpl. תֵּאָפֶינָה Lv 23:17;—pass. of Qal be baked, baken of לֶחֶם Lv 23:17; מִנְחָה 7:9 cf. 6:10.
† [מַאֲפֶה] n.[m.] thing baked, cstr. מִנְחָה מַאֲפֵה תַנּוּר Lv 2:4.
† אֵפוֹ (Jb 17:15; 19:6, 23; 24:25), elsewhere אֵפוֹא (cf. רִבּוֹ and רִבּוֹא), enclitic part. then (prob. from פּוֹ, a part. with a demonstr. force, cf. פּוֹ, פֹּה here, with א prefixed. In the Targs. פּוֹן is used somewhat similary, e.g. Gn 26:10 Nu 11:29 Is 1:9; 48:18, 19),—used
1. in connexion with interrogatory pronouns or adverbs (like ἄρα, ποτε, tandem): מִי אֵפוֹא Gn 27:33 who, then, …? v 37 וּלְכָה אֵפוֹא מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה and for thee, then, what shall I do, my son? Ex 33:16 וּבַמֶּה יִוָּדַע אֵפוֹא and wherein shall it be known, then …? אַיֵּה אֵפוֹא where, then? Ju 9:38 Is 19:12 Jb 17:15; Ho 13:10 אֱהִי מַלְכְּךָ אֵפוֹא; Is 22:1 מַה־לָּךְ אֵפוֹא what is there to thee, pray …?
2. in a command or wish: 2 K 10:10 דְּעוּ אֵפוֹא know, then; (in apod.) Pr 6:3 Jb 19:6; Jb 19:23 מִי־יִתֵּן אֵפוֹ וְיִכָּֽתְבוּן מִלָּ֑י would, then, that my words were written!
3. after אִם, Gn 43:11 אִם־כֵּן אֵפוֹא זֹאת עֲשׂוּ if it be so, then, do this, Jb 9:24 if not then, who is it? 24:25.
† אֲפִיחַ n.pr.m. an ancestor of Saul 1 S 9:1 (etymology & meaning dubious).
אפל (Arabic أَفَلَ disappear, depart, set (of the sun)).
† אֹ֫פֶל n.m. Jb 3:6 darkness, gloom (only poet.)—א׳ always abs.—
1. darkness, of night ψ 91:6 (opp. צָֽהֳרָֽיִם); deep in the earth, אֶבֶן א׳ Jb 28:3 (‖ חֹשֶׁךְ, צַלְמָוֶת); darkness, gloom of underworld Jb 10:22(×2) (‖ אֶרֶץ חֹשֶׁךְ, א׳ עֵיפָפָה, צַלְמָוֶת); personif. Jb 3:6 that night—let darkness take it יִקָּחֵהוּ א׳; fig. of spiritual darkness Is 29:18 (‖ חֹשֶׁךְ); of secrecy, treachery ψ 11:2.
2. especially fig. of calamity Jb 23:17 (‖ חשׁך q.v.), 30:26 (opp. אוֹר).
† אָפֵל adj. gloomy, of day of י׳ Am 5:20 (‖ חשׁך, opp. נֹגַהּ) cf. אֲפֵלָה.
† אֲפֵלָה n.f. darkness, gloominess, calamity—א׳ Ex 10:22 +; אֲפֵלָתְךָ Is 58:10; pl. אֲפֵלוֹת Is 59:9—
1. darkness Dt 28:29 Pr 7:9 (‖ אִישׁוֹן לַיְלָה); of supernatural darkness in Egypt Ex 10:22; of day of י׳ (cf. Am 5:20 sub אָפֵל) Jo 2:2 Zp 1:15 (both ‖ חשׁך, ענן, ערפל) sim. of wickedness Je 23:12 Pr 4:19.
2. fig. of calamity Is 8:22 (‖ חֲשֵׁכָה), 58:10 (‖ חשׁך, opp. צהרים), 59:9 (‖ id., opp. נגהות).
† [אָפִיל] adj. (darkened, concealed, thence) late, of crops;—אֲפִילֹת Ex 9:32 of wheat & spelt.
† מַאֲפֵל n.[m.] darkness, Jos 24:7 (E) וַיָּשֶׂם מ׳ בֵּינֵיכֶם וג׳, between Hebrews & Egyptians.
† מַאְפֵּלְיָה n.f. deep darkness ( = מַאֲפֵל יָהּ according to Thes MV cf. Ct 8:6 שַׁלְהֶבֶתְיָה; but Ew§ 165 b & on Je 2:31 reads מַאְפִּלִיָּה, fem. of [מאפלי], der. from Hiph. Pt.; cf. Sta§ 302 b מַאְפְּלִיָּה; JägerBAS 471 thinks this יָה an enclitic part. of emphasis, & comp. Assyrian)—only אֶרֶץ מ׳ Je 2:31 fig. of י׳ in dealing with his people (‖ מִדְבָּר).
אֶפְלָל v. sub פלל.
אפן (meaning dub., perhaps turn, cf. פנה).
† אוֹפַן, אוֹפָן n.m.Ez 1:20 wheel.—abs. אוֹפַן 1 K 7:32 +; אוֹפָן Ez 1:16 +; cstr. אוֹפַן 1 K 7:33 Is 28:27; אֹפַן Ex 14:25; pl. אוֹפַנִּים 1 K 7:32 +; cstr. אוֹפַנֵּי 1 K 7:30; אוֹפַנֵּיהֶם Ez 10:12, etc.—
a. wheel of chariot (מֶרְכָּבָה) Ex 14:25 1 K 7:33 Na 3:2; of (threshing) cart (עֲגָלָה) Is 28:27 cf. Pr 20:26 (as instr. of punishment).
b. wheels in Ezek.’s vision Ez 1:15, 16(×3), 19(×2), 20(×2), 21, (del. Co) 21; 3:13; 10:6, 9(×4), 10(×2), 12(×3), 13, 16(×2), 19; 11:22.
c. wheels of the ten bases beneath the lavers in Sol.’s temple 1 K 7:30, 32(×3), 33.
† [אֹ֫פֶן] n.[m.] circumstance, condition (perhaps lit. turning) only du. (or pl.) sf. עַל־אָפְנָיו = in (right) circumstances Pr 25:11 (cf. Str ad loc., also OrelliSyn. d. Zeit u. Ewigkelt 38 f.).
† אָפ֑וּנָה ψ 88:16 (ἅπ. λεγ. DlPr 135 f. comp. Assyrian appuna(ma) adv. = maʾdiš, very, very much, but dub.; Thes MV form from √ פון, & comp. Arabic أَفَنَ diminuit, mente diminuit (Frey), hence be confused, helpless, cf. 𝔊 ἐξηπορήθην; 𝔙 conturbatus sum; others emend אָפוּגָה or אֶפּוֹגָה from פּוּג q.v., but vb. not needed for parallelism. Arabic أَفَنَ in fact = milk (camel, etc.) dry, empty; مأفون = empty-headed man; this does not support be confused, helpless (GFM, privately)).
† אָפֵס (cf. II. פָּסַס) vb. cease, fail, come to an end: only Qal Pf. 3 ms.; Gn 47:15, 16 (of money, כֶּסֶף), Is 16:4 (extortioner: ‖ כָּלָה, תַּם), 29:20 (terrible one: ‖ כָּלָה, נִכְרַת), ψ 77:9 (חַסְדּוֹ: ‖ גָּמַר).
† אֶ֫פֶס, אָ֑פֶס n.m. proposes ceasing, hence
1. end, extremity, only in the poet. phrase אַפְסֵי אֶרֶץ (ψ 59:14 א׳ הארץ) ends, extreme limits, of the earth, used especially hyperbolically: Dt 33:17 1 S 2:10 Mi 5:3 Je 16:19 ψ 2:8; 59:14; 72:8 (= Zc 9:10); + כָּל־ Is 45:22; 52:10b (= ψ 98:3b) ψ 22:28; 67:8 Pr 30:4.
2. Expressing non-existence: a. as subst. (mostly a rare poet. syn. of אַיִן): Is 34:12 and all his princes יִהְיוּ אָ֑פֶס shall become nought, 41:29; 41:12 יִהְיוּ כְאַיִן וּכְאֶפֶס; 40:17 מֵאֶפֶס וָתֹהוּ (‖ כְּאַיִן) as made of nought and worthlessness are they accounted by him, 41:24 (read פָּעָלְכָם מֵאָ֑פֶס, ‖ מֵאַיִן, v. אֶפַע); 52:4 and Asshur oppressed him בְּאֶפֶס for nought. b. as part. of negation, proposes cessation of …! (cf. אֵין … nought of …), very rare in prose (2 S 9:3), chiefly a poet. syn. of אֵין: Is 5:8 עַד אֶפֶס מָקוֹם till there is an end of place = till there is no place (cf. עַד אֵין ψ 40:13), Am 6:10 (cf. אָֽיִן Ju 4:20), Dt 32:36 (hence, in prose, 2 K 14:26), Is 45:6 (cf. אין 43:11) v 14; 46:9; 54:15; אֲנִי וְאַפְסִי עוֹד Zp 2:15 Is 47:8, 10 is prob. to be rendered, ‘I am, and there is none besides’ (so Ges Ew Di etc.), the י being ‘paragogic’ as in זוּלָתִי etc. (Ges§ 90, 3a Ew§ 211b), cf. וְאֵין עוֹד Is 45:5, 6, 18, 21; but according to De the י is sf. of 1 s. ‘I am, and I am nought besides’ (i.e. and I am nought besides my all-sufficient self).—בְּאֶפֶס (like בְּאֵין, q.v.) without: Pr 14:28; 26:20 Jb 7:6 Dn 8:25. c. as adv. of limitation: (a) only: †Nu 22:35 (cf. אַךְ v 20) 23:13. (b) אֶפֶס כִּי save that, howbeit (qualifying a preceding statement): †Nu 13:28 Dt 15:4 Ju 4:9 Am 9:8 (+ 1 S 1:5 𝔊 We Sta Dr). So אֶפֶס alone †2 S 12:14 (the foll. כִּי signifying because).
† [אֹ֫פֶס] n.[m.] only in the du. אָפְסָ֑יִם (not אַ׳; v. Baer), lit. the two extremities, i.e. either the soles of the feet (so AW Ges; cf. Aramaic פִּיסְּתָא, ܦܰܣܬܳܐ), or the ankles (so 𝔖 𝔗 𝔙, & most): only Ez 47:3 מֵי א׳ water of (i.e. reaching to) the soles (or ankles); cf. v 4 מֵי מָתְנָ֑יִם water reaching to the loins.
† אֶ֫פֶס דַּמִּים n.pr.loc. in Judah, c. 16 miles SW. of Jerusalem, called in 1 Ch 11:13 פַּס דַּמִּים, (meaning unknown; LagBN 76 on basis of MSS. of 𝔊 would read ספר מים edge or brink (ܣܦܳܪ) of water; but such a pronounced Aramaism is not probable), only 1 S 17:1.
† [אֶ֫פַע], מֵאָ֑פַע Is 41:24 text error for מֵאָ֑פֶס v. אפס; so 𝔙 𝔗 Saad Thes Ew Di al.
אֶפְעֶה v. sub פעה.
† [אָפַף] vb. surround, encompass (Assyrian apâpu ZimBP 59)—
Qal Pf. אָֽפְפוּ ψ 40:13, אֲפָפוּנִי ψ 18:5 +;—encompass (poet.) lit. Jon 2:6 (subj. מַיִם); fig., subj. evils & misfortunes רָעוֹת ψ 40:13 (sq. עָלַי); מִשְׁבְּרֵי מות 2 S 22:5, cf. הֶבְלֵי מ׳ ψ 18:5, also 116:3.
† [אָפַק] vb. hold, be strong (so Thes wh. comp. Arabic أَفِقَ excel = multum valuit; MV comp. also فاق )—
Hithp. Pf. 3 pl. הִתְאַפָּ֑קוּ Is 63:15; Inf. לְהִתְאַפֵּק Gn 45:1; Impf. וְיִּתְאַפַּק Gn 43:31; 2 ms. תִּתְאַפַּק Is 64:11; אֶתְאַפָּ֑ק Is 42:14; וָאֶתְאַפַּק 1 S 13:12— 1. compel oneself 1 S 13:12. 2. restrain oneself, refrain Gn 43:31; 45:1 Is 42:14 Est 5:10; of י׳ Is 64:11; of Yahweh’s compassion Is 63:15, מֵעֶיךָ וְרַחֲמֶיךָ אֵלַי הִתְאַפָּ֑קוּ (almost passive).
† [אָפִיק] n.m. 2 S 22:16 channel (as holding, confining waters; poet.)—cstr. אֲפִיק Jb 6:15; pl. אֲפִיקִים Ez 6:3; אֲפִקִים Ez 32:6; cstr. אֲפִ(י)קֵי 2 S 22:16 Jo 1:20; sf. אֲפִיקֶיךָ Ez 35:8; אֲפִיקָיו Is 8:7—channel = stream-bed, ravine, א׳ מַיִם ψ 42:2 Jo 1:20 cf. 4:18 Ct 5:12; also ψ 18:16, but better א׳ יָם as 2 S 22:16; א׳ נְחָלִים Jb 6:15; of river-bed Is 8:7; so also (without defining word) Ez 31:12; 32:6; 34:13 ψ 126:4; ‖ גַּיְא Ez 6:3; 35:8; 36:4, 6; fig. of bones of hippopotamus (as hollow) א׳ נְחֻשָׁה Jb 40:18; of furrows betw. scales of crocodile א׳ מָגִנִּים 41:7.—מְזִיחַ אֲפִיקִים Jb 12:21 is dub.; Thes MV Di al. say girdle of the strong (אָפִיק = firm, forceful, or—Di—capable, powerful); ‖ נְדִיבִים. Jb 12:21 read perhaps אַבִּירִים Du (v. also Bu).
† אֲפֵק, אֲפִיק (Ju 1:31) n.pr.loc. Aphek (perhaps enclosure, or fortress).
1. city near Jezreel (Assyrian Apḳu, cf. DlPa 287) Jos 12:18 1 S 29:1 (אֲפֵ֑קָה, so) 1 K 20:26, 30 cf. 2 K 13:17.
2. city in tribe of Asher Jos 19:30 Ju 1:31 (אֲפִיק).
3. city NE. of Beirût, mod. Afqa Jos 13:4 אֲכֵּ֑קָה v. Di.
4. place near Mizpah 1 S 4:1 (cf. 7:12). Jos 12:18; 1 S 4:1; 29:1 and 2 K 13:22 𝔊L; town not near Jezreel but at N. end of Philistine plain; cf. 𝔊Ll.c. WeComp 254 Dr 1 S 29:11 RSOTJC 2, 435 GASmGeogr. 400 f. BuhlGeogr. 212 (and N.) BuRS 235 f.; more doubtful are 1 K 20:26, 30; 2 K 13:17 (Kit 1 K 20:26); these, with Jos 19:30 Ju 1:31, might denote an Apheḳ near Jezreel.
† אֲפֵקָה n.pr.loc. (meaning perhaps id.) one of a group of cities including Hebron Jos 15:53.
I. אפר (cf. perhaps أَفَرَ leap, أَفِرَ be agile; v. אבק).
† אֵ֫פֶר n.[m.] ashes (as light, flying?)—א׳ abs. Gn 18:27 +; cstr. Nu 19:9, 10—ashes of red heifer, used in purifications Nu 19:9, 10; on head, as sign of humiliation 2 S 13:19; contrition Dn 9:3 (‖ צוֹם, שַׂק), Jon 3:6 (‖ שַׂק) cf. Jb 42:6 (עָפָר וא׳), Is 58:5 (‖ שַׂק); mourning Est 4:1, 3 (‖ שַׂק) cf. Jb 2:8 (ישׁב בתוך הא׳), Je 6:26 (‖ שַׂק), Ez 27:30 (‖ עפר); in sim. scattereth hoarfrost כָּא׳ ψ 147:16; but also as filthy, loathsome כעפר וא׳ Jb 30:19 (Di sim. of mourning, grief), as worthless, מִשְׁלֵי א׳ Jb 13:12 proverbs of ashes; fig. of worthlessness Is 44:20; insignificance עפר וא׳ Gn 18:27; ignominy Ez 28:18 Mal 3:21; distress & sorrow א׳ כַּלֶּחֶם אָכָ֑לְתִּי ψ 102:10 (so Assyrian cf. ZimBP 42) cf. La 3:16 Is 61:3 (פְּאֵר תַּחַת אֵפֶר).
II. אפר (enclose, envelope, Assyrian apâru, attire DlPr 54; Thes comp. Arabic غَفَرَ, cover; MV comp. Aramaic ܡܰܥܦܪܳܐ מעפרא, mantle, turban; but connection of √ (غ)פּ׳ ע with אפר is dub.)
† אֲפֵר n.[m.] covering, bandage (Assyrian ipru, covering ZimBP 95, êpartu, garment, Id.ib. & DlPr 54) א׳ עַל־עֵינָיו 1 K 20:38 cf. v 41.
אֶפְרֹחַ v. פרח.
† אַפִּרְיוֹן n.[m.] sedan, litter, palanquin (so NH; origin dub.; no plausible Shemitic etymol.; perhaps (so RS in YuleGloss. of Anglo-Indian Words, 502) Skr. paryaṅka, litter-bed, ‘palankeen;’ perhaps (if poem be late) Gr. φορεῖον;—𝔊 has φορεῖον, 𝔙 ferculum, Syriac ܦܽܘܪܝܳܐ (and ܦܽܘܪܝܳܐ) PS3073; Sota 9:14 and Talm אַפִּרְיוֹן, Talm also פּוֹרְיָא and פּוֹרְיוֹן, LevyNHWB i. 150, iv. 17.) Ct 3:9 א׳ עָשָׂה לוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה.
אֶפְרַ֫יִם n.pr.m. Ephraim (Gn 41:52 connected with הִפְרָה, Hiph. of פרה, cf. פרא Hiph. Ho 13:15).
1. 2nd son of Joseph Gn 41:52; 46:20; reckoned among sons of Jacob, blessed by him, and given preference over Manasseh 48:1, 5, 13, 14, 17(×2) (cf. v 19) v 20(×2); 50:23 Nu 1:10 1 Ch 7:20, 22.
2. בְּנֵי אֶפְרַיִם (= descendants, tribe of E.) Nu 1:32; 2:18, 24; 7:48; 10:22; 26:35, 37 Jos 16:5, 9 (boundaries of territory), 17:8 1 Ch 9:3; 12:30(31); 27:10, 14, 20 2 Ch 28:12; less often מַטֵּה א׳ Nu 1:33; 13:8 Jos 21:5 1 Ch 6:51; מַטֵּה בְנֵי א׳ Nu 34:24 Jos 16:8 cf. 14:4; שֵׁבֶט א׳ ψ 78:67 (‖ אֹהֶל יוֹסֵף); בֵּית א׳ Ju 10:9; also א׳ alone, tribe Ephraim Nu 26:28 Dt 33:17 Jos 16:10 + often; א׳ וּמְנַשֶּׁה Jos 17:17 cf. Ju 12:15 (א׳ א׳ ומ׳) 2 Ch 30:10
3. הַר־אֶפְרַיִם the mountain-country of Ephraim, a ridge stretching from N. to S. through territory assigned to Ephr., with fruitful land on both slopes, especially the western (cf. Di Jos 16:1) Jos 17:15; 19:50; 20:7 Ju 2:9; 3:27; 4:5 + 26 times
4. by Ho & Is (rarely later) אֶפְרַיִם = kingdom of northern Israel (from Ephr. as largest & strongest tribe in it) Ho 4:17; 5:3(×2), 5 (‖ יִשְׂרָאֵל) v 11, 12 + 30 times Ho; Is 7:2, 5, 8, 9, 17 + 9 times Is; also Je 7:15; 31:9, 18, 20 Ez 37:16 (del. Co) v 19 ψ 78:9 2 Ch 25:7, 10 cf. 30:1 ψ 60:9 = 108:9; עָרֵי א׳ 2 Ch 17:2 cf. 34:6; שְׁדֵה א׳ Ob 19; hence א׳ alone in loc. sense 2 Ch 31:1; also Ho 5:9, where fem. (& perhaps Is 7:2).
†5. יַעַר אֶפְרַיִם 2 S 18:6, E. of Jordan; 𝔊L Klo read יער מַחֲנַיִם, cf. 17:24, 27.
†6. name of a city near Baal-hazor 2 S 13:23 (= Ἐφραϊμ John 11:54 & 1 Macc 11:34? Klo comp. 𝔊L Γοφραιμ & עפרון, Qr עֶפְרַיִן 2 Ch 13:19; so previously Bö Th Ke cf. Dr).
†7. שַׁעַר אֶפְרַיִם a chief gate of Jerusalem 2 K 14:13 2 Ch 25:23 Ne 8:16; 12:39; perhaps at NW. angle, near Holy Sepulchre, cf. Schick-GutheZPV 1885.
אֶפְרָת v. אפרתה.
† אֶפְרָ֫תָה n.pr. (v. Sta§ 308 d. 1; 342 d. 2; Morgenl. Forsch. 215)—might in several cases, e.g. Gn 35:16, be אֶפְרָת + ה loc., but v. Ru 4:11;—
1. n.pr.loc. place near Bethel, where Rachel died & was buried Gn 35:16, 19; 48:7 (אֶפְרָת only Gn 48:7 where ה perhaps dropped on acc. of ה following (Ol); in last two passages הוא בית לחם is a gloss, v. Di; cf. 1 S 10:2).
2. id., a name of Bethlehem Mi 5:1 Ru 4:11; cf. perhaps כָּלֵב אֶפְרָ֑ת֑ה 1 Ch 2:24 (𝔊 ἦλθεν Χαλὲβ εἰς Ἐφράθα).
3. id. ψ 132:6, perhaps applied to district where Kirjath Jearim lay, on the border of Judah & Benjamin, cf. De Che.
4. n.pr.f. אֶפְרָת name given to wife of Caleb 1 Ch 2:19 = אֶפְרָ֑תָה v 50 4:4.
† אֶפְרָתִי adj.gent. Ephrathite.
1. Ephraimite, cf. אֶפְרָתָה 1. Ju 12:5 1 S 1:1 (of ancestor of Elkanah) 1 K 11:26 (of Jerob.)
2. from א׳ 2; א׳ מִבֵּית לֶחֶם 1 S 17:12 (of Jesse); pl. אֶפְרָתִים מִבֵּית לֶחֶם Ru 1:2.
אפת (meaning dub. √ whence Arabic إِفُتٌ calamity, & also wonder, portent; according to Thes Arabic √ = إِيفَ suffer evil but Thes 612, Add. 72 del. אפת, and der. מוֹפֵת from √ פ״ו, so BaNB§ 172 c; v. also, on افت as late by-form of أفك, DBMacdonaldJBL xiv (1895), 58 ff).
† מוֹפֵת n.m. Dt 29:2 wonder, sign, portent (= מֹאפֵת)—מוֹפֵת Ex 7:9 + 14 times; מוֹפֶתְכֶם Ez 12:11; מוֹפְתִים Dt 4:34 + 4 times; מֹפְתִים Dt 6:22 + 9 times; מוֹפְתַי Ex 7:3; 11:9; מוֹפְתָיו ψ 78:43; מֹפְתָיו 1 Ch 16:12 ψ 105:5—
1. wonder, as special display of God’s power Ex 7:3; 11:9 ψ 105:5 1 Ch 16:12 Jo 3:3; by Moses and Aaron Ex 4:21; 11:10 cf. 7:9 (in mouth of Pharaoh), by false proph. Dt 13:2, 3 (‖ אות); usually ‖ אות Dt 4:34; 6:22; 7:19; 26:8; 29:2; 34:11 ψ 78:43; 105:27; 135:9 Je 32:20, 21 Ne 9:10; applied to effect of Yahweh’s curse Dt 28:46 (‖ אות); to one protected by י׳ ψ 71:7.
2. sign or token of future event (cf. אוֹת) 1 K 13:3(×2), 5 2 Ch 32:24, 31; symbolic act Is 20:3 (‖ אות); as such the term is applied to persons Is 8:18 (‖ אות) Ez 12:6, 11; 24:24, 27; cf. אַנְשֵׁי מ׳ Zc 3:8 men who serve as a symbol or sign.—Vb. used, of divine act, is נתן Ex 7:9 etc., שׂים Je 32:20; שׂים also of entrusting to human power Ex 4:21, cf. דִּבֶּר 1 K 13:3; of human agency עשׂה Ex 4:21; 11:10, נתן 1 K 13:3, 5.
† אֶצְבּוֹן n.pr.m.
1. אֶצְבֹּן a son of Gad (Sam. אצבעון, 𝔊 θασοβαν) Gn 46:16 = אָזְנִי Nu 26:16 (𝔊 Ἀζενει, Ἀζαν), this shorter form less probable.
2. אֶצְבּוֹן a grandson of Benjamin 1 Ch 7:7 (𝔊 Ἀσεβων, Ἐσσεβων).
אֶצְבַּע v. II. צבע.
[אצל] prob. i.q. وَصَلَ to join (cf. on the א WSG 71).
I. אֵ֫צֶל61 subst. conjunction, proximity; with sf. אֶצְלִי, אֶצְלוֹ etc.; only used as a prep.
a. (as an implicit accus.) in proximity to (as though وِصْلَ LagBN 68), beside: Gn 39:10, 15; 41:3 and stood אֵצֶל הַפָּרוֹת beside the kine, 1 S 5:2 אֵצֶל דָּגוֹן beside Dagon, 20:19 1 K 13:24, 25; 21:1 Pr 8:30 Ez 1:15, 19; 33:30; 39:15; often in phrase (מ׳ י׳) אֵצֶל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Lv 1:16; 6:3 Dt 16:21 1 K 2:29 Am 2:8 +; of a locality (cf. II. אֵת 2) Dt 11:30 beside the terebinths of Moreh, 1 K 1:9; 4:12 Je 41:17. After a vb. of motion (late) Dn 8:7, 17; cf. 2 Ch 28:15b.
b. with מִן, מֵאֵצֶל from proximity to, from beside (cf. מֵאֵת, מֵעִם): †1 S 20:41 (read with 𝔊 מֵאֵצֶל הָאַרְגָּב from beside the mound); Ez 40:7 contiguous to, beside (מִן 1 c); with suff. 1 S 17:30 וַיִּסֹּב מֵאֶצְלוֹ and he turned about from beside him, 1 K 3:20; 20:36 Ez 10:16.
† [אָצַל] vb. denom. lay aside, reserve, withdraw, withhold—
Qal Pf. אָצַלְתָּ Gn 27:36; אָצַלְתִּי Ec 2:10; וְאָֽצַלְתִּ֫י cons. Nu 11:17;—reserve, לִי בְרָכָה Gn 27:36; (withdraw), set apart מִן־הָרוּחַ Nu 11:17; withhold מֵהֶם Ec 2:10.
Niph. Pf. נֶאֱצַל Ez 42:6 be withdrawn, i.e. shortened or narrowed.
Hiph. Impf. וַיָּאצֶל Nu 11:25 (Köi 390) = Qal Nu 11:17.
† II. אֵ֫צֶל in n.pr.[m.] בֵּית־הָאֵ֫צֶל Mi 1:11, according to Hi Ew Ca Ke = אָצַ֒ל Zc 14:5, but dub.; cf. ii. אָצֵל infr.
† I. אָצֵל in pause אָצַ֑ל (Ges§ 29. 4 c) n.pr.m. (perhaps noble, cf. אָצִיל 2) a descendant of Jonathan 1 Ch 8:37, 38(×2) = 9:43, 44(×2).
II. [אָצֵל] in pause אָצַל Zc 14:5, according to 𝔊 𝔗 Thes Ew al., n.pr.loc. near Jerusalem; but no site found, & identification with בֵּית־הָאֵצֶל uncertain; hence Symm 𝔙 Köh WR make subst., אֶל־אָצַ֒ל = very near, hard by (אָצֵל being the supposed abs. form of i. אֵצֶל; cf. Ol§ 167 b).
† [אָצִיל] n.[m.] side, corner, chief—pl. cstr. אֲצִילֵי Ex 24:11; sf. אֲצִילֶיהָ Is 41:9;—
1. sides (borders) of earth Is 41:9 (‖ קצות); cf. ירכתי א׳ Je 6:22 etc.
2. fig. nobles (perhaps as sides, supports, cf. sub פִּנּוֹת; so Ew Di: but perhaps = أَصِيلٌ noble—from أَصُلَ be rooted, أَصْلٌ root, met. origin, stock—proposes a man having a (known) origin, sprung from an ancient and famous stock; so Ges, cf. LagBN 68) Ex 24:11.
† [אַצִּיל] n.[f.] joining, joint (cf. ܝܰܨܺܝܠܴܐ elbow)—pl. cstr. אַצִּילֵי יד[י] Ez 13:18 (on יד cf. Sm Co);—joint of hand, i.e. elbow Ez 13:18; אַצִּילוֹת יָדֶיךָ Je 38:12 arm-joints.—אַצִֽילָה ׃ Ez 41:8 is obscure; perhaps א׳ is here a technical architectural term to the joining (cf. Sm Ke).
† אֲצַלְיָ֫הוּ n.pr.m. (Yahweh hath reserved, or set apart) father of Shaphan the scribe 2 K 22:3 2 Ch 34:8.
אצם (meaning dub., cf. Arabic أَضِمَ be angry).
† אֹ֫צֶם n.pr.m.
1. elder brother of David 1 Ch 2:15.
2. a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 2:25.
אֶצְעָדָה v. II. צעד.
† [אָצַר] vb. lay up, store up (Mish. id., Aramaic אֲצַר, ܐܶܨܰܪ, Arabic أَصَرَ confine, restrict)—
Qal Pf. 3 pl. אָֽצְרוּ 2 K 20:17 Is 39:6; Pt. הָאֹצְרִים Am 3:10;—store up treasure 2 K 20:17 = Is 39:6; obj. חָמָס וָשֹׁד Am 3:10, i.e. treasure gained by violence and robbery.
Niph. Impf. יֵאָצֵר be stored up, of the merchandise of Tyre Is 23:18.
Hiph. Impf. וָאוֹצְרָה (cf. Köi 391) (denom. from אוֹצָר) Ne 13:13 and I appointed treasurer, sq. acc. pers. + עַל־אוֹצָרוֹת.
† אֵ֫צֶר n.pr.m. (treasure; or covenant Arabic إِصْرٌ ) a chief of the Horites Gn 36:21, 27, 30 1 Ch 1:38, 42.
† אוֹצָר n.m. Pr 15:16 treasure, store, treasury, storehouse (so Aramaic, also ܐܰܘܨܪܳܐ )—אוֹצָר Pr 15:16 +; cstr. אוֹצַר Jos 6:19 +; sf. אוֹצָרוֹ Dt 28:12 + 2 times; pl. אֹצָרוֹת Jo 1:17 +; אוֹצָרוֹת Pr 21:6 +; cstr. אוֹצְרוֹת Pr 10:2 +; אֹצְרוֹת Jb 38:22 +; pl. sf. אוֹצְרֹתָֽי׃ Dt 32:34 Is 39:4; אוֹצְרֹתָֽי׃ Dt 32:34; אוֹצְרוֹתֶיךָ Je 17:3; אוֹצְרוֹתָם Is 30:6; אֹצְרֹתֵיהֶם Pr 8:21, etc.—
1. treasure(s), gen. pl. (gold, silver, costly utensils, etc.) Jos 6:19, 24; Is 2:7; 30:6; 45:3 (א׳ חֹשֶׁךְ, i.e. concealed, hoarded) Ho 13:15; Je 15:13; 17:3; 20:5; 48:7; 49:4; 51:13; 1 K 14:26(×2) 2 K 24:13(×2), perhaps also Is 39:2, 4 = 2 K 20:13, 15; wealth Pr 15:16; 21:6, 20; gathered for temple-building (sg.) א׳ בֵּית י׳ 1 Ch 29:8, א׳ הַמְּלָאכָה Ezr 2:69 = Ne 7:71(70), also v 70(69) (cf. 1 Ch 26:27).
2. store, supply of food, drink, etc., 2 Ch 11:11; 1 Ch 27:27, 28; fig. א׳ רֶשַׁע Mi 6:10 Pr 10:2; יִרְאַת י׳ הִיא אוֹצָרוֹ Is 33:6.
3. בֵּית אוֹצָר a. treasure-house Ne 10:39 cf. Dn 1:2; b. storehouse, magazine Mal 3:10; & without בית
4. a. treasure-house or chamber, treasury 1 K 7:51; 15:18(×2) 2 K 12:19; 14:14; 16:8; 18:15 Je 38:11; 50:37 (?) 1 Ch 9:26; 26:20(×2), 22, 24, 26; 28:12(×2) 2 Ch 5:1; 16:2 (?) 32:27 cf. Ez 28:4; b. storehouse Jo 1:17 Pr 8:21 1 Ch 27:25(×2) Ne 13:12, 13; c. magazine of weapons, fig. of Yahweh’s armoury Je 50:25; d. storehouses of God for rain, snow, hail, wind, sea Dt 28:12; Jb 38:22(×2) Je 10:13; 51:16 ψ 135:7; 33:7.
אֶקדָּח v. קדח.
† אַקּוֹ n.m. wild goat (?) only Dt 14:5 in list of clean animals אַיָּל וּצְבִי וְיַחְמוּר וְאַקּוֹ וְדִישֹׁן וּתְאוֹ וָזָ֑מֶר (𝔊 ὄρυξ, 𝔖 𝔗 ibex; cf. BoHieroz. i. 900 f., Thes sub אנק cf. MV, with ref. to Arabic عناق goat; Thes comp. also Talm אִיקָא, but NHWB MV refer this to αἴξ).
אֹר Am 8:8 v. יְאֹר.
† אֲרָא n.pr.m. (meaning unknown, Thes conject. = אֲרִי lion) a descendant of Asher 1 Ch 7:38.
אֶרְאֵל, אַרְאֵלִי v. I. אֲרִיאֵל sub I. ארה.
† אָרַב vb. lie in wait (Arabic أَرُبَ i. was crafty, iii. went obliquely Dozy (knot) Frey)—
Qal Pf. וְאָרַב consec. Dt 19:11 וַאֲרַבְתֶּם Ju 21:20; אָרָֽבְתִּי׃ Jb 31:9; אָֽרְבוּ ψ 59:4 La 4:19; Impf. יֶאֱרֹב ψ 10:9(×2); יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ Pr 1:18; Mi 7:2; וַיֶּֽאֶרְבוּ Ju 9:34; 16:2; נֶֽאֶרְבָה Pr 1:11; Imv. אֱרֹב Ju 9:32; Inf. אֱרָב־ Pr 12:6; Pt. אֹרֵב Jos 8:2 + 11 times; אוֹרֵב Jos 8:12 + 4 times; אֹרְבִים Jos 8:4 + 2 times;—lie in wait (with hostile purpose), abs. Ju 9:32, 43 + 21:20; Jb 31:9; ψ 10:9; Pr 7:12; 23:28; 1 S 22:8, 13; La 3:10 (of bear, cf. ψ 10:9); c. inf. of purpose ψ 10:9; c. acc. א׳ דָּם Pr 12:6; c. עַל, and pers. against whom Ju 9:34; usually c. ל Dt 19:11; Mi 7:2; Ju 16:2; ψ 59:4; Pr 1:11, 18; 24:15; La 4:19 cf. Jos 8:2, 4, 14; Pt. as subst. = liers-in-wait (pl.) Ju 20:29; usually sg. coll. ambush Jos 8:2, 12, 14, 19, 21; Ju 16:9, 12; 20:33, 36, 37(×2), 38 Ezr 8:31; pl. of this sing. = ambuscades Je 51:12; sg. = place of lying-in-wait, ambush (loc. sense) Jos 8:7.
Pi. Pt. pl. מְאָֽרְבִים liers-in-wait. Qal Pt. Ju 9:25 (c. ל), 2 Ch 20:22 (c. עַל).?
Hiph. Impf. וַיָּרֶב בנחל (for וַיַּאֲרֶב) 1 S 15:5 (cf. Dr Köi 390; Ges-Kau§68. 2 queries) but text dub.; cf. Ol§ 257 b, & Klo, who proposes ויעבר בנחל.
† [אֶ֫רֶב], אָ֑רֶב n.[m.]—
1. a lying-in-wait Jb 38:40.
2. covert, lair 37:8 (‖ מְעוֹנוֹת).
† אֲרָב n.pr.loc. city near Hebron Jos 15:52 (𝔊 Ἐρεμ, 𝔊L Ἐρεβ; according to Onomast. Ἐρεμινθα LagOn. 254, 2nd ed. 260 Ereb Id.119, 2nd ed. 152, a village Heromith in Daroma; cf. Di Surveyiii.311).
† אַרְבִּי adj.gent. הָא׳ 2 S 23:35 (but cf. Dr).
† [אֹ֫רֶב] n.[m.] ambuscade only fig.—
a. יָשִׂים אָרְבּוֹ Je 9:7 i.e. he planneth treachery.
b. אָרְבָּם their intrigue Ho 7:6 cf. Nowp. 126.
† [אָרְבָּה] n.f. artifice, pl. cstr. אָרְבוֹת ידיו Is 25:11 (lit. tricks of his hands).
† אֲרֻבָּה n.f. lattice, window, sluice (Mish. id.)—א׳ Ho 13:3; pl. אֲרֻבּוֹת 2 K 7:2 +, cstr. id. Mal 3:10; אֲרֻבֹּת Gn 7:11; 8:2; אֲרֻבֹּתֵיהֶם Is 60:8;—lattice, latticed opening, where smoke escaped Ho 13:3; openings of dove-cote Is 60:8; metaph. of eyes Ec 12:3 (as latticed by lashes? Hi Now; only here of opening to look through); elsewhere of sluices in sky, opened by י׳, through which rain pours destructively, א׳ הַשָּׁמַיִם Gn 7:11; 8:2, cf. Is 24:18 (א׳ מִמָּרוֹם); fig. of abundance 2 K 7:2, 19; (א׳ בשׁמים); of blessing Mal 3:10 (א׳ השׁמים).
† אֲרֻבּוֹת n.pr.loc. (= אֲרָב? cf. Klo ad loc.) 1 K 4:10 בָּאֲרֻבּוֹת.
† מַאֲרָב n.m. ambush—מַאֲרָב Jos 8:9 + 2 times; מַאְ֯רָב Ju 9:35; cstr. מַאֲרַב ψ 10:8;—
1. a. ambush, place of lying-in-wait Jos 8:9; Ju 9:35; b. lurking-place ψ 10:8 (‖ מִסְתָּרִים).
2. liers-in-wait 2 Ch 13:13(×2) (cf. ארב Pt.)
אַרְבֵאל cf. בֵּית אַרְבֵאל, sub בית.
אַרְבֶּה v. sub I. רבה.
אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה, אַרְבַּ֫עַת, אַרְבָּעִים etc. v. I. רבע.
† [אָרַג] vb. weave (Mish. id. cf. Ph. ארג weaver)—
Qal Impf. 2 fs. תַּאַרְגִי Ju 16:13, 3 mpl. יֶאֱרֹ֑גוּ Is 59:5; Pt. אֹרֵג Ex 28:32 + 4 times; pl. אֹרְגִים Is 19:9 + 5 times; אֹרְגוֹת 2 K 23:7;—weave cloth, etc. Is 19:9 (in Egypt) 2 K 23:7, Samson’s locks Ju 16:13; metaph. weave spider’s web = intrigue Is 59:5; most often Pt. used as subst. = weaver Is 38:12; work of the weaver מעשׂה א׳ Ex 28:32; 39:22, 27 cf. 35:35; weavers’ beam (pl.) מְנוֹר א׳ 1 S 17:7; 2 S 21:19 1 Ch 11:23; 20:5 (sim. of huge spear-shaft)—cf. also sub יַעֲרֵי ארגים.
† אֶ֫רֶג n.[m.] loom (v. GFMPOS Oct. 1889)—אֶרֶג Ju 16:14 hand-loom to which Samson’s hair was fastened, plucked up by him (א׳ obj. of וַיִּסַּע; del. הַיְתַד as gloss, cf. GFM supr.); Jb 7:6 יָמַי קַלּוּ מִנִּי אָ֑רֶג my days are swifter than a loom.
אַרְגֹּב, אַרְגָּב v. רגב.
אַרְגָּז v. רגז.
† אַרְגְּוָן n.[m.] purple (of Aramaic form, cf. Dn 5:7, 16, 29; perhaps text error) = purple thread 2 Ch 2:6; (+ כַּרְמִיל וּתְכֵלֶת), cf. 2:13; 3:14 sub אַרְגָּמָן.
† אַרְגָּמָן n.[m.] purple, red-purple, i.e. purple thread & cloth (Assyrian argamannu COT Ex 25:4, Arabic أَرْجَوَانٌ, Aramaic ܐܰܪܓܘܳܢܳܐ, cf. אַרְגְּוָן supr.; etym. dub.; possibly Skr. râgaman, adj. red, reddish, from râga, red colour, so Benary cf. Thes Add 111 RobGes; vid. MV; Thes earlier, from רגם; but prob. loan-word, cf. also LagBN 205; Pers. ارغوان is also cited by PS)—form always as above—
1. purple thread, cf. especially Ex 35:25; 39:3; Est 1:6; a. mostly Ex (P) with ref. to the hangings of tabernacle, the ephod, etc.; seld. alone; c. תְּכֵלֶת, violet (q.v.), תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי, (מָשְׁזָר) שֵׁשׁ, (also עִזִּים) Ex 25:4; 26:1, 31, 36; 27:16; 35:6, 25, 35; 36:8, 35, 37; 38:18, 23; 39:24 (on text v. Di) v 29; with these + זָהָב 28:5, 6, 8, 15; 39:2, 3, 5, 8; om. שֵׁשׁ מ׳ 28:33; 39:1; also of temple-hangings, with תְּכֵלֶת, בּוּץ & כַּרְמִיל 2 Ch 3:14; cf. 2:13 (v. also 2:6 v. sub אַרְגְּוָן). b. as indicating wealth & luxury of Tyre, c. שֵׁשׁ, רִקְמָה, תְּכֵלֶת Ez 27:7; c. רִקְמָה & בּוּץ v 16 (as articles of commerce); also in Persia, c. בּוּץ Est 1:6.
2. purple cloth, chiefly of garments, בֶּגֶד א׳ Nu 4:13; Ju 8:26; וְתַכְרִיךְ בּוּץ וְא׳ Est 8:15, שֵׁשׁ וְא׳ לְבוּשָׁהּ Pr 31:22; תְּכֵלֶת וְא׳ לְבוּשָׁם Je 10:9; also מֶרְכָּבוֹ א׳ Ct 3:10; in simile, of woman’s hair Ct 7:6.
† אַרְדְּ n.pr.m. Gn 46:21 son of Benjamin, but Nu 26:40 grandson of Benjamin = אַדָּר 1 Ch 8:3.
† אַרְדִּי adj.gent. c. art. as n.pr.coll., מִשְׁפ׳ הָאַרְדִּי Nu 26:40.
† אֲרוֹד n.pr.m. son of Gad Nu 26:17 = אֲרוֹדִי Gn 46:16.
† אֲרוֹדִי adj.gent. c. art. as n.pr.coll., מִשְׁפ׳ הָא׳ Nu 26:17; without art. as n.pr. = אֲרוֹד Gn 46:16.
† אַרְדּוֹן n.pr.m. son of Caleb, of tribe of Judah 1 Ch 2:18.
† אַרְוָד n.pr.loc. city of Phenicia (Assyrian Aruada, etc. v. COT Gn 10:18 DlPa 281; 𝔊 Ἀραδιοι; mod. Ruâd) on an island near main land, northward from Tripolis, mentioned with Sidon Ez 27:8, cf. 11.
† אַרְוָדִי adj.gent. c. art. as n.coll. (Assyrian Arudai, etc. COTGloss) mentioned among Canaanites, הָאַרְוָדִי Gn 10:18 = 1 Ch 1:16.
† אֲרִידַי n.pr.m. a son of Haman Est 9:9 (Pers., perhaps = haridayas, delight of Hari, v. Add Thes72; but text very uncertain; cf. diff. tradition as to the names in 𝔊).
† אֲרִידָ֑תָא n.pr.m. a son of Haman Est 9:8 (Pers., perhaps = Hari-dâta, given by Hari, v. ib., but 𝔊 Φαραδαθα).
† I. [אָרָה] vb. pluck, gather (Ethiopic አረየ )—
Qal Pf. 1 s. אָרִיתִי Ct 5:1; 3 pl. sf. וְאָרוּהָ ψ 80:13 pluck (grapes from) vine ψ 80:13, myrrh Ct 5:1.
† אֲרִי n.m. Pr 28:15 lion (Assyrian aria, Ethiopic አርዌ wild beast, cf. also אַרְיֵה infr.)—אֲרִי Am 3:12 + 13 times + 2 S 23:20 Qr (Kt אריה), La 3:10 (id.) + ψ 22:17 (כָּֽאֲרִי for wh. read כארו = כָּרוּ cf. De Pe Che crit. note); pl. אֲרָיִים 1 K 10:20; אֲרָיוֹת (also m.) Zp 3:3 + 16 times (f. Je 51:38? but cf. Ju 14:5);—lion, lit. in narrative Ju 14:5; 1 S 17:34, 36, 37; 2 S 23:20 = 1 Ch 11:22; 2 K 17:25, 26; Pr 22:13; 26:13 Ct 4:8 cf. Am 3:12; 5:19; lion-images 1 K 7:29(×2), 36; 10:19, 20 = 2 Ch 9:18, 19; in comparison Nu 23:24; 24:9 Ju 14:18; Is 38:13; Je 51:38; 2 S 1:33; Ez 22:25; La 3:10; metaph. Na 2:12; Zp 3:3; Je 50:17; Ez 19:2, 6 Pr 28:15. For כארי ψ 22:17 read כארו, cf. above. Cf. also אַרְיֵה.
† [אֻרְיָה] n.f. manger, crib (Aramaic אוּרְיָא, ܐܘܽܪܝܳܐ, Arabic آرِىٌّ stall, etc., Assyrian urû Dl BAS i. 211)—Pl. אֻרָוֹת 2 Ch 32:28 (Aramaic form for אֳרָוֹת; cf. LagBN 172); cstr. אֻרְוֹת 1 K 5:6, אֻֽרְיוֹת 2 Ch 9:25;—crib of horses 1 K 5:6 (app. in enumeration of horses themselves, Eng. head, or span, cf. also 2 Ch 9:25 with 1 K 10:26; so Th MV, but text here dub. cf. Klo), hence 2 Ch 9:25; of any animals (כל־בהמה) 2 Ch 32:28 (on לַאֲ׳ v. Add.). Vulg.Ar. آرِيٌّ = manger Moḥiṭ19, 15 (GFM, privately), cf. Lane51 c.. Also pl. אֲוֵרוֹת 2 Ch 32:28 b (read prob. וְאֻרָות לָעֲדָרִים 𝔊 𝔙 Kit Benz al.).
† אַרְיֵה n.m. Am 3:8 lion (𝔗 id. Syriac ܐܰܪܝܳܐ, cf. also אֲרִי supr.)—only sg. as above Am 3:4 + 44 times + 2 S 23:20 Kt (Qr אֲרִי) La 3:10 (id.);—lion, lit. in narrative Ju 14:8(×2), 9; 2 S 23:20; 1 K 13:24(×2), 25, 26, 28 (c. עמדים text error according to Klo) 28; 20:36(×2) cf. Is 11:7; 35:9; 65:25; in simile Gn 49:9; 2 S 17:10; ψ 7:3; 10:9; 17:12; 22:14; Is 21:8; 31:4 Je 2:30; 12:8; 49:19; 50:44; La 3:10; (Kt) Ez 1:10; 10:14; 1 Ch 12:8; Ho 11:10; Jo 1:6; Mi 5:7, cf. Am 3:4, 8 Ec 9:4; metaph. Gn 49:9; Dt 33:22; Jb 4:10; ψ 22:22 Is 15:9; Je 4:7; 5:6; Na 2:12(×2), 13.
† אַרְיֵה n.pr.m. so appar. 2 K 15:25 an officer of Pekahiah, but c. art. הָאַרְיֵה, & on text with possible corruption & dittography v. Klo.
† I. אֲרִיאֵל 1. n.pr.f. (Ew; v. p. 1120) Ariel (lioness of Ēl) name applied to Jerusalem Is 29:1(×2), 2(×2), 7 (so Ges Ew Che Di al.; 𝔗 De Brd Or al. say hearth of Ēl, cf. אֲרִאֵיל). Du Is 29:1 (q.v.) makes 1 = אֲרִיאֵיל, from אָרָה + ל afform., hearth (not + אֵל hearth of †El).
2. n.pr.m. a chief man among returning exiles Ezr 8:16.
3. אֲרִאֵל מוֹאָב 2 S 23:20 = אֲרִיאֵל מ׳ 1 Ch 11:22 taken by 𝔊 RV DrSm al. as n.pr.m., read two sons of Ariel of Moab; RSSem i. 469 comp. אראל MI 12, altar-hearth (so Sm & So, and DrSm xci, v. sub אֲרִיאֵיל) and transl. א׳ מוֹאָב altar-hearths of Moab.
4. Ez 43:15 & Qr v 15, 16 vid. sub אֲרִאֵיל.
† אַרְאֵלִי n.pr.m. (app. n.gent. from foregoing, but 𝔊 Nu 26:17 Ἀριηλ (Gn 46:16 Ἀροηλεις, Ἀροηδις, Ἀπηδεις) = foregoing) a son of Gad Gn 46:16 Nu 26:17; also adj.gent. c. art. as n.pr.coll. Nu 26:17 מִשְׁפַּחַת הָאַרְאֵלִי 𝔊 Ἀριηλει.
† [אֶרְאֵל] n.[m.] (form & meaning dub. v. infr.)—only in אֶרְאֶלָּם Is 33:7; Ges אַרְאֵלִם heroes; cf. Thes Kn Che; Hi אֲרִאֵלָם; cf. De, who der. from אֲרִיאֵל, lit. = lion of God, coll. c. sf., & transl. their heroes; n.gent. from אֲרִיאֵל = Zion NbrAthen. 1886, p. 400 cf. Sayib. 466; Ew אַרְאָל = אַרְעָל trembling, cf. Di. Brd proposes הילילו ‘cry pitifully.’ 𝔖 𝔗 al. read some form of ראה, 𝔊 ירא. Wholly uncertain.
II. ארה (burn, cf. Arabic أَرَى whence إِرَةٌ hearth; Ew§ 163 g al. v. infr.)
† II. אֲרִאֵיל n.[m.] hearth, altar-hearth (𝔊 Ἀριηλ; from ארה with ל aff. according to Ew§ 163 g Ol§ 220 Sm Ez 43:15 Di Is 29:1 al.; but this formation very rare & here dub.; 𝔗 Hi De Brd Or Is 29:1 der. from אל + ארי = hearth of Ēl, v. also RSSem i. 469, who thinks of pillar-altars; cf. אראלדודה MI12 v. Sm & So, and DrSm xci)—אראיל Kt Ez 43:15, 16; (Qr אֲרִיאֵל); = הַרְאֵל v 15 (Vrss Co אריאל), all c. art.,—of altar-hearth in Ezekiel’s temple.
† [אֲרוּמָה] n.pr.loc. home of Abimelek (Thes Add sub ארם) Ju 9:41 בָּארוּמָה, prob. = רוּמָה 2 K 23:36, cf. Jer LagOnomast. 146, 2nd ed. 178. It must have lain near Shechem; identified by MV al. with El ʿOrmah, 2 hours SE. from Shechem (van de VeldeReisen ii. 268), but this place not otherwise known; cf. Surveyii. 387.
† אֲרַוְנָה n.pr.m. Araunah, a Jebusite—א׳ 2 S 24:20(×2), 21, 22, 23(×2) (but read עֶבֶד אֲדֹוֹנִי cf. We Dr) v 23, 24; Kt גֹּרֶן האורנה v 16 (Qr הָאֲרַוְנָה) c.art. but cf. Dr; Kt ג׳ ארניה v 18 (Qr אֲרַוְנָה); = אָרְנָן (q.v.) 1 Ch 21:15 f; 𝔊 in S & Ch Ὀρνα.
ארז (cf. Arabic أَرَزَ be firm, also withdraw, retreat).
† אֶ֫רֶז n.m. Ez 17:23 cedar;—f. Ez 17:22 א׳ הָרָמָה, but del. הרמה 𝔊 Co;—(Arabic أَرْزٌ pine-tree, etc.; Ethiopic አርዝ Syriac ܐܰܪܙܳܐ )—א׳ abs. Lv 14:4 + 19 times, אָ֑רֶז Jb 40:17 + 6 times; pl. אֲרָזִים Is 9:9 + 35 times; cstr. אַרְזֵי Is 2:13 + 5 times; sf. אֲרָזֶיךָ Je 22:7; Zc 11:1; אֲרָזָיו Is 37:24 = 2 K 19:23;—
1. cedar-tree, (a) as growing Nu 24:6 ψ 148:9; Is 41:19; 44:14 cf. Ez 31:8; especially as growing on Lebanon 1 K 5:13; 2 K 14:9 = 2 Ch 25:18 (both in fable of Jehoash); often אַרְזֵי (הַ)לְּבָנוֹן Ju 9:15 Is 2:13; 14:8 ψ 29:5(×2) (fig.) 104:16, cf. 1 K 5:20 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24; ψ 92:13; Ct 5:15; Ez 27:5 (sg. coll.) Zc 11:1, 2 (fig.); Ct 1:17; Ezr 3:7; Je 22:23 (fig.) Ez 17:3 (fig.); (b) especially in sim., of outward power, stateliness & majesty ψ 80:11 (א׳ אֵל) cf. Ez 31:3 (personif., but v. Co on text), Am 2:9; of individuals Je 22:7; ψ 92:13; Ez 17:22, 23; cf. other exx. of fig. use, supr.; sim. of straightness & strength Jb 40:17 (tail of hippopotamus).
2. cedar-timber, cedar-wood for building, עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים 2 S 5:11; 1 K 5:22, 24; 6:10; 9:11; 1 Ch 14:1; 22:4(×2) 2 Ch 2:7; Ezr 3:7; without עֵץ 2 S 7:2, 7; 1 K 6:9, 15, 16, 18(×2), 20, 36; 7:2(×2), 3, 7, 11, 12; 10:27; 1 Ch 17:1, 6; 2 Ch 1:15; 2:2; 9:27 & Ct 8:9; Is 9:9; Je 22:14, 15 (cf. also Is 44:14; 1 K 5:20; Ez 27:5 supr.)
3. cedar-wood used in purifications, c. עֵץ Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52 Nu 19:6 (all P).
† אַרְזָה n.f.coll. cedar-panels, cedar-work Zp 2:14.
† [אָרוּז] adj. firm, strong (cf. Arabic أَرَزَ supr.) אֲרֻזִים Ez 27:24.
† מֵרוֹז n.pr.loc. Meroz, in northern Palestine Ju 5:23 (expl. as = מֶאֱ וֹז, مَأْرَز retreat by Thes MV al.)
† אָרַח vb. wander, journey, go (Ph. ארח in מארח, prob. = מְאָרֵחַ cf. Ethiopic መርሐ lead, conduct, v. NöZMG 1888, 472; epithet of god Eshmun, Sab. ארחֿ DHMEpigr. Denkm. p. 70, Aramaic אוֹרֵחַ, ܐܳܪܚܳܐ traveller)—
Qal Pf. וְאָרַח consec. Jb 34:8; Pt. אֹרֵחַ Ju 19:17 +; pl. אֹרְחִים Je 9:1;— 1. journey, go, c. עִם fig. of association, companionship Jb 34:8 וְא׳ לְחֶבְרָה עִם־פֹּעֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן וְלָלֶכֶת עִם־אַנְשֵׁי־רֶֽשַׁע׃ (cf. also הלך ψ 1:1). 2. Pt. wandering, wayfaring, journeying, הָאִישׁ הָאֹרֵחַ Ju 19:17; as subst. wanderer, wayfarer, traveller אֹרֵחַ 2 S 12:4 (‖ הֵלֶךְ), Je 14:8 (‖ גֵּר, in sim. of י׳); מְלוֹן אֹרְחִים wayfarers’ lodging-place Je 9:1.
† אֹ֫רַח n.m. Jb 6:18 (f. Pr 15:19) way, path (Assyrian urḫu COTGloss, Aramaic אֹרַח, ܐܘܽܪܚܳܐ )—א׳ abs. ψ 19:6 +; cstr. Pr 4:18 +; sf. אָרְחִי Jb 19:8 ψ 139:3 < Inf. cstr.; pl. abs. אֳרָחוֹת Ju 5:6(×2); cstr. אָרְחוֹת Jb 8:13 +; sf. אָרְחֹתָ֑י Jb 13:27; 33:11; אָרְחוֹתָם Jo 2:7 אֹ׳ Pr 9:15; אָרְחֹתֵיהֶם Pr 2:15; also אֹרְחֹתָיו Is 2:3 +; אֹרְחֹתֶיךָ ψ 119:15 + etc.;—way, path (in Heb. mostly poet.)
1. lit. Ju 5:6(×2) song of Deb. (alone = highways, opp. א׳ עֲקַלְקַלּוֹת crooked (by-) paths; cf. also הֹלְכֵי נְתִיבוֹת ib.); Is 33:8 עֹבֵר א׳ = wayfarer (‖ מְסִלּוֹת), v. also Gn 49:17 (blessing of Jacob) (‖ דֶּרֶךְ) & הַמְיַשְּׁרִים אֹרְחוֹתָם those who make straight their ways (‖ עֹבְרֵי דָ֑רֶךְ) Pr 9:15, בּוֹא א׳ go (tread) a path Is 41:3; of course of locusts Jo 2:7 לֹא יְעַבְּטוּן א׳ they confuse not their paths (‖ דְּרָכָיו); א׳ יַמִּים paths of the seas ψ 8:9; רוּץ אֹרַח run along a path, fig. of sun ψ 19:6.
2. fig. path, way, of course & fortunes of life Jb 8:13; 13:27 = 33:11; 19:8 (‖ נְתִיבוֹת) ψ 139:3 (‖ רבע), 142:4 (‖ נְתִיבָה) Pr 3:6 (‖ דֶּרֶךְ) 4:18; 15:19 (both ‖ id.) Is 26:7 (‖ מַעְגָּל) so דֶּרֶךְ אֹרְחֹתֶיךָ Is 3:12; plain or even path א׳ מִישׁוֹר ψ 27:11; in two cases with a special ref. (1) אֹרַח כַּנָּשִׁים Gn 18:11 (J) of menstruation; (2) אֹרַח לֹא אָשׁוּב אֶהֱלֹךְ a path (which) I shall not return, I am going Jb 16:22 i.e. to Sheʾôl, cf. Assyrian name of lower world irṣit lâ târat, land without return, v. Jr 10, 65.
3. fig. way, of mode of living, or of character Jb 34:11 (‖ פֹּעַל) ψ 119:9. Specif.: a. ways of י׳, his mode of action ψ 25:10; b. of man’s righteousness, called ways of י׳ ψ 25:4 (‖ דְּרָכִים) 44:19; 119:15 (‖ פִּקּוּדִים) Is 2:3 = Mi 4:2 (‖ דְּרָכִים) cf. א׳ מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ Is 26:8; also way of justice, uprightness, etc. א׳ מִשְׁפָּט Pr 2:8 (‖ דֶּרֶךְ) 17:23 Is 40:14 (‖ דֶּרֶךְ), א׳ ישֶׁר Pr 2:13 (‖ id.), א׳ צְדָקָה 8:20 (‖ נְתִיבוֹת), 12:28 (‖ דֶּרֶךְ נְתִיבָה); so אֹרַח alone Is 30:11 (‖ דֶּרֶךְ) Pr 15:10; note especially אֹרַח חַיִּים, path of life, in righteousness & enjoyment of God ψ 16:11; Pr 2:19; 5:6; 15:24 (opp. שְׁאוֹל), also א׳ לְחַיִּים 10:17 (on these cf. Str Pr 14:32); c. of wickedness, א׳ פָּרִיץ way, path of the violent ψ 17:4, cf. also Pr 22:25; א׳ רְשָׁעִים Pr 4:14 (‖ דֶּרֶךְ), א׳ בֹּצֵעַ 1:19; sq. abstr. א׳ שָׁ֑קֶר ψ 119:104, so v 128 (‖ פִּקּוּדִים), also c. adj. א׳ רָע ψ 119:101 cf. Pr 2:15 (עִקְּשִׁים crooked) called הָא׳ עוֹלָם Jb 22:15; note also א׳ אֵידָם their destructive ways, i.e. ways that cause destruction Jb 30:12 (cf. 19:12).
4. by meton. traveller, wayfarer Jb 31:32 (cf. הֵלֶךְ 2 S 12:4) & in pl. caravans 6:18, 19; but read perhaps לָאֹרֵחַ 31:32, אֹרְחוֹת 6:18 (v. לָפַת), 19.
† אָרַח n.pr.m. (traveller?)
1. a man of Asher 1 Ch 7:39.
2. head of a family of returning exiles Ezr 2:5 = Ne 7:10; perhaps = אָרַ֑ח Ne 6:18.
† אֲרֻחָה n.f. meal, allowance (of food) abs. Je 40:5; cstr. אֲרֻחַת יָרָק Pr 15:17 a portion of herbs, i.e. a slender meal; elsewhere of allowance given to captive king Jehoiachin, א׳ תָּמִיד a continual allowance 2 K 25:30 = Je 52:34; אֲרֻחָתוֹ ib. = id.
† [אֹרְחָה] n.f. travelling company, caravan (strictly Pt. of אָרַח), cstr. אֹרְחַת Gn 37:25; pl. cstr. אֹרְחוֹת Is 21:13; cf. also sub אֹרַח, 4.
אֲרִיאֵל, אֲרִיאֵיל etc., v. I. & II. ארה.
† אַרְיוֹךְ n.pr.m. king of Ellasar Gn 14:1, 9, ally of Chedorlaomer in his western foray (prob. = Rim-Aku, Elamite king of Larsa = Ellasar; cf. COT ii. 297 f.). On Rim-Aku (= Eri-Aku?), v. now also DrComm. Gn. 156 ff.; ZimKAT3 367 thinks identification very dubious.
† אֲרִיסַי n.pr.m. son of Haman Est 9:9; Αρσαιος.
† [אָרַךְ, אָרֵךְ] vb. be long, almost always of time (Assyrian arâku COTGloss, Aramaic אֲרַךְ, ܐܶܪܰܟ )—
Qal Pf. אָֽרְכוּ Gn 26:8; Impf. יַאַרְכוּ Ez 12:22; 3 fpl. וַתֶּאֱרַכְנָה Ez 31:5 (del. B Co)—be long, subj. הַיָּמִים (i.e. a long time passed Gn 26:8 (J); cf. Assyrian urriku ûmî, days grew long, Creation Tableta v. COT Gn 1:1); of delayed fulfilment of prophecy Ez 12:22; subj. פֹּארֹת Ez 31:5 (but cf. supr.)
Hiph. Pf. הֶאֱרִיךְ Pr 19:11; וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ֫ Dt 22:7, etc.; Impf. יַאֲרִיךְ Dt 17:20 +; יַאֲרִיכוּ Dt 25:15; יַאֲרִכוּן Ex 20:12 cf. Dt 5:16; 6:2; תַּאֲרִיכֻן Dt 4:26; 30:18, etc.; Imv. fs. הַאֲרִיכִי Is 54:2: Inf. cstr. הַאֲרִיךְ Nu 9:19, 22; Pt. מַאֲרִיךְ Ec 7:15; 8:12;— 1. trans. prolong, (a) obj. יָמִים (i.e. live long) Dt 4:26, 40; 5:30; 11:9; 17:20; 22:7; 30:18; 32:47 Jos 24:31 = Ju 2:7 (c. אַחֲרֵי = survive), Pr 28:16; Is 53:10; Ec 8:13; also (late) without ימים Ec 7:15; 8:12; (b) id. 1 K 3:14 י׳ subj. וְהַאֲרַכְתִּי אֶת־יָמֶיךָ I will prolong thy days; (c) postpone anger Is 48:9 cf. Pr 19:11 (i.e. shew oneself slow to anger); v. also Jb 6:11 אַאֲרִיךְ נַפְשִׁי i.e. be patient; (d) lit. (but in fig.) make long furrows (c. ל) ψ 129:3; tentcords Is 54:2; tongue 57:4 (stretch out in mockery). 2. intrans. grow long, continue long (i.e. display length or continuance), subj. יָמִים Ex 20:12 = Dt 5:16; 6:2; 25:15; tarry long Nu 9:19, 22 (subj. הֶעָנָן), last (continue) long, subj. כֵּן Pr 28:2; be long (lit.) of staves of ark 1 K 8:8; 2 Ch 5:9.
אֹ֫רֶךְ94 n.[m.] length—only sg., א׳ abs. Ex 27:1 +; cstr. Gn 6:15; אָרְכּוֹ Ex 25:10 +; אָרְכָּם 2 Ch 3:11; אָרְכָּן Ez 42:11, etc.—
a. length of ark Gn 6:15 (P), of land of Canaan 13:17 (J); most often of ark & other measurements in tabernacle & temple Ex 25:10, 17; 26:2, 8; 27:1, 9 + (22 times Ex, P), 1 K 6:2, 3, 20 + (13 times K & Ch), Ez 40:7, 11, 18 + (41 times Ez), etc.
b. of time א׳ יָמִים Dt 30:20; Jb 12:12; ψ 21:5; 23:6; 91:16; 93:5 Pr 3:2, 16; La 5:20.
c. א׳ אַפַּיִם forbearance, self-restraint, Pr 25:15.—(Ez 31:7 𝔊 𝔖 Co read רֹב for אֹרֶךְ, cf. v 5 where Co del. vb. ארך; 41:22 read prob. אדנו 𝔊 Sm, or אדניו Co = base.)
† [אָרֵךְ] adj. long—only cstr. אֶ֫רֶךְ Ex 34:6 + 14 times—א׳ הָאֵבֶר long of pinion Ez 17:3 (‖ גְּדוֹל הַכְּנָפַיִם) of eagle, in metaph.; elsewhere always of feelings, as subst. Ec 7:8 א׳ רוּחַ the patient of spirit (opp. גְּבַהּ ר׳); א׳ אַפַּיִם one slow to anger Pr 14:29 (opp. קְצַר־רוּחַ), so 15:18 (opp. אִישׁ חֵמָה), 16:32 (‖ מֹשֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ); more often of י׳, א׳ אַפַּיִם, Ex 34:6 רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן א׳ אַפַּיִם וְרַב־חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת cf. Nu 14:18 Ne 9:17 ψ 86:15; 103:8; 145:8; so + וְנִחָם עַל־הָרָעָה Jo 2:13 cf. Jon 4:2 (where אֵל), א׳ אַפַּיִם וּגְדוֹל כֹּחַ Na 1:3; לְאֶרֶךְ אַפְּךָ only Je 15:15, א׳ appar. noun; read אֹרֶךְ? cf. Pr 25:15.
† [אָרֹךְ] adj. long—only fs. abs. אֲרֻכָּה;—
a. of time, הַמִּלְחָמָה א׳ long war 2 S 3:1; of the exile Je 29:28;
b. fig. of God’s wisdom א׳ מֵאֶרֶץ מִדָּהּ Jb 11:9 (‖ רְחָבָה מִנִּי־יָם).
† אֲרוּכָה n.f. healing of a wound, restoration (properly the new flesh that grows at the wounded spot, Arabic أَرِيكَةٌ; Fi JPh. xiii. 114–6, so Fl De on Is 58:8; v. also Di)—א׳ 2 Ch 24:13; Ne 4:1; אֲרֻכָה Je 30:17; 33:6; cstr. אֲרֻכַת Je 8:22; אֲרֻכָֽתְךָ Is 58:8;—always fig.
a. healing, restoration of Israel Is 58:8, here c. vb. צָמַח, elsewhere c. עָלָה; Je 8:22 (‖ רָפָא), c. עָלָה Hiph., subj. י׳, 30:17; 33:6 (‖ id.)
b. restoration of walls of temple 2 Ch 24:13, of walls of Jerusalem (cf. Fi supr.) Ne 4:1 (both c. עלה).
† אֶ֫רֶךְ n.pr.loc. city in Babylonia (Bab. Uruk), mod. Warka on left bank of Euphrates, c. 40 miles NW. from Ur (אוּר) towards Babylon; cf. LoftusCS 162 f. DlPa 221 f. Gn 10:10 (v. Ezr 4:9).
† אַרְכִּי adj.gent. (deriv. unknown) applied to חוּשַׁי 2 S 15:32; 16:16; 17:5, 14; 1 Ch 27:33; with art. = n. coll. גְּבוּל הָא׳ Jos 16:2 (not far from Bethel).
אֲרָם149 n.pr.m. Aram (Assyrian Aramu, etc., v. DlPa 257; Thes al. proposes √ארם = רום but cf. Nö as below)—
1. 5th son of Shem Gn 10:22, 23; 1 Ch 1:17.
2. grandson of Nahor Gn 22:21.
3. 1 Ch 2:23.
4. a descendant of Asher 1 Ch 7:34.—Elsewhere only of Aramæan people & land (= 1 supr.), f. 2 S 8:5 m. 2 S 10:14. a. people, sg. coll. = the Aramæans, a leading branch of the Shemitic stock inhabiting Mesopotamia & northern Syria, in many tribes & settlements; 2 S 8:5(×2), 6 + 1 K 20:20, 21 + 1 Ch 19:10, 12 + (64 times S K Ch) Am 9:7 Is 7:2, 4, 5, 8; 9:11; 17:3 Je 35:11; so Ez 16:57; 27:16, but Co in both אדום; עַם אֲרָם Am 1:5; of particular divisions of Aramaic, א׳ בית רְחוֹב 2 S 10:6, א׳ צוֹבָא 2 S 10:6, 8 ψ 60:2 (title), א׳ דַּמֶּשֶׂק 2 S 8:5 cf. 1 Ch 18:5, even א׳ נַהֲרַיִם ψ 60:2 (title); (note that Assyrian never gives name Aramu to people W. of Euphrates, but Chatti instead, with other particular names, COT Gn 10:22, also Dl l.c.); on 2 S 8:12, 13 1 Ch 18:11 v. אֱדוֹם. b. less often clearly of land, Aramaic Nu 23:7 2 S 15:8 + 2 Ch 20:2 (read however here אדום Thes Add al.), שְׂדֵה א׳ Ho 12:13; also of particular divisions of the territory א׳ נַהֲרַיִם ‘Mesopotamia,’ i.e. prob. land between Euphrates & Chaboras, so Di after Kiep, Gn 24:10; Dt 23:5; Ju 3:8 (cf. ψ 60:2 supr.); cf. פַּדַּן א׳ Paddan-Aram Gn 25:20; 31:18; 33:18; 35:9, 26; 46:15, פַּדֶּ֫נָה א׳ 28:2, 5, 6, 7 v. פדן; א׳ דַּמֶּשֶׂק 2 S 8:6 cf. 1 Ch 18:6. c. often indeterminate, especially in מֶלֶךְ א׳ etc., perhaps primarily land but often including people: so Ju 2:10; 10:6 (אֱלֹהֵי א׳) 1 K 10:29 + 2 Ch 1:17 + (41 times K & Ch) Is 7:1.—(Cf. especially NöSchenkel BL, ZMG 1871, 113; Hermes v. 3, 443 f. DlPa 257.)
† אֲרַמִּי adj.gent. Aramæan, c. art. הָא׳ Gn 25:20(×2); 28:5; 31:20, 24 2 K 5:20; of Israel א׳ אֹבֵד Dt 26:5; pl. אֲרַמִּים 2 K 8:28, 29 (‖ אֲרָם) 9:15 (‖ id.); הָרַמִּים (= הָא׳) 2 Ch 22:5 (‖ id.); פִּילַגְשׁוֹ הָאֲרַמִּיָּה 1 Ch 7:14 his Aramæan concubine.—(ארומים Kt 2 K 16:6 read rather Qr אֲדוֹמִים.)
† אֲרָמִית adv. only of language in Aramaic 2 K 18:26 = Is 36:11 Ezr 4:7(×2) Dn 2:4.
ארם (√ of following; cf. רום?).
† אַרְמוֹן n.m. Is 32:14 citadel—א׳ abs. Je 30:18 +; cstr. Is 25:2; pl. אַרְמְנוֹת abs. Am 3:9(×2); cstr. 1:4 +; אַרְמְנוֹתֵינוּ Mi 5:4 +, etc.—citadel, castle, palace, not used before royal period, mostly in prophets, especially common in Am & Je; citadel as securely barred (in sim.) Pr 18:19; א׳ בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ i.e. the citadel, stronghold 1 K 16:18, cf. 2 K 15:25; usually more general, of castles, palaces, prominent buildings; especially used in speaking of conquest, because the fine buildings would be especially object of attack & plunder, palaces of Isr. Am 6:8; of Jerusalem Is 32:14 (sg. coll.) La 2:5, 7; 2 Ch 36:19; ψ 48:4, 14; 122:7 cf. Ho 8:14; Mi 5:4; Am 2:5; Je 17:27; of Samaria Am 3:10, 11; also Je 6:5; 9:20 belonging to Benhadad (i.e. Aramaic) Am 1:4 Je 49:27; of Tyre Is 23:13; Am 1:10; of Babylon Is 25:2 (sg. coll.), cf. 13:22 where read אַרְמְנוֹתָיו for אלמנותיו so 𝔖 𝔗 𝔙 Che Di (‖ היכלים; cf. Ez 19:7 according to 𝔗 al.; Dl BD xi defends MT in Ez 19:7 & comp. Assyrian almattu, fortress); of Edom Is 34:13, of Gaza Am 1:7, of Rabbah 1:14, of Bozrah 1:12, of Kerioth 2:2, of Ashdod 3:9, of Egypt 3:9.
† אַרְמֹנִי n.pr.m. a son of Saul (palatinus) 2 S 21:8.
I. ארן (cf. Arabic أَرِنَ alacer, lœtus fuit; possible √ of following).
† אֲרָן n.pr.m. a descendant of Esau (? Aramaic ܐܰܪܢܳܐ wild-goat) Gn 36:28 = 1 Ch 1:42 (v. also דִּישָׁן).
† I. אֹ֫רֶן n.[m.] fir or cedar (Assyrian erinu COTGloss, Mish. pl. ארנים) Is 44:14 (‖ אֶרֶז, תִּרְזָה, אַלּוֹן, עֲצֵי יַעַר).
† II. אֹ֫רֶן n.pr.m. (fir-tree) a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 2:25.
† ארנבן n.pr.loc. whence wine, so Co Ez 27:19 for MT וְדָן וְיָוָן; cf. Assyrian wine of Aranabanim.
† אַרְנָן n.pr.m. a descendant of David 1 Ch 3:21.
† אָרְנָן n.pr.m. a Jebusite, whose threshing-floor was bought by David to erect an altar 1 Ch 21:15, 18, 20(×2), 21(×2), 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, & according to 2 Ch 3:1 became site of temple; called אֲרַוְנָה 2 S 24:16 f. q.v.
† אַרְנוֹן, אַרְנֹן n.pr.fl. Arnon, wady & stream in Moab (MI ארנן, Thes Add Rob Ges MV der. from רנן, i.e. the rushing, roaring stream)—אַרְנוֹן Nu 21:13(×2), 14 + 12 times, אַרְנֹן Nu 21:28 + 10 times—called boundary between Moab & Amorites Nu 21:13 Ju 11:18, 22 cf. גְּבוּל אַרְנֹן Nu 22:36; often נַחַל אַרְנֹן Dt 2:24, 36; 3:8, 12, 16; 4:48; 2 K 10:33; נ׳ אַרְנוֹן Jos 12:1, 2; 13:9, 16; הַנְּחָלִים אַרְנוֹן Nu 21:14; i.e. the stream-ravines that unite to form Arnon, cf. Di: also בַּמוֹת אַרְנֹן heights of Arnon Nu 21:28; מעברות אַרְנוֹן fords of Arnon Is 16:2; elsewhere Nu 21:13, 24, 26; Ju 11:13, 18, 26; syn. of Moab Je 48:20; (cf. TristrMoab 125 f.; mod. Môjib)
II. ארן (√ assumed for foll. word, cf. Sta§ 208 c; DlPr 125 argues for √ ארה (so Thes), on ground of an Assyrian êrû, synon. of êrênu.)
אֲרוֹן c. art. הָאָרוֹן, הָאָרֹן203 n.m. Ex 35, 12 (f. 1 S 4, 17; 2 Ch 8, 11) chest, ark (Ph. ארן, sarcophagus, Assyrian êrênu (& êrû) chest ZimBP 6, 22, Arabic إِرَانٌ chest, so Aramaic ܐܰܪܘܽܢܳܐ also Nab. ארנא, Vog p. 102, Ph. Mish. also pl. ארונות)—only sg.; abs. †אֲרוֹן 2 K 12:10 = 2 Ch 24:8; c. art. הָאָרוֹן Dt 10:2 + always except Ex Lv Nu where הָאָרֹן (Ex 25:14(×2) + 13 times Ex, Lv 16:2 Nu 3:31; 10:35); cstr. אֲרוֹן Ex 25:10 +, †אֲרֹן Ex 30:6 Nu 4:5; 7:89;—
†1. chest, for money-offerings 2 K 12:10, 11 2 Ch 24:8, 10, 11(×2).
†2. sarcophagus, mummy-case, of Joseph Gn 50:26 (E).
3. chest, ark in tabernacle & temple, containing tables of law, with cherubim above, the especially seat of י׳ among his people, only Hex (71 times) S (61 times) K (12 times) & Ch (48 times) + Ju 20:27 Je 3:16 ψ 132:8; used alone & in various combinations (cf. SeyringZAW 1891, 114 f.). a. indef. אֲרוֹן עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים an ark of shittim-wood Ex 25:10; Dt 10:3 cf. v 1. b. def. הָא׳ Ex 25:14 + 54 times (Hex P, except Jos JE; S K Ch). c. א׳ יהוה Jos 4:11 + 32 times Jos (JED) S K Ch. d. א׳ אֱלֹהִים †1 S 3:3; 4:11; א׳ הָאֱלֹהִים 1 S 4:13 + 32 times S Ch (but 1 S 14:18(×2) read הָאֵפוֹד 𝔊 We Dr), cf. א׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ †1 Ch 13:3. e. א׳ אלהי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 S 5:7 + 6 times S, term used only by Philistines; א׳ יהוה אלהי יִשְׂרָאֵל †1 Ch 15:12, 14; א׳ יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם †Jos 4:5 (JE); א׳ אֲדֹנָי יהוה †1 K 2:26; א׳ יהוה אֲדוֹן כָּל־הָאָרֶץ †Jos 3:13 (JED) cf. אדון כל־הארץ [הברית] א׳ v 11, where הברית (c. art. is prob. interpol., v. Di, only once & late the long phrase א׳ האלהים יהוה יוֹשֵׁב הַכְּרוּבִים אֲשֶׁר נִקְרָא־שֵׁם 1 Ch 13:6. f. in combination with בְּרִית, largely D & under D’s influence; ארון הַבְּרִית ark of the covenant †Jos 3:6(×2), 8; 4:9; 6:6 (all JED); א׳ בְּרִית יהוה Nu 10:33; 14:44 (both J) Dt 10:8; 31:9, 25; Jos 4:7, 18; 6:8; 8:33 Je 3:16 + 17 times S K Ch; once longer א׳ בְּרִית י׳ צְבָאוֹת ישֵׁב הַכְּרֻבִים †1 S 4:4; also א׳ בְּרִית הָאֱלֹהִים †Ju 20:27; 1 S 4:4; 2 S 15:24; 1 Ch 16:6; & א׳ בְּרִית י׳ אלהיכם Dt 31:26 Jos 3:3. g. אֲרוֹן הָעֵדוּת ark of the testimony, only in P, corresponding to א׳ בְּרִית (cf. Di on Ex 25:16), Ex 25:22 + 8 times Ex, †Nu 4:5; 7:89 Jos 4:16. h. †א׳ הַקֹּדֶשׁ 2 Ch 35:3. i. א׳ עֻזֶּךָ֑ the ark of thy strength 2 Ch 6:41 ψ 132:8.—(Cf. also tables given by Seyringl.c. & his theory as to earliest designation of ark.)
אַרְנֶ֫בֶת v. אנב.
ארניה v. אֲרַוְנָה.
† אַרְפַּד n.pr.loc. city in northern Syria (Assyrian Arpadda DlPa 275)—א׳ Is 10:9 elsewhere אַרְפָּ֑ד; c. 15 miles N. of Aleppo, mod. Tel Erfâd; in OT only as conquered by Assyria, always named with Hamath, etc. 2 K 18:34; 19:13 = Is 36:19; 37:13 (on 𝔊 Ῥαφέθ = Ἀρφάθ cf. LagBN 78), also Is 10:9; Je 49:23; (cf. NöZMG 1871, 258 Kiepib. 655.)
† אַרְפַּכְשַׁד n.pr.m. 3rd son of Shem א׳ Gn 10:22, 24; 11:12, 13; 1 Ch 1:17, 18, 24; אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֑ד Gn 11:10, 11; doubtless a geogr. name (deriv. & meaning dub., Thes der. from أُرْفَةٌ boundary (stem أَرَفَ define, limit), cf. also Ethiopic አረፍት wall, + כשׁד = כֶּשֶׂד, i.e. Chaldean; so SchrCOT Gn 10:22 who identifies with Babylonia (cf. Gn 11:12 f. & אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים v 28, 31); v. another interpr. DlPa 255, according to most = Arrapachitis on Upper Zab, NE. from Nineveh, Assyrian Arbaḫa, Armen. Albak LagArmen. Stud. 55 & reff. so Bö MV, Di Gn 10:22 LagSy i. 54 NöZMG 1882, 182; but Assyrian Arbaḫa is unfavourable to this).
אֶ֫רֶץ2407 n.f. Gn 10:11 & (seld.) m. Ez 21:24 earth, land (Ph. MI ארץ, Assyrian irṣitu COTGloss, Arabic أَرْضٌ, Sab. ארץֿ e.g. Os 9 DHMZMG 1875, 594, 614; Sem. Sprachf. 12, cf. PräBAS i. 374 n., Aramaic אֲרַע, ܐܰܪܥܳܐ )—א׳ abs. Gn 1:24 +; cstr. 2:11 +; אָ֑רֶץ 1:10 +; c. art. always הָאָ֫רֶץ 1:11 +; c. ה—ָloc. אַ֫רְצָה 11:31 +, (poet. = אָרֶץ Jb 34:13; cf. 1 S 25:23 1 K 1:31); sf. אַרְצִי 20:15 + אַרְצְךָ (אַרְצֶ֑ךָ) 12:1 +, etc.; pl. אֲרָצוֹת Je 28:8 + 65 times; cstr. אַרְצוֹת Ez 39:27 + 6 times; sf. אַרְצֹתָם Gn 10:5 + 2 times;—
1. a. earth, whole earth (opp. to a part) Gn 18:18, 25; 22:18 (= הָאֲדָמָה 12:3) Je 25:26, 29, 30; 26:6 Is 37:16, 20 = 2 K 19:15, 19 Zc 4:10, 14 +. b. earth, opp. to heaven, sky Gn 1:2 Ex 20:4 Dt 5:8; 30:19 Ju 5:4 La 2:1 Is 37:16 = 2 K 19:15 ψ 146:6 1 Ch 21:16; 29:11 2 Ch 2:11 +; as permanent Ec 1:4; built on foundations, or pillars 1 S 2:8 ψ 104:5 Jb 38:4 Is 48:13; 51:13, 16 cf. also Is 24:18 ψ 82:5; firm, so that its shaking is something terrible, & token of terrible power 1 S 14:5 2 S 22:8 = ψ 18:8 Jb 9:6 cf. ψ 46:3 & v 7; so also Am 8:8 Is 2:19, 21; 24:18, 19, 20 ψ 60:4; 77:19; 99:1; 114:7; as hung on nothing Jb 26:7; with waters under it Ex 20:4 = Dt 5:8 cf. Gn 7:11; personified, especially as addressed, called to witness, etc. Dt 32:1 Je 6:19; 22:29 Is 1:2 Mi 1:2 Jb 16:18. c. earth = inhabitants of earth Gn 6:11; 11:1 1 K 2:2; 10:24 ψ 33:8; 66:4 + cf. תֵּבֵל א׳ Pr 8:31 Jb 37:12.
2. land = a. country, territory, א׳ שִׁנְעָר Gn 10:10, א׳ מִצְרַיִם 21:21; cf. also 10:11; 11:28, 31; 13:10; 47:6, 27; 50:8 Is 7:18; 23:1, 13; 27:13 ψ 78:12 Je 25:20 1 Ch 1:43; personif. Is 62:4 Ec 10:16, 17. b. district, region Gn 19:28; 22:2 Jos 11:3 ψ 42:7. c. tribal territory Dt 34:2 Ju 21:21 1 S 9:4, 16; 13:7 1 K 15:20 Is 8:23; and still smaller territories 1 S 9:4, 5. d. piece of ground Gn 23:15. e. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel Gn 11:31; 12:1, 5, 6, 7; 31:3 Lv 14:34 Dt 17:14; 18:9 2 K 5:2, 4 +; especially obj. of יָרַשׁ possess Dt 3:20 + often Dt ψ al.; so after נָחַל Jos 19:49 +; נָתַן Dt 1:21 +. f. = inhabitants of land Lv 19:29 Ez 14:13 + cf. Dt 24:4 Zc 12:12 etc. g. used even of Sheʾôl Jb 10:21, 22 (cf. Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, v. Jr 10.65); v. also ψ 139:15 Is 44:23.
3. a. ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה q.v. Gn 1:26, 30; 18:2; 33:3; 38:9 Ex 4:3; 16:14 Ru 2:10 1 S 5:4 + very often in S. b. soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה Gn 1:11, 12 Lv 19:9; 25:19; 26:4 cf. Nu 14:7, 8 Is 36:17 = 2 K 18:32 ψ 72:6, 16; 107:34, 35 Ezr 9:12 Ne 9:35.
4. אֶרֶץ in phrases: a. people of the land עַם־הָא׳ of non-Israelites Gn 23:7, 12, 13 (P) Nu 14:9 (JE); as well as Isr. Lv 20:4 (H) 2 K 15:5; 16:15; 21:24(×2); especially common people, opp. officials, princes Lv 4:27 (P) Ez 7:27 2 K 11:18, 19. †b. in measurements of distance, כִּבְרַת הָא׳ the space or distance of country (v. כּברה) Gn 35:16, so כִּבְרַת א׳ some distance Gn 48:7 2 K 5:19. c. אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר the country of the plain, level or plain country Dt 4:33 Je 48:21; א׳ מִישׁוֹר fig. ψ 143:10 (but read אֹרַח 𝔖 Bi Gr Che, cf. ψ 27:11). d. א׳חַיִּים land of the living ψ 27:13; א׳ הַחַיִּים ψ 142:6 +. e. קְצֵה הָא׳ end(s) of the earth Is 42:10; 43:6 (‖ רָחוֹק) ψ 135:7 Pr 17:24, so אַפְסֵי א׳ Pr 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָא׳ Is 40:28; 41:5, 9.
5. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Je 16:15 + 6 times Je; 23 times Ez; Is 36:20; 37:11 = 2 K 18:35; 19:11 (Is 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם v. Che Di & cf. 2 K 19:17); 22 times Chr; Dn 9:7; 11:40, 42; ψ 105:44; 106:27; 107:3; 116:9; besides these only P Gn 10:5, 20, 31 Lv 26:36, 39, except Gn 26:3, 4 (JR) 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., v. especially abs. Ez 20:32; 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel’s control Gn 26:3, 4, cf. 1 Ch 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Ch 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.
† אַרְצָא n.pr.m. chamberlain of Zimri 1 K 16:9.
[אָרַר] vb. curse (Assyrian arâru ZimBP 68; on relation of meanings bind & curse in Assyrian v. DlPr 101)—Qal Pf. 1 s. וְאָרוֹתִ֫י, אָרוֹתִיהָ Mal 2:2; Impf. 2 ms. תָּאֹר Ex 22:27 Nu 22:6, 12; אָאֹר Gn 12:3; Imv. אָ֫רָה־ Nu 22:6; 23:7; אוֹרוּ, אֹרוּ & Inf. abs. אָרוֹר all Ju 5:23; Pt. אֹרְרֵי Jb 3:8; אֹרְרֶיךָ Gn 27:29 Nu 24:9; אָרוּר Gn 3:14 + 36 times etc.;—curse ‖ בֵּרֵךְ bless, chiefly in poetic & legal sources of JED & later imitations: Gn 12:3; 27:29 (J) Nu 22:6, 12; 23:7; 24:9 (E) Ex 22:27 (E) Mal 2:2; אֹרוּ אָרוֹר ישְׁבֶיהָ = curse for ever her inhabitants Ju 5:23; אֹרְרֵי יוֹם cursers of the day (magicians whose imprecations made days unlucky) Jb 3:8. Pt. pass. אָרוּר, chiefly as exclamation, ‖ בָּרוּךְ Gn 3:14, 17; 4:11; 9:25; 27:29; 49:7 Nu 24:9 (E, poet.) Dt 27:15–26 Ju 21:18 1 S 14:24, 28; 26:19 Je 11:3; 17:5; 20:14, 15; 48:10(×2) Mal 1:14; אֲרוּרִים הַשֹּׁגִים מִמִּצְוֹתֶיךָ cursed be those who wander from thy commands ψ 119:21 (𝔊 𝔖 Jer De Ri), הָאֲרוּרָה הַזֹּאת this cursed woman 2 K 9:34.
†Niph. Pt. נֵאָרִים cursed Mal 3:9.
†Pi. Pf. 3 ms. sf. אֵרֲרָהּ curse, lay under a curse Gn 5:29 (J); Pt. הַמַּיִם הַמְאָרְרִים the curse-bringing waters Nu 5:18–27 (P 6 times waters destroying the perjured adulteress drinking them).
†Hoph. Impf. יוּאָ֑ר be cursed Nu 22:6 (E).
† מְאֵרָה n.f. a curse Dt 28:20 Mal 2:2; 3:9; cstr. מְאֵרַת Pr 3:33; pl. מְאֵרוֹת Pr 28:27.
אֲרָרִי v. הֲרָרִי.
† אֲרָרַט n.pr.terr. Ararat (Assyrian Urarṭu COTGloss, cf. LagArmen. Stud. § 100)—א׳ Je 51:27; אֲרָרָ֑ט Gn 8:4 + 3 times—a district in Eastern Armenia between the river Araxes & lakes Van & Oroomiah, cf. KGF; to this prob. ref. in 2 K 19:37 = Is 37:38 אֶרֶץ א׳; also Gn 8:4 הָרֵי א׳, where the ark rested; used perhaps with wider ref. Je 51:27 מַמְלְכוֹת א׳ (‖ מִנִּי, אַשְׁכְּנַז).
† [אָרַשׂ] vb. betroth (Mish. ארס, Ph. ארש in n.pr., LagSem i. 50 connects with Arabic أَرْشٌ a fine, lit. pay the price, & so gain the right of possession; cf. Aramaic אָרִיס one who farms land; Assyrian mirsu, tribute, Zehnpf BAS i. 518)—only Pi. Pu.;
Pi. Pf. 3 ms. אֵרַשׂ Dt 20:7; אֵרַשְׂתִּי 2 S 3:14; sf. אֵרַשְׂתִּיךְ Ho 2:21(×2), 22; Impf. 2 ms. תְּאָרֵשׂ Dt 28:30;—betroth (subj. man) obj. woman, אִשָּׁה Dt 20:7; 28:30; sq. ב of price paid to father & ל of husband 2 S 3:14; ב of gift to bride & ל of husband Ho 2:21, 22, where fig. of Yahweh’s covenant mercy to Israel.
Pu. Pf. 3 fs. אֹרָ֑שָׂה be betrothed, c. לֹא, subj. בְּתוּלָה Ex 22:15 Dt 22:28 (נער בתולה); Pt. f. מְאֹרָשָׂה Dt 22:23, where affirmed of נער בתולה (sq. ל of husband) v 25, 27 (in both subj. הַנַּעֲרָ֯).
ארשׁ (to desire, request. Assyrian erêšu DlPr 55).
† אֲרֶ֫שֶׁת n.f. desire, request (Assyrian êrištu Dll.c.) only cstr. א׳ שְׂפָתָיו ψ 21:3 (‖ תַּאֲוַת לִבּוֹ) request granted by י׳.
אֹרֹת v. II. אוֹרָה.
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא n.pr.m. Artaxerxes (Pers. Artakhshatrâ, SpiegAPK 68, 207 𝔊 Ἀρταξερξης, cf. BeRy on Ezr 4:23; 7:1 f. Ne 1:1) א׳ Ezr 4:7 v. BD 102; אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא Ezr 4:7, 23, אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא Ezr 7:1, 11; 8:1 Ne 2:1; 5:14; 13:6; Artaxerxes I, or Longimanus, son & successor of Xerxes, regined b.c. 465–424.
† אֲשַׂרְאֵל n.pr.m. a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 4:16 (the latter element in this & foll. may be אֵל God, but meaning of former part dub. Thes comp. אסר bind, quem Deus obligavit sc. voto).
† אֲשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה n.pr.m. a son of Asaph 1 Ch 25:2 cf. יְשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה v 14.
† אַשְׂרִיאֵל n.pr.m. a Manassite (Thes votum Dei, cf. supr.) Nu 26:31 Jos 17:2 1 Ch 7:14.
† אַשְׂרִאֵלִי adj.gent. הָא׳ as n.coll. Nu 26:31
אֵשׁ377 n.f. Ex 9:23 (m. Je 48:45; ψ 104·4; f. & m. Je 20:9; Jb 20:26) אֵשׁ ‘m.’ is dub.: Nu 16:18 read עָלֶיהָ for 2nd עֲלֵיהֶם (𝔊B); Je 20:9 v. Ges§ 132 d; 48:45 read (many MSS., Nu 21:28) יצאה; ψ 104:4 read perhaps (Ol) לֹהֵֽטָה׃ or (Kenn) וָלָֽהַט׃; Jb 20:26 v. Ges§ 145 u (or 121 b): cf. AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 63. fire (Assyrian išatu COTGloss, Syriac ܐܶܫܳܬܳܐ, እሳት deriv. from ii. אנשׁ,أَنَسَ, sociable, friendly element (MV Wetzst in De Psalmen, ed. 4, p. 888 LagBN 68 cf. انيسة, مانوسة), improb. especially in view of Assyrian; daghesh prob. secondary; cf. also Sta§ 189 b)—א׳ abs. Ex 9:24 +; cstr. Lv 6:2 + (seld.); †sf. אִשּׁוֹ Dt 4:36 Jb 18:5; אֶשְׁכֶם Is 50:11; אִשָּׁם Is 66:24;—
1. fire, of conflagration, e.g. in briers, endangering or destroying crops תֵּצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָֽצְאָה קֹצִים Ex 22:5 cf. 3:2 הַסְּנֶה בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ (both E); more often of deliberate destruction by fire, especially שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ (בָּ c. qam. preton.) obj. golden calf Ex 32:20 (J), other idols Dt 7:5, 25, Asherim 12:3, chariots Jos 11:6, 9 2 K 23:11, house Ju 12:1; 14:15, tower 9:52, city-gates Ne 1:3; 2:3, 13, 17, city Jos 6:24 Ju 18:27 cf. Is 1:7 +; also שִׁלַּח אֵשׁ בְּ Am 1:4, 7, 10 +; שִׁלַּח אֶת־הָעִיר בָּאֵשׁ †Ju 1:8; 20:48 cf. 2 K 8:12; הִצִּית אֶת־הָעִיר בָּאֵשׁ Jos 8:8, 19 הצ׳ אֵשׁ ב׳ Je 17:27 +; cf. Ju 9:49 2 S 14:30, 31 (of field, cf. Ex 22:5 supr.).
2. of supernatural fire, attending theophany Ex 3:2; 19:18 (both JE) Dt 4:11, 12, 15, 33, 36 +; specif. עַמּוּד (הָ)אֵשׁ Ex 13:21, 22; 14:24 (all JE) Ne 9:12, 19 cf. Dt 1:33 (v. מַרְאֵה־אֵשׁ Nu 9:15, 16 P); of destructive fire from י׳ Nu 11:1, 2, 3 (J) 26:10 (P) Lv 10:2 (P); cf. א׳ אֹכֶלֶת in sim. of Yahweh’s glory Ex 24:17 (E) Dt 4:24; 9:3; v. also 1 K 18:24, 38 2 K 1:10(×2), 12(×2), 14 Jb 1:16 (perhaps lightning intended), cf. further of lightning Ex 9:23, 24 (JE) ψ 18:13, 14; 148:8 etc.
3. fire for cooking, roasting, parching, etc. צְלִי אֵשׁ roasted at a fire Ex 12:8, 9 (P) cf. Lv 2:14 2 Ch 35:13 Is 44:16, 19; of tinder for lighting fire Gn 22:6, 7 (E); of fire for melting (gold for the idolatrous calf) Ex 32:24; for refining Je 6:29, where read with Qr מֵאֵשׁ תַּם עֹפָֽרֶת; cf. Mal 3:2 (sim. of purifying work of messenger of cov’t).
4. especially of altar-fire Lv 1:7(×2); 6:2, 3, 5, 16 +; in offering incense Lv 10:1, also אֵשׁ זָרָה strange fire, i.e. an incense not commanded, offered presumptuously 10:1 Nu 3:4; 26:61; fire from י׳ consuming sacrifice (cf. 2 Lv 9:24 2 Ch 7:1, 3; of fire in child-sacrifice (usually (לְ) הֶעֱבִיר בֵּן בָּאֵשׁ) 2 K 16:3; 21:6 cf. 17:17; 23:10 2 Ch 33:6; also שׂרף בָּא׳ 2 K 17:31, בער בָּא׳ 2 Ch 28:3.
5. fig. of Yahweh’s anger ψ 89:47 (sim.) cf. Na 1:6 La 2:4 אֵשׁ־עֶבְרָתִי Ez 21:36; 22:31; 38:19, אֵשׁ־קִנְאָתִי Ez 36:5; v. also Is 66:15 ψ 79:5 etc.; of word of י׳ Je 23:29; fig.of outbursting emotion ψ 39:4; of flagrant wickedness Is 9:17, etc.
6. in various combinations, לַפִּיד אֵשׁ Gn 15:17 (J) a torch of fire (cf. Di); לַבַּת־אֵשׁ Ex 3:2 flame of fire, לַהַב אֵשׁ Jo 2:5, לַפִּידֵי אֵשׁ (in sim.) Dn 10:6 cf. Zc 12:6, לַהֲבוֹת אֵשׁ ψ 29:7 לַהֲבֵי אֵשׁ Is 66:15 cf. א׳ לֶהָבוֹת ψ 105:32, נֹגַהּ א׳ לֶהָבָה Is 4:5 cf. Ho 7:6; שְׂבִיב אִשּׁוֹ spark of his fire Jb 18:5 cf. כִּידוֹדֵי אֵשׁ 41:11; תַּנּוּר אֵשׁ ψ 21:10 oven of fire, כִּיּוֹר אֵשׁ Zc 12:6; אוֹר אֵשׁ light of fire ψ 78:14; אֵשׁ לֹהֵט flaming fire ψ 104:4; לְשׁוֹן אֵשׁ Is 5:24 tongue of fire, גַּחֲלֵי אֵשׁ Ez 1:13 coals of fire, so 10:2, cf. רִשְׁפֵּי אֵשׁ Ct 8:6; on אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ Ez 28:14, 16 v. אֶבֶן; אֵשׁ דַּת Dt 33:2, lit. fire of a law, or fire was a law, but דָּת law is Pers. & late; read perhaps אֵשׁ [לַףִּ]דֹת cf. Ex 20:18 or אֵשׁ [יֹקֶ]דֶת cf. Is 65:5.
† [אֶשָּׁה] n.f. id. Je 6:29 Kt (ם)אשׁתם i.e. from their fire, but Qr מֵאֵשׁ תַּם, v. sub אֵשׁ.
אִשֶּׁה n.m. Jos 13, 14 an offering made by fire (> Wetzst in DePsalmen., ed. 4, 889 der. from √ ii. אנשׁ, means to friendly relations betw. God & man; cf. LagBN 190) Ex 29:18 + 32 times; cstr. אִשֵּׁה Lv 1:9 + 14 times pl. cstr. אִשֵּׁי Lv 4:35; 24:9 + 15 times; sf. אִשַּׁי Nu 28:2, אִשָּׁ֑י Lv 6:10; used chiefly of offerings of animals, but also of the מִנְחָה Lv 2:11, and of the sacred bread and frankincense Lv 24:7 which was placed on the table as a memorial, and finally went to the priests. The word is used in Dt 18:1 Jos 13:14 (D) 1 S 2:28; elsewhere in P Lv 6:10; 10:15; 22:22 Nu 28:2, 3, especially in phrases אִשֵּׁי יהוה Lv 2:3 + 11 times אִשֶּׂה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ ליהוה Lv 1:9 + 14 times, ריח ניחח אשׁה ליהוה Ex 29:18 + 6 times, אשׁה ליהוה ריח ניחח Lv 23:13, אשׁה לריח ניחח Lv 3:16 Nu 18:17, אשׁה (הוא) ליהוה Ex 29:25 Lv 2:16; אִשֶּׁה ליהוה acc. after verbs of offering Ex 30:20 + 14 times, אִשֶּׁה עֹלָה ליהוה Nu 28:19, קָרְבָּן אִשֶּׁה ליהוה Lv 22:27 Nu 15:25.
† אִשׁ 2 S 14:19 Mi 6:10, softer form for the usual יֵשׁ (q.v.) there is, are. (Cf. Aramaic אִתַי, Arabic أَيْسَ; and on the softening of ye, yi to ’î, see Ew§ 53 c Ol p. 425 Nö§ 40 c).
† אַשְׁבֵּל n.pr.m. (= אַשְׁבְּאֵל? so Thes; more likely אֶשְׁבַּעַל) 2nd son of Benjamin Gn 46:21 (𝔊 Ἀσβηλ) Nu 26:38 (𝔊 Ἀσυβηρ) 1 Ch 8:1 (𝔊 B Σαβα, A & 𝔊L Ἀσβηλ).
† אַשְׁבֵּלִי adj.gent. הָא׳ as n.coll. Nu 26:38.
† אֶשְׁבָּן n.pr.m. a chief of Edom Gn 36:26 1 Ch 1:41 (etym. dub., 𝔊 Ἀσβαν, Ἐσεβαν, Ἀσεβων.)
אַשְׁבֵּעַ v. שׁבל.
אֶשְׁבַּעַל v. אִישׁ־בֹּשֶׁת.
אשׁד (√ of following, cf. prob. Assyrian išdu, foundation.)
† אֶ֫שֶׁד n.[m.] foundation, bottom, lower part (slope) (Assyrian išdu cf. LotzTP 186; > others from אֲשַׁד, ܝܫܕ pour, Sab. אסד = מסקי (משׁקה) DHMZMG 1883, 8, whence fall, slope; cf. Di Nu 21:15) א׳ הַנְּחָלִים the bottom of the ravines Nu 21:15.
† [אֲשֵׁדָה] n.f. foundation, (mountain-) slope (cf. supr.)—only pl. abs. אֲשֵׁדוֹת Jos 10:40; 12:8; cstr. אַשְׁדּוֹת Jos 12:3; 13:20; אַשְׁדֹּת Dt 3:17; 4:49—mountain-slopes Jos 10:40 ההר והנגב והשׁפלה והא׳; 12:8 (‖ id. + מדבר); elsewhere defined תַּחַת א׳ הַפִּסְגָּה Dt 3:17; 4:49 Jos 12:3 cf. 13:20.
† אַשְׁדּוֹד n.pr.loc. Ashdod (Assyrian Asdudu, COTGloss DlPa 289; Thes MV der. from √ שׁדד q.v.) a powerful city of the Philistines on Mediterr. Sea, W. from Jerusalem, modern Esdûd, Jos 11:22; 15:46, 47 (where assigned to Judah) 1 S 5:5, 6 (but del. Dr cf. 𝔊 6:17 Am 1:8; 3:9 Zp 2:4 Zc 9:6 Is 20:1 Je 25:20 2 Ch 26:6; c. ה—ָ loc. 1 S 5:1 Is 20:1; אַנְשֵׁי א׳ 1 S 5:7; appar. = territory of Ashdod 2 Ch 26:6 וַיִּבְנֶה עָרִים בְּאַשְׁדּוֹד. (Cf. SurveyJ, 442.)
† אַשְׁדּוֹדִי adj.gent. Ashdodite, הָא׳ n.sg. coll. Jos 13:3; usually pl. (הָ)אַשְׁדּוֹדִים 1 S 5:3, 6 Ne 4:1, and as adj. f. נָשִׁים אשׁדודיות Ne 13:23 Kt (Qr אַשְׁדֳּדִיּוֹת).
† אַשְׁדּוֹדִית adv. in the language of Ashdod i.e. Philistines Ne 13:24 מְדַבֵּר א׳.
אשׁה (√ of foll.).
† [אָשְׁיָה] 1. n.f. wall, bulwark (Talm אָשִׁיתָא (levy Nö); Mand. אשיתא wall NöM 113; 𝔗 pl. sf. אֲשִׁיתָהָא (DalmWB אָשְׁיָתַהָא) Je 50:15, אשיתנא Ct 2:9; Arabic آسِيَة column, support is loan-word according to Frä 11);—only pl. sf. bulwarks of city of Babylon.
2. n.f. (support) buttress (Arabic آسِيَةُن column, support. AW NöM 113, Assyrian asîtu pillar) only pl. sf. buttresses of city of Babylon Je 50:15 אשׁויתיה Kt, אָשְׁיוֹתֶיהָ Qr (‖ חוֹמוֹתֶיהָ).
יֹאשִׁיָּ֫הוּ, יֹאשִׁיָּה n.pr.m. (י׳ supporteth)
1. יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ king of Judah, son of Amon 1 K 13:2 2 K 21:24, 26 + 11 times K, + 19 times Ch, + 17 times Je + Zp 1:1; also יֹאו֯שִׁיָּהוּ Je 27:1.
2. יֹאשִׁיָּה a returned exile Zc 6:10.
אִשָּׁה v. sub III. אנשׁ. אִשֶּׁה v. sub אֵשׁ.
אֱשׁוּן Qr Pr 20:20 v. אִישׁוֹן sub אישׁ.
אַשּׁוּר n.pr.gent. & terr. Asshur, Assyria (Assyrian Aššur, land & cityDlPa 252 COT on Gn 2:14; Pers. Athura Syriac ܐܳܬܘܽܪ on the connection with name of god Ašur, & with √ אשׁר = ישׁר good, gracious, cf. COTl.c.; v. also JenZA. 1886, 1 f. Schr ib. 209 f. Nöib. 268 f.)
1. Asshur as person, 2nd son of Shem Gn 10:22 (P, in table of nations) 1 Ch 1:17.
2. people of Asshur (often as invading army & even world-power) Nu 24:22, 24 (poem of Balaam) Ho 12:2; 14:4 Is 10:5; 14:25; 19:23(×2), 24, 25; 23:13; 30:31; 31:8; 52:4 La 5:6; Ez 23:5; 27:23; 32:22 (here fem.) Zc 10:11; ψ 83:9 perhaps read גְּשׁוּר, cf. 2 S 2:9 sub אֲשׁוּרִי; or (if ψ 83 be late) regard אַשּׁוּר (like עֲמָלֵק ib.) as used because of ancient significance; sometimes personified as one Is 10:5 Ez 31:3 (but del. Co q.v.), cf. also Mi 5:4, 5 Zp 2:13; מַחֲנֵה א׳ 2 K 19:25 = Is 37:36; בְּנֵי א׳ Ez 16:28; 23:7, 9, 12, 23.
3. land of Assyria Gn 2:14; 10:11 Ho 5:13; 7:11; 8:9; 9:3; 10:6 Is 11:11, 16; 19:23 Je 2:18, 36 Mi 7:12 Zc 10:10; אַשּׁ֫וּרָה Gn 25:18 Is 19:23 2 K 15:29; 17:6, 23; 18:11; אֶרֶץ אַשּׁוּר Is 7:18; 27:13 Ho 11:11 Mi 5:5.
4. especially מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר Is 8:4; 10:12; 20:1, 4, 6 (prob. gloss Is 7:17, 20; 8:7) 2 K 15:19 + 41 times 2 K; 14 times Is 36–38; 1 Ch 5:6 (אַשֻּׁר) + 13 times Ch; also Je 50:17, 18 Na 3:18 Ezr 4:2; (only Ezr 6:22 of Persian or any king not strictly Assyrian); note also הַמֶּלֶךְ א׳ Is 36:8, 16 (א׳ perhaps gloss, cf. Di who holds same view as to 2 K 18:23, 31); מַלְכֵי א׳ 2 K 19:11, 17 = Is 37:11, 18 2 Ch 28:16; 30:6 Ne 9:32.
† אַשּׁוּרִם n.pr.gent.pl. an Arab tribe traced back to Abraham & Keturah Gn 25:3 cf. Di.
† אֲשׁוּרִי adj.gent. הָא׳ as n.coll. 2 S 2:9, but read perhaps הַגְּשׁוּרִי q.v., cf. also We Dr; Köh Klo al. read הָאָֽשֵׁרִי & comp. Ju 1:32.
אַשְׁחוּר v. שׁחר.
† אֲשִׁימָא n.pr.[m.] a god of Hamath 2 K 17:30, otherwise wholly unknown.
† [אֶ֫שֶׁךְ] n.[m.] testicle (Syriac ܐܶܫܟܳܐ, Ethiopic እስኪት etym. unknown) only מְרוֹחַ אָ֑שֶׁךְ Lv 21:20.
† אֶשְׁכּוֹל (אֶשְׁכֹּל Ct 1:14) n.m. Nu 13:23 cluster (Ethiopic አስካል Arabic إِثْكَالٌ, Aramaic אִיתְכְּלָא; etym. dub.; Thes MV sub √שׁכל, but no suitable meaning proven; Sta§ 258, 300 der. from √ אשׁך c. afformat. ל)—א׳ abs. Nu 13:24 +; cstr. v 23 +; pl. אַשְׁכֹּלוֹת Ct 7:8; cstr. אַשְׁכְּלֹת Dt 32:32, אֶשְׁכְּלוֹת Ct 7:9; sf. אַשְׁכְּלֹתֶיהָ Gn 40:10;—
1. cluster of grapes, א׳ עֲנָבִים Nu 13:23 cf. v 24; vid. also Gn 40:10 הִבְשִׁילוּ א׳ עֲנָבִים its clusters ripened grapes; hence fig. of deeds of enemies of Israel, clusters of gall have they Dt 32:32 (‖ עִנְּבֵי רוֹשׁ); fig. of Isr. Is 65:8 יִמָּצֵא הַתִּירוֹשׁ בָּא׳; Mi 7:1 אֵין אֶשְׁכּוֹל לֶאֱכוֹל fig. of desolation of Israel under Yahweh’s judgment; Ct 7:9 in sim. שָׁדַיִךְ כְּאֶשְׁכְּלוֹת הַגֶּפֶן cf. v 8 (where Thes MV think of clusters of dates, v. תָּמָר palm-tree, ib.)
2. cluster of henna-flowers, א׳ הַכֹּפֶר (v. כפר), metaph. of the beloved one Ct 1:14. (Cf. GrünwaldIsrael. Letterbode, Amst., xi, 148 f.)
† אֶשְׁכֹּל n.pr.
1. m. an Amorite, brother of Mamre, dwelling in neighbourhood of Hebron Gn 14:13, 24.
2. in combination נַחַל אֶשְׁכֹּל Nu 13:23 Dt 1:24; נ׳ אֶשְׁכּוֹל Nu 13:24, 32:9;—valley of Eshcol, = valley of a cluster, region of Hebron (cf. 13:22); in 13:24 der. from א׳ cluster, q.v.; see however Di ad loc.
אַשְׁכְּנַז n.pr.m.
1. a descendant of Japhet Gn 10:3 = 1 Ch 1:6; =
2. a northern people Je 51:27 מַמְלְכוֹת אֲרָרָט מִנִּי וְאַשְׁכְּנָ֑ז (perhaps a people of Bithynia, = Ascan(ians) + az ending of Armen. patronymics, v. especially LenOr. ii. 388 f.. also LagGes Abhandl. 254 f. Di Gn 10:3; but v. LagArmen. Stud. 143).
אֶשְׁכָּר v. ii. שׁכר.
אשׁל (be firm, firmly rooted, cf. Arabic أَثَلَ be firm).
† אֵ֫שֶׁל n.m. tamarisk-tree (Arabic أَثْلٌ Sab. אתֿל Sab.Denkm.65 cf. DHMBS ii. 958; on an Aramaic אַתְלָא v. LöwNo. 38; cf. TristrFFP 250) planted by Abraham Gn 21:33 (J); in 1 S 22:6 Saul is dwelling בַּגִּבְעָה תַּחַת־הָאֵשֶׁל בָּרָמָה; 31:13 Saul and his sons are buried תַּחַת־הָא׳; it was perhaps a sacred tree, marking shrine.
† אָשַׁם, אָשֵׁם vb. offend, be guilty (Arabic أَثِمَ peccavit, إِثْمٌ offence, أَثَامٌ, إِثَامٌ, requital, fault, mulct, cf. Ethiopic ሕሠም:)—
Qal Pf. אָשַׁם Lv 5:19 Nu 5:7; אָשֵׁם Hb 1:11 + 7 times; אָֽשְׁמָה Nu 5:6; אָשָׁ֑מְתָּ Pr 30:10; אָשַׁמְתְּ Ez 22:4; אָשֵׁ֑מוּ Lv 4:13; Impf. יֶאְשַׁם Ho 4:15 + 13 times; Inf. abs. אָשֹׁם Lv 5:19; אָשׁוֹם Ez 25:12;— 1. commit an offence, a trespass, do a wrong, or an injury, with לְ: אָשֹׁם אָשַׁם ליהוה he hath done a great wrong to Yahweh (in violating the commands) Lv 5:19 (P); וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ and he shall give it (restitution) to him to whom he did wrong Nu 5:7 (P), cf. 2 Ch 19:10, 10; וַיֶּאְשְׁמוּ אָשׁוֹם and they committed lasting wrong (irreparable wrong, the Edomites against Judah) Ez 25:12. 2. be or become guilty Ju 21:22 Je 50:7 Ho 4:15 Hb 1:11; in offences requiring sin-offering Lv 4:13, 22, 27 (P), of trespass-offering Lv 5:2, 3, 17, 23 Nu 5:6 (P); with ל guilty of Lv 5:4, 5 (P), with ב in or through Ez 22:4 Ho 13:1. 3. be held guilty, bear punishment ψ 34:22, 23 Pr 30:10 Is 24:6 Je 2:3 Ho 5:15; 10:2; 14:1 Zc 11:5 Ez 6:6 (but cf. שָׁמֵם).
Niph. נֶאְשָׁמוּ suffer punishment Jo 1:18. (si vera l.; Me We al. נָשַׁמּוּ, √ שׁמם, cf. Drad loc).
Hiph. Impf. sf. הַאֲשִׁימֵם declare them guilty ψ 5:11.
† אָשֵׁם adj. guilty, א׳ abs. 2 S 14:13; pl. אֲשֵׁמִים עַל־אָחִינוּ Gn 42:21 (E); guilty, and so bound to offer a trespass-offering Ezr 10:19; but read prob. וַאֲשָׁמָם, so KueChronol. v. h. Perzishce Tijdvak, 1890, 43.
אָשָׁם n.m. offence, guilt—א׳ Gn 26:10 + 37 times sf. אֲשָׁמוֹ Nu 5:7 + 7 times—
1. offence, trespass, fault ψ 68:22 (guiltiness RV).
2. guilt Gn 26:10 (J) Pr 14:9 Je 51:5.
3. compensation, לְהָשִׁיב הָאָשָׁם אֵלָיו to whom to return the compensation (or satisfaction for injury) Nu 5:8; cp. v 7 (P; restitution for guilt RV).
4. trespass-offering (AV, but guilt-offering RV) used only in Lv 5, 6:10; 7, 14, 19:21, 22 Nu 6:12; 18:9 (P), & Ez 40:39; 42:13; 44:29; 46:20, cf. Ezr 10:19. This offering seems to have been confined to offences against God or man that could be estimated and so covered by compensation. The ordinary trespass-offering was a ram, together with restitution and a penalty of a fifth of its value. The tresspass-offerings of the leper and Nazirite were he-lambs Lv 14 Nu 6:12; if the person who suffered wrong or his kinsmen were not living the fine went to the priests. The victims were offered, the blood and fat pieces going to the altar, the skin and flesh to the priests. There seems to have been no application of the blood to the horns of the altar (the chief ceremony of the sin-offering) because the guilt was not expiated at the altar but by compensation to the wronged person or his representative. A part of the blood of the leper’s trespass-offering was applied to his person to consecrate him (as in the case of the ram of consecration to consecrate the priests Lv 8:23). The trespass-offering is unknown to JED and the older Hebrew literature. However, the Philistines send an אשׁם of golden mice and tumours 1 S 6:3, 4, 8, 17, and an אשׁם of money was given to the priests 2 K 12:17, but these are entirely different from the trespass-offering of P. The Messianic servant offers himself as an אשׁם in compensation for the sins of the people, interposing for them as their substitute Is 53:10 (incorrectly offering for sin AV RV). See further OehlerOT Theol. § 137 Di Lv 5:14.
† אַשְׁמָה n.f. wrong-doing, guiltiness (properly Inf. cf. אַהֲבָה, יִרְאָה)—א׳ Lv 22:16 + 5 times, cstr. אַשְׁמַת Ezr 10:10 + 3 times; sf. אַשְׁמָתוֹ Lv 5:24 + 6 times; pl. אֲשָׁמוֹת 2 Ch 28:10; sf. אַשְׁמוֹתַי ψ 69:6;—
1. doing wrong, committing a trespass or offence 2 Ch 24:18; 28:10, 13(×3) (‖ חטאת v 13) 33:23 Ezr 9:6, 7, 13, 15 (‖ עָוֹן v 13) ψ 69:6 (‖ אִוֶּלֶת); מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂת לְאַשְׁמָה בָהּ of all that one may do wrong therein Lv 5:26 (P; ‖ לַחֲטֹא בָהֵנָּה v 22).
2. becoming guilty 1 Ch 21:3 Ezr 10:10, 19; יֶהֱטָא לְאַשְׁמַת הָעָם sin to the becoming guilty of the people (so that the people incur guilt) Lv 4:3; אַשְׁמַת שֹׁמְרוֹן guilt of Samaria (their idols) Am 8:14.
3. bringing a trespass-offering, בְּיוֹם אַשְׁמָתוֹ in the day of his bringing his trespass-offering Lv 5:24; עֲוֹן אַשְׁמָה iniquity requiring a trespass-offering Lv 22:16.
אַשְׁמוּרָה (־מֻרוֹת, ־מֹרֶת) v. שׁמר.
אַשְׁמַנִּים v. שׁמן.
אשׁן (√ assumed for foll.; perhaps be hard, firm, cf. Aramaic אֲשׁוּנָא, אֲשִׁינָא, something firm.)
† אַשְׁנָה n.pr.loc. (the firm?) name of two cities in Judah.
1. Jos 15:33.
2. v 43.
אֶשְׁנָב v. שׁנב.
אֶשְׁעָן v. שׁען.
† [אַשָּׁף] n.m. conjurer, necromancer (prob. Bab. loan-word, Assyrian âšipu COTGloss cf. DlPr] 41, Aramaic אָשַׁף ܐܳܫܘܽܦܳܐ; v. also Assyrian šiptu, conjuration) only pl. אַשָּׁפִים Dn 1:20 (‖ חַרְטֻמִּים), 2:2 (‖ ח׳, מְבַשְּׁפִים, כַּשְׂדִּים).
אשׁף (√ of dub. meaning, whence foll.)
† אַשִׁפָּה n.f. quiver for arrows (Assyrian išpatu DlK 29) א׳ lit. as part of warlike equipment Jb 39:23 Is 22:6 Je 5:16; fig. in sim. of sons of one’s youth as arrows (weapons which the father may wield) ψ 127:5 אַשְׁרֵי הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר מִלֵּא אֶת־אַשְׁפָּתוֹ מֵהֶם the happiness of the man that hath filled his quiver with them! of Yahweh’s quiver, in metaph. of prophet as arrow of י׳ Is 49:2 וַיְשִׂימֵנִי לְחֵץ בָּרוּר בְּאַשְׁפָּתוֹ הִסְתִּירָ֑נִי and he made me into a polished arrow, in his quiver he hid me; also of quiver in which י׳ has his arrows of chastisement, בְּנֵי,אַשְׁפָּתוֹ, i.e. his arrows La 3:13 (‖ חֵץ v 12).
† אַשְׁפְּנַז n.pr.m. the רַב־סָרִיסִים, chief of eunuchs, of Nebuchadrezzar Dn 1:3 (meaning unknown).
† אֶשְׁפָּר 2 S 6:19 = 1 Ch 16:3; 𝔊 2 S 6:19 Aq Symm cake or roll; other Verss. ancient & mod. have various conjectures, but actual etym. & meaning unknown; v. LagGGA 1884, No. 7, 262 = M i. 214 DrSm.
אַשְׁפֹּת, אַשְׁפַּתּוֹת v. שׁפת.
† אַשְׁקְלוֹן n.pr.loc. a city of the Philistines (Assyrian Isqaluna COTGloss DlPa 290; Ph. adj. gent. cf. infr.) Ju 1:18; 14:19 1 S 6:17 2 S 1:20 Je 25:20; 47:5, 7 Am 1:8 Zp 2:4, 7 Zc 9:5(×2); on the Medit. Sea, S. of W. from Jerusalem, mod. ʿAsqalân, Surveyiii. 237 f. (with plan); cf. also ZPV ii. 164 f.
† אֶשְׁקְלוֹנִי adj.gent. c. art. as subst. הָא׳ Jos 13:3 (Ph. אשקלני).
† [אָשַׁר] vb. go straight, go on, advance (Assyrian ašâru ZimBP 11; Arabic Aramaic in deriv.)—
Qal Imv. אִשְׁרוּ Pr 9:6 אִשְׁרוּ בְדֶרֶךְ בִּינָה go straight on in the way of understanding.
Pi. Pf. אִשְּׁרוּ Mal 3:12 Gn 30:13; Impf. תְּאַשֵּׁר Pr 4:14 + 4 times; Imv. אַשֵּׁר Pr 23:19; Pt. pl. מְאַשְּׁרִים Mal 3:15 + 2 times;— 1. intensive go straight on, advance Pr 4:14. 2. causative lead on Pr 23:19 Is 3:12; 9:15. 3. set right, righten Is 1:17. 4. pronounce happy, call blessed Gn 30:13 (J) Jb 29:11 ψ 72:17 Pr 31:28 Ct 6:9 Mal 3:12, 15.
Pu. Impf. Kt יְאֻשַּׁר Qr וְאֻשַּׁר ψ 41:3; Pt. מְאֻשָּׁר Pr 3:18 Is 9:15. 1. be led on Is 9:15. 2. be made happy, blessed ψ 41:3 Pr 3:18.
† [אֶ֫שֶׁר, or אָשָׁר, cf. LagBN 143] n.[m.
† [א֫שֶׁר] n.[m.] happiness, only sf. בְּאָשְׁרִי in my happiness Gn 30:13 (J).
† [אֲשׁוּר, אָשׁוּר] n.f. ψ 44:19 step, going (cf. Arabic إِثْرٌ, أَثَمٌ Ethiopic አሠር፡: footstep) only sf. אֲשֻׁרוֹ Jb 23:11 Pr 14:15; אֲשׁוּרַי ψ 17:5; אֲשֻׁרָ֑י ψ 40:3; 73:2; אֲשֻׁרֵנוּ ψ 44:19; אֲשֻׁרָיו ψ 37:31, all poet. & fig. of mode of life, etc.
† [אַשֻּׁר] n.f. Jb 31:7 step, going, same usage, אַשֻּׁרִי Jb 31:7; אַשֻּׁרֵנוּ ψ 17:11.
† אָשֵׁר n.pr.m. Asher (happy one, Felix, cf. Ph. אשרשלח, which however may contain (god) Asshur or Osiris, cf. BaeRel 161).
1. son of Jacob and Zilpah Gn 30:13; 35:26; 46:17 Ex 1:4 Nu 26:46 1 Ch 2:2.
2. the tribe Gn 49:20 Nu 1:13 Dt 27:13; 33:24(×2) Jos 17:10, 11; 19:34 Ju 1:31; 5:17; 6:35; 7:23 1 K 4:16 1 Ch 12:36 2 Ch 30:11 Ez 48:2, 3, 34; בְּנֵי אָשֵׁר Nu 1:40; 2:27; 7:72; 10:26; 26:44, 47; 34:27 Jos 19:24, 31 1 Ch 7:30, 40; מַטֵּה אָשֵׁר Nu 1:41; 2:27; 13:13 Jos 21:6, 30 1 Ch 6:47, 59.
3. n.pr.loc. city E. of Shechem Jos 17:7.
† אָשֵׁרִי adj.gent. c. art. הָא׳ as n.coll. Ju 1:32.
† אֲשֻׁרִים in בַּת א׳ Ez 27:6 (read בִּתְאַשֻּׁרִים with box-wood Bo Hi MV Co al., cf. foll.)
† תְּאַשּׁוּר n.f. box-tree (on form cf. Sta§ 267) Is 14:19; 60:13 Ez 27:6 (cf. supr.) a small evergreen tree about 20 feet high, growing on Lebanon, Bo Tristr Nat. Hist. Bib. 339, so 𝔙 𝔗 RV. (Others sherbîn, a species of cedar distinguished by the smallness of its cones and the upward direction of its branches, cf. Thes RobGes.)
† אֲשֵׁרָה, אֲשֵׁירָה 2 K 17:16 n.pr.f. Ashera (Assyrian n.pr.f. Aš-ra-tu, c. sign for deity, in Canaanitish n.pr. Abad-Ašratum, servant of A. SchrZA 1888, 363, cf. Wkl & AbelThontafelfund v. El Amarna ii. No. 77, 1. 9, & SayceRP2. ii. 67, iii. 71; on deriv. cf. Assyrian aširat, adj. fem. gracious, COTGloss) see now also GFMEB Asherah Dr Dt 16:21 AllenDB Asherah, all doubtful as to Can. goddess Asherah; question left open by ZimKAT3. 436 ff. (on Sem. goddess Aširtu-Ašratu Id. ib. 432 ff.); but v. JeremAT1 im Licht d. Alten Orients 207 (name of goddess Aširat in letter found at Taanach by Sellin (1902–3) and Id. ib. 37. 237) (Oppenheim’s find at Ras el-’Ain in Mesop., stone shaft with veiled head as top, supposed to identify post with goddess; if 2 K 23:7 refers to draped Asherim [v. on text Benz Bur], this even more plausible), Id. ib. 23, 208 f., 286. On pictorial representations of Asherah-symbol v. WHWardAJSL xix. 1 (Oct. 1902).:—usually with the art.: prob.
a. a Canaanitish goddess of fortune & happiness; having prophets 1 K 18:19, an image 15:13 = 2 Ch 15:16 2 K 21:7, sacred vessels 2 K 23:4, houses v 7. b. a symbol of this goddess, a sacred tree or pole set up near an altar 1 K 16:33 2 K 13:6; 17:16; 18:4; 21:3; 23:6, 15; prohibited Dt 16:21; burnt by Gideon Ju 6:25, 26, 28, 30.
Pl. אֲשֵׁרוֹת a. the goddess Ju 3:7 (prob. error for עַשְׁתָּרֹת 𝔙). b. sacred trees or poles 2 Ch 19:3; 33:3; elsewhere אֲשֵׁרִים id. Is 27:9 + 12 times; sf. Mi 5:13 + 5 times;—Ex 34:13 (J) Dt 7:5; 12:3 Is 17:8; 27:9 Je 17:2 Mi 5:13 1 K 14:15, 23 2 K 17:10, 23:14 2 Ch 14:2; 17:6; 24:18; 31:1; 33:19; 34:3, 4, 7.—(Cf. also StaZAW 1881, 344 f. RSSem i. 171 f., 175n. WeH 235, who think א׳ only the sacred pole.)
אֲשֶׁר part. of relation (Moab. id.; origin dub.: 1. according to TsepreghiDiss. Lugd. p. 171 MühlauBö Lb. ii. 79 n. StaMorg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 HomZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll§ 153 SayceHbr. ii. 51 LagM. i. 255 & especially KraetzschmarHbr. vi. 298 ff, orig. a subst. ‘place’ = أَثَرٌ footstep, mark አሠr (do.), אֲתַר, ܐܰܬܰܪ place, Assyrian ašar, used (v. Kraetz.) both as a subst. ‘there, where,’ and as a relative of place ‘where’: in Heb. this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Heb. from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (cf. also NöZMG 1886, 738). 2. according to PhiSt. C. 73 SperlingNota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15–22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שׁ (q.v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Ph.), and (2) the addition of the demonstr. root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלֶּה, הַלָּזֶה (q.v.). اَلَّذِى he who, እለ who (pl.)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the comp. of Syriac ܗܳܪܟܳܐ by side of Targ. הָלְכָּא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Heb. to a mere particle of relation). A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אֲשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pron. affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Gn 1:11 אֲשֶׁר זַרְעוֹ־בוֹ lit. as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, ψ 1:4 like the chaff אֲשֶׁר־תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם = where, אֲשֶׁר … מִשָּׁם = whence, Gn 2:11; 3:23; 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (v. infr.) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local, causal, etc. More particularly
1. it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nom. or obl. cases, as Nu 22:6 וַאֲשֶׁר תָּאֹר יוּאָר and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Ex 4:12 and I will teach thee אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אֲשֶׁר (according to the context) him who …, those who …, that which …; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who … Gn 43:16, to those who … 47:24, to that which 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Ju 16:30 2 S 18:8 than those whom; Lv 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Nu 5:7; Is 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר נֹשֶׁא בוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.
2. instances of אֲשֶׁר followed by a pron. affix, or by שָׁם, שָֽׁמָּה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the exx. cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous constr. עִם אֲשֶׁר Gn 31:32 for אֲשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Gn 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Is 47:12 for אֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אֲשֶׁר … לָהֶם Ez 23:40: ψ 119:49 see under על אשׁר. It is followed by the pron. in the nomin., in the foll. cases:—(a) immediately, mostly before an adj. or ptcp., Gn 9:3 all moving things אֲשֶׁר הוּא־חַי which are living, Lv 11:26 Nu 9:13; 14:8, 27; 35:31 Dt 20:20 1 S 10:19 (v. Dr) 2 K 25:19 (‖ Je 52:25 היה) Je 27:9 Ez 43:19 Hg 1:9 Ru 4:15 Ne 2:18 Ec 7:26; before a vb. 2 K 22:13 (omitted 2 Ch 34:21). (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Gn 7:2; 17:12 Nu 17:5 Dt 17:15 אֲשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, 20:15 Ju 19:12 1 K 8:41 ‖ 9:20 ‖. N.B. ψ 16:3 אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵ֑מָּה is an unparalleled expression for ‘who are in the land’; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָ֑רֶץ הֵמָּה אַדִּירֵי וג׳ ‘the saints that are in the land, they (המה) are the nobles, in whom,’ etc.
3. sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pron. of 1 or 2 ps. as well as of 3 ps. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who …, thou who, etc.; Ho 14:4 אֲשֶׁר־בְּךָ יְרֻחַם יָתוֹם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Je 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, 32:19 Is 49:23 Jb 37:17f. thou whose garments are warm …, canst thou? etc., ψ 71:19, 20; 144:12 we whose sons, etc., 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר־עֻשֵּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר—I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Ex 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day,—ye shall not see them again or ever! (cf. ψ 41:9).
4. the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with— a. when אֲשֶׁר represents the simple subj. of a sentence, or the direct obj. of a vb.: so constantly, as Gn 2:2 the work אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, 3:3 the tree אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אֲשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why: (α) Gn 6:4 אַחֲרֵי־כֵן אֲשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (cf. 2 Ch 35:20) 45:6 there are still 5 years אֲשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Jos 14:10 1 K 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Dt 4:10 Ju 4:14 1 S 24:5 (v. Dr) 2 S 19:25 Je 20:14 al.; similarly Gn 40:13. (β) Gn 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, v 14; 39:20 Nu 13:27; 22:26 Dt 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), 8:15 1 K 8:9 (unless לוּחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: v. 𝔊 & Dt 9:9) Is 55:11; 64:10 ψ 84:4. So (γ) in אֶל אֲשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Ex 32:34 Ru 1:16; אֶל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר to every (place) whither Jos 1:16 Pr 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where †Ju 5:27; 17:8, 9 1 S 23:13 2 K 8:1 Ru 1:16, 17 Jb 39:30, once only with שָׁם Gn 21:17; בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר wheresoever Jos 1:7, 9 Ju 2:15 1 S 14:47; 18:5 2 S 7:7 2 K 18:7; מֵאֲשֶׁר from (the place) where = whencesoever †Ex 5:11 Ru 2:9; עַל־אֲשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 S 15:20 1 K 18:12; עַל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר Je 1:7. (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר … this is the reason that or why … Jos 5:4 1 K 11:27. c. more extreme instances Lv 14:22, 30, 31 Nu 6:21, Dt 7:19 (wherewith), 28:20 1 S 2:32 1 K 2:26 (wherein), Ju 8:15 (about whom), Is 8:12 (where יאמר would be foll. normally by לוֹ), 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, 47:15 Zp 3:11 Ec 3:9, 1 K 14:19 (= how). d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after (אָמַרְתִּי וג׳) אֲשֶׁר אָמַר followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pron. in the speech which follows, as Gn 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Ex 22:8 Dt 28:68 Ju 7:4 (זֶה) 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pron., cf. Dt 9:2) 1 S 9:17 (זֶה)23 1 K 11:2 +; cf. 2 S 11:16 2 K 17:12; 21:4.
5. אֲשֶׁר sometimes in poet. = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οἵτινες, ψ 24:4; 55:20; 95:4, 5 Jb 4:19; 5:5; 9:5, (Hi) 15, 17.
6. אֲשֶׁר occas. receives its closer definition by a subst. following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the rel. clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Je., אֲשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר י׳ אֶל יר׳ that which came (of) the word of י׳ to Je. †14:1; 46:1; 47:1; 49:34 (cf. Ew§ 334); (b) Ex 25:9 Nu 33:4 1 S 25:30 2 K 8:12, 12:6 לְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִמָּצֵא שָׁם בָּֽדֶק׃, Ez 12:25; cf. the Ethiopic usage Di§ 201; (c) (antec. repeated) Gn 49:30 = 50:13, 1 S 25:39 (י׳ repeated), Is 54:9 (prob.) as to which I sware that, etc., Am 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.
7. אֲשֶׁר ל׳ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל־ to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Gn 14:23 מִכָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֑ךְ of all that is thine, 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father’s 32:24 & sent over אֶת־אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the genitive, as Gn 29:9 עִם־הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father’s, 40:5; 47:4, Lv 9:8; Ju 6:11; 1 S 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר־לְךָ, 2 S 14:31 אֶת־הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר־לִי, 23:8; 1 K 1:8, 33 עַל הַפִּרְדָּה אֲשֶׁר־לִי upon mine own mule, v 49; 4:2; 2 K 11:10; 16:13 Ru 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single genit., as Gn 23:9; 40:5; 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Ex 38:30; Ju 3:20; 6:25; 1 S 17:40; 21:8, אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul’s herdmen, 24:5 אֶת־כְּנַף־הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר־לְשָׁאוּל, 2 S 2:8 Saul’s captain of the host, 1 K 10:28; 15:20; 22:31; Je 52:17; Ru 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the st. cstr.) Ju 18:28; 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לְבִנְיָמִן Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, 20:4; 1 S 17:1; 1 K 15:27; 16:15; 17:9; 19:3; 2 K 14:11. Comp. שֶׁל (q.v.) which in Rabb., like the Aramaic דִּיל-, ܕܺܝܠ, is in habitual use as a mark of the genitive.—N.B. In Aramaic also דּי, ܕ, without ל, expresses the gen. relation, as מִלְּתָא דִי־מַלְכָּא, lit. the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אשׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 S 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׂם Ex 9:5) שְׁמוּאֵל (𝔊 εἶπε); 1 K 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (𝔊 ἣν ἐποίησεν); 2 K 25:10 supply אֵת with (as ‖ Je 52:14); 2 Ch 34:22 read וַאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (cf. 𝔊) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 K 22:14); cf. Ew§ 292 a, b with note.
8. אֲשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דּי, ܕ, a conj. approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (α) with אֵת Dt 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., 29:15; Jos 2:10; 1 S 24:11, 19; 2 S 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר־יֹרוּ how they shoot from off the wall? 2 K 8:12 Is 38:3 + often. As subj. (rare) 1 K 14:19; 2 K 14:15; 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) †2 S 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that … Zc 8:20 (prob.) yet (shall it be) that … v 23; cf. כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Ct 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Ex 11:7; Nu 32:23; Ez 20:26 (strange in Ez: v. Hi) Jb 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ec 8:12, רָאָה Dt 1:31 (RV) 1 S 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Lv 5:5; 26:40b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 K 22:16 (caused to swear that …); after a noun Is 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that … (‖ 2 K 20:9 כִּי) with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Ch 2:7, and especially Ne Est: Ne 2:5, 10; 7:65 (= Ezr 2:63) 8:14, 15; 10:31; 13:1, 19, 22; Est 1:19; 2:10; 3:4; 4:11; 6:2; 8:11; Ec 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) 5:4; 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ru 2:22) v 22, 29; 8:12, 14; 9:1; Dn 1:8(×2). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q.v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 S 15:20; 2 S 1:4; 2:4 (v. Dr) ψ 10:6 (prob.), Ne 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Gn 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., 13:16; 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Ex 20:26; Dt 4:10, 40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לְךָ 6:3; 28:27, 51; 1 K 3:12, 13; 2 K 9:37; Mal 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Gn 30:18; 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said. 34:13, 27; 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Nu 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Dt 3:24; Jos 4:7, 23; 22:31; Ju 9:17; 1 S 2:23; 15:15; 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) י׳ hath withholden, 2 S 2:5 blessed are ye of י׳, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οἵτινες) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 K 3:19; 15:5; 2 K 12:3; 17:4; 23:26; Je 16:13; Ec 8:11, 12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why …? (= lest) Dn 1:10: v. sub לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Jb 34:27 v. sub כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Lv 4:22 אֲשֶׁר נָשִׂיא יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (v 3, 13, 27 אִם) 25:33; Nu 5:29 (explained differently by Ew§ 334a), Dt 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (v 28 אִם), 18:22 Ges§ 159 cc Jos 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלוּן … when they ask …, then … (v 6 כִּי), Is 31:4. In 1 K 8:33 (‖ 2 Ch 6:24 כִּי, cf. K v 35, 37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 K 8:31 v. p. 85. e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Je 33:22; Is 54:9 (sq. כֵּן; but כֵּן q.v. sometimes stands without כאשׁר, & אשׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Je 48:8 ψ 106:34 (in a connexion where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the obj. of אָמַר). In 1 S 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, v. Dr.In Dt 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note ברכך before. f. combined with preps., אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בַּעֲבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עֵקֶב, מִפְּנֵי, תַּחַת, see these words.—הַאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrog., occurs once, 2 K 6:22.
Note.1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in Engl., its force is not unfreq. capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 S 2:5 (above 8 c), Is 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them.
Note.2 The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q.v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not prob., being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Is 8:20 either ‘Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,’ or ‘… will they speak when (cf. supr. 8 d Dt 11:27; Jos 4:21) they have no dawn.’
בַּאֲשֶׁר19 a. in (that) which … Is 56:4; 65:12; 66:4 (supr. 1); Ec 3:9 in (that, in) which (4 c); Is 47:12 (v.2).
b. adv. in (the place) where: supr. 4 b (γ).
c. conj. in that, inasmuch as, †Gn 39:9; 23; Ec 7:2; 8:4; cf. ܒܕ
d. †Jon 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: v. sub שֶׁל).
כַּאֲשֶׁר v. sub כְּ.
מֵאֲשֶׁר17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that …) Gn 31:1; Ex 29:27(×2) Nu 6:11 (see Lv 4:26) Jos 10:11; Ju 16:30; Is 47:13 +; than that … †Ec 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר †Est 4:11.
b. adv. from (the place) where: supr. 4 b (γ).
c. conj. from (the fact) that …, since †Is 43:4.
† [אשׁשׁ] (cf. أَسَّسَ found, establish) Hithpo. וְהִתְאשָׁ֑שׁוּ Is 46:8 (der. from above by 𝔗 Jer Hi Kn De MV, shew yourselves firm, but) read perhaps הִתְבּשָׁ֑שׁוּ Lag Che, from בּוֹשׁ (Thes expl. as denom. from אִישׁ; on other views cf. Di).
† אֲשִׁישָׁה n.f. (pressed) raisin-cake—א׳ 2 S 6:19 1 Ch 16:3 distributed, with other viands, to people, especially as stimulating, pl. אֲשִׁישׁוֹת Ct 2:5; more explicitly אֲשִׁישֵׁי עֲנָבִים Ho 3:1 used in sacrificial feasts (cf. RSOTJC Lect. xi. n. 7); אֲשִׁישֵׁי קִיר חֲרֶשֶׂת Is 16:7, i.e. the raisin-cakes which were an article of trade at Qir-ḥareseth (taken by Thes al. = foundations, i.e. foundations exposed by ruin, from [אָשִׁישׁ] with such a meaning).
אֵ֫שֶׁת v. אִשָּׁה sub III. אנשׁ.
† אֶשְׁתָּאוֹל Jos 15:33 + 2 times, אֶשְׁתָּאֹל Ju 13:25 + 3 times n.pr.loc. (in form like the inf. of the Arabic viii. conj. from שָׁאַל: so אֶשְׁתְּמֹעַ from שָׁמַע. Perhaps Arabic-speaking tribes may have settled in parts of S. of Judah) city of Danites in the שְׁפֵלָה of Judah, named with צָרְעָה Jos 15:33; 19:41 Ju 13:25; 16:31; 18:2, 8, 11; perhaps mod. ’Eshûʿa Surveyiii. 25 GuerinPal. ii. 13 f. 382.
† אֶשְׁתָּאֻלִי adj.gent. c. art. הָא׳ as n.coll. 1 Ch 2:53.
† אֶשְׁתּוֹן n.pr.m. a man of Judah (perhaps from אֵשֶׁת = effeminate or uxorious) 1 Ch 4:11, 12.
† אֶשְׁתְּמוֹעַ Jos 21:4, אֶשְׁתְּמֹעַ 1 S 30:28 1 Ch 4:17, 19; 6:42. אֶשְׁתְּמֹה Jos 15:50 n.pr.loc. Levitical city in mountain-country of Judah, south of Hebron, mod. Semûʿa v. RobBR i. 464, ii. 204 Survey iii. 403 BdPal. 153; 1 Ch 4:17, 19 it appears as n.pr.m. of a man of Judah. (On the form cf. sub אֶשְׁתָּאוֹל.)
I. אֵת with makk. אֶת־, with suff. אֹתִי; אֹֽתְךָ, אֹֽתְכָה †Nu 22:33, אֹתָ֑ךְ, אֹתָ֑כָה †Ex 29:35, fem. אֹתָךְ; אֹתוֹ etc.; 2 pl. אֶתְכֶם, once אֽוֹתְכֶם Jos 23:15; 3 mpl. regularly אֹתָם, rarely אֶתְהֶם †Gn 32:1; Ex 18:20; Nu 21:3; Ez 34:12; 1 Ch 6:50, once אֽוֹתְהֶם Ez 23:45; 3 fpl., on the contrary, regularly אֶתְהֶן (13 times), once אֹתָ֑ן Ez 16:54 (also אֽוֹתְהֶן Ez 23:47, אֹתָ֖נָה Ex 35:26, אוֹתָ֖נָה Ez 34:21); forms with cholem also often written plene:—the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moab. id., Ph. אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת freq. in 𝔗; Syriac ܝܳܬ very rare as mark of accus. (for which ܠ is prefered), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܒܝܳܬܶܗ per se, reapse, ܠܝܳܬܶܗ sibi ipsi, PS 1640 f., Sam. ࠉࠕ; Arabic إِيَّا, only used with sf., when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 WAG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ኪያ kīyā similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dub. if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ’iwyath, orig. a subst. with foll. gen., Ol p. 432; whether ultim. a parallel development with אוֹת sign from √ אוה is uncertain: Ol WAG i. § 188 LagM i. 226 affirm, NöZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Heb. the ground-form is אוֹת; the forms with ē, e being abbreviated. In postB Heb., used in combination with another prep.: thus בְּאוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Bibl. בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Bibl. הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).
1. As mark of the accus. prefixed to substs. defined either by the art. (or כֹּל), or by a genitive or pron. affix, or in virtue of being proper names: a. with transitive verbs, Gn 1:1, 16, 29, 30; 2:11; 4:1, 2; 9:3 (אֶת־כֹּֽל׃) etc. Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Jos 24:15; 1 S 12:3; 28:11; Is 6:8 al. (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Gn 29:33; 44:29; 1 S 21:16; 1 K 22:27 +, זֹאת Gn 29:27; 2 S 13:17 +, אֵלֶּה Gn 46:18; Lv 11:22; Is 49:21 +. So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry את is commonly dispensed with. By the use of את with the pron. affix, a pron. can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the foll. passages: Gn 7:1; 24:14; 37:4; Lv 10:17; 11:33; Nu 22:23 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive (cf. Gn 41:13), Dt 4:14; 6:13, 23; 13:5; Ju 14:3 אוֹתָהּ קַח לִי take for me her, 1 S 14:35; 15:1; 18:17; 21:10 אִם־אֹתָהּ תִּקַּח־לְךָ קָ֔ח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 K 1:35; 14:19; Is 43:22; 57:11 Je 9:2. So הַאוֹתִי †Je 5:22; 7:19. It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Je 7:19 Ez 34:2. Rarely with a subst. which is undefined (Ew§ 277 d 2 Ges§ 117, 1 R. 2), as Ex 21:28; Nu 21:9; Lv 20:14; 1 S 24:6 (but v. Dr) 2 S 4:11; 18:18; 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the art., Gn 21:30; 2 S 15:16; Lv 26:5; 1 S 9:3 (so Nu 16:15) Is 33:19; 41:7; Ez 43:10 (for further exx. v. Ew l.c.) b. with a passive verb (Ges§ 121.1 Ew§ 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accus. of that which is its real object: exx. occur with tolerable frequency from Gn 4:18 (J) וַיִּקָּרֵא אֶת־שְׁמוֹ חֲנֹךְ, and there was called (= one called) his name Enoch,17:5 (P) there shall not be called (= one shall not call) thy name any more Abram, 21:5 (E), 27:42 2 S 21:11; 1 K 18:13; Ho 10:6 etc., to Je 35:14; 38:4; 50:20 Ez 16:4, 5 Est 2:13 (cf. DrJPhl. xi. 227 f.): also with pass. vbs. of filling (Ew§ 281 b), as Ex 1:7 +. c. with neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a constr. κατὰ σύνεσιν (rare), Jos 22:17; 2 S 11:25; Ne 9:32 (cf. 1 S 20:13 Dr 1 K 8:31). Once after אֵין, Hg 2:17 אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֵלַי. d. poet. (si vera l.), after an abstr. noun used with a verbal force, †Hb 3:13 (Am 4:11; Is 13:19; Je 50:40 מַהְפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [v. WAG i. § 196, 43]; and Nu 10:2; Ez 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׂאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: cf. Ew§ 239 a).
2. את marks an accus. in other relations than that of direct obj. to a verb: a. with verbs of motion (very rare) Nu 13:17; Dt 1:19; 2:7 (to ‘walk the wilderness’); denoting the goal Ju 19:18; Ez 21:25 (Ew§ 281 d, n., 282 a 1). b. denoting time (duration), also very rare: Ex 13:7 Lv 25:22 Dt 9:25. c. expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Gn 17:11, 14; 1 K 15:23.
3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be renderes as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a cstr. κατὰ σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other prep. Thus (α) Ex 1:14; Nu 3:26, 46; 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ez 35:10) Nu 18:21b Dt 11:2 (anacol.), 14:13 Jos 17:11; Ju 20:44, 46 (contr. v 25, 35) 1 S 17:34 (v. Dr) 26:16; 2 S 21:22; 2 K 6:5; Is 53:8 (prob.), 57:12; Je 23:33 (but read rather with 𝔊 𝔙 אַתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) 27:8; 36:22; 38:16 Kt, 45:4b Ez 16:22; 17:21; 20:16; 29:4b; 43:7 (𝔊 Co prefix הֲרָאִיתָ) 44:3; Zc 8:17; Ec 4:3; Dn 9:13; Ne 9:19, 34; 1 Ch 2:9; 2 Ch 31:17. In 1 S 30:23; Hg 2:5 prob. some such word as remember is to be understood. (β) Je 38:9; Ez 14:22b; 37:19b Zc 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 K 6:5; Ez 43:17 strangely (in 1 K 𝔊 om. the clause: so StaZAW 1883, 135).—In 1 K 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (v. וְ); v 25 is corrupt (read with 𝔊 זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדָד); Ez 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for ואת, זֹאת: see v 20.—For some particulars as to the use of את, see A. M. WilsonHbr. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pron. obj. of a vb., את with suff. preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with JE Dt Ju S K (v. GiesebrechtZAW 1881, 285 f.),—partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.
II. אֵת prep. with—with makk. אֶת־, with suff. אִתִּי, אִתְּךָ, אִתְּכֶם etc., also, however, אֽוֹתְךָ, אוֹתוֹ, and similarly מֵאֽוֹתְךָ, מֵאוֹתוֹ etc., first in Jos 10:25; 14:12, next 2 S 24:24; then repeatedly (but not exclusively) 1 K 20–2 K 8, & in Je Ez, e.g. 1 K 20:25 (but v 23 אִתָּם) 22:7, 8, 24 (beside מֵאתִּי) 2 K 1:15; 3:11, 12, 26; 6:16 (beside אִתָּנוּ) 8:8; Je 2:35; 10:5; 16:8; 19:10; 20:11; Ez 2:6; 10:17; 23:23; 37:26 (v. infr. 1 d.; also Is 59:21, contr. Gn 17:4: on שָׁכַב אֹתָהּ, Gn 34:2 al., v. sub שָׁכֵב & cf. DrSm ii. 13, 14)—prep. denoting proximity (syn. עִם; Ph. את, e.g. CIS i. 3, 8 לא יכן לם משכב את רפאם let there not be for them a resting-place with the shades; Assyrian itti (perhaps akin to ittu ‘side,’ DlPr 115 Hpt KAT2. 498; but cf. NöZMG ’86, 738 f.). Not found as yet in the other cogn. languages: but cf. Ethiopic እንተ ʾenta, towards, which supports the view that אֵת is for ʾint [cf. תֵּת, תִּתִּי], perhaps from √ אנה to meet Olp. 431 PrätZMG ’73, 643, LagM i. 226).
1. Of companionship, together with: Gn 6:13 behold, I destroy them אֶת־הָאָרֶץ together with the earth, 11:31; 12:4 + often, especially with verbs of dwelling, abiding, going, etc., as Ju 1:3; 14:11; 19:4, & in the phrase הָעָם אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ Ju 4:13; 7:1; 9:33, 48; 1 S 14:20; 30:4 etc.; thou, and thy sons אִתָּֽךְ ׃ … with thee Gn 6:18; similarly (3rd pers.) 7:7, 13; 8:18; 9:8 al. (charact. of P: DrIntr. 124); הִתְהַלֵּךְ אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים to walk with God, i.e. to have him as a companion (sc. by adopting a course of life pleasing to him) Gn 5:22, 24; 6:9 (cf. הִתְהַלֵּךְ אֵת lit. 1 S 25:15);—by the side of, like Is 45:9, equally with Lv 26:39, in common with Je 23:28b (cf. עִם 1 e, f). Hence, in partic.— a. with for the purpose of help: Nu 14:9 וי׳ אִתָּנוּ, Jos 14:12 (אוֹתִי, as Je 20:11) Ju 1:19; 2 K 6:16; 9:32 מִי אִתִּי מִי who is on my side, who? כִּי אִתְּךָ אֲנִי Is 43:5 Je 1:8, 19 +; Is 63:3 ψ 12:5 our lips are with us, on our side (s. 3 a); in the phrase יַד פּ׳ אֵת (הָֽיְתָה) 2 S 14:19 2 K 15:19 (ידיו) Je 26:24; נָשָׂא אֵת to bear together with, i.e. to assist Ex 18:22 Nu 11:17. Exceptionally, = with the help of: Gn 4:1 for I have gotten a man אֶת־י׳ with the help of י׳ (cf. עם 1 S 14:45) 49:25 (where, however, the parallelism, & 𝔊 𝔖 Sam. favour וְאֵל שַׁדַּי for וְאֵת שַׁדַּי) Mi 3:8; cf. Est 9:29. b. beside (Germ. neben): Gn 39:6 לֹא יָדַע אִתּוֹ מְאוּמָה he knew not with him, beside him, aught (i.e. Joseph managed everything), v 8 Ex 20:23 לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּ֑י ye shall not make (aught) beside me. c. beside = in the presence of (rare): Gn 20:16b and before all thou shalt be righted, Is 30:8 Mi 6:1. In this sense אֶת־פְּנֵי פּ׳ is more freq., v. sub פָּנִים. d. of intercourse of different kinds with another, e.g. after verbs of making a covenant or contract, or (less often) of speaking or dealing: (α) Gn 9:9; 15:18; 17:4 (Ez 16:60 Is 59:21 אוֹת-) Jos 10:4 1 K 3:1 etc.; cf. 1 S 2:13 (but here הַכֹּהֵן מֵאֶת־ is prob. to be read with 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Ke We etc., cf. Dt 18:3). (β) Gn 17:3; 42:30 דִּבֶּר אִתָּנוּ קָשׁוֹת, 1 K 8:15 ψ 109:2, & especially in Je and Ez (as Je 1:16; 4:12 [52:9 אִתּוֹ] 5:5; 12:1; Ez 2:1; 3:22, 24, 27; 14:4; 44:5—all אוֹת-); Gn 24:49 to perform kindness אֵת (עִם is here more genl.), 2 S 16:17 זֶה חַסְדְּךָ אֶת־רֵעֶ֑ךָ, Ru 2:20 Zc 7:9; Ju 11:27 וְאַתָּה עשֶֹׁה אִתִּי רָעָה, Dt 1:30; 10:21 1 S 12:7b, (אוֹת-) Je 21:2; 33:9 Ez 7:27; 16:59; 22:14; 23:25, 29; 39:24; abs. Ez 17:17; 20:44 ψ 109:21 Zp 3:19; (γ) in a pregn. sense, (in dealing) with, i.e. towards (rare): Is 66:14 ψ 67:2 יָאֵר פָּנָיו אִתָּנוּ make his face to shine with (= toward) us (varied from אֶל Nu 6:25) Dt 28:8; faithful with ψ 78:8 (cf. v 37 נָכוֹן עִם); Ez 2:6 (אוֹתָ֑ךְ); Ju 16:15 וְלִבְּךָ אֵין אִתִּי. (δ) often with verbs of fighting, striving, contending, as Gn 14:2, 8, 9 Nu 20:13 Is 45:9a; 50:8 ψ 35:1 Pr 23:11; with בָּא בְמִשְׁפָּט ψ 143:2 (Is 3:14 al. עִם).
2. Of localities, especially in the phrase אֲשֶׁר אֵת describing a site: Ju 3:19; 4:11 אֲשֶׁר אֶת־קֶדֶשׁ which is near Kedesh, 1 K 9:26 2 K 9:27 (cf. עם 2, which is commoner in this sense); Ez 43:8; Ex 33:21 הִנֵּה מָקוֹם אִתִּי. Perhaps, anomalously, 1 S 7:16 at or by all those places (but v. Dr); in 2 S 15:23 עַל־פְּנֵי דֶרֶךְ אֶת־הַמִּדְבָּר, אֵת = towards is against anal.: read with 𝔊L עַל־פָּנָיו דֶּרֶךְ הַזַּיִת אֲשֶׁר בַּמִּדְבָּר; 1 K 9:25 אִתּוֹ beside it (sc. the altar); but עָלָיו 13:1 etc. would be idiomatic, & for אִתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר Klo proposes plausibly אֶת־אִשּׁוֹ (v. Ex 30:20).
3. אֵת פּ׳ denotes specially, a. in one’s possession or keeping: Gn 27:15; 30:29 thou knowest אֵת אֲשֶׁר הָיָה מִקְנְךָ אִתִּי … how thy cattle fared with me, v 33; 42:16 Lv 5:23; 19:13 Dt 15:3 Ju 17:2 1 S 9:7 מָה אִתָּנוּ = what have we? 25:29 Is 49:4 my right is with Jehovah (contr. 40:27), Je 8:8 ψ 38:11 the light of mine eyes also אֵין אִתִּי i.e. is gone from me, Pr 3:28; 8:18; in his power, Je 10:5 הֵיטֵיב אֵין אוֹתָם is not in their power, perhaps ψ 12:5. A dream, or the word of י׳, is said to be אֵת with a prophet, 2 K 3:12 Je 23:28; 27:18. Metaph. of a mental quality, Pr 11:2; 13:10. b. in one’s knowledge or memory: Is 59:12 פְּשָׁעֵינוּ אִתָּנוּ our transgressions are with us, i.e. present to our minds (‖ וַעֲוֹנֹתֵינוּ יְדַעֲנוּם), Jb 12:3 אֶת־מִי־אֵין כְּמוֹ־אֵלֶּה with whom are not (i.e. who knoweth not? τίς οὐ σύνοιδε;) things like these? 14:5 אִתָּךְ i.e. known to thee, Pr 2:1 Gn 40:14 Je 12:3 (Ew Gf towards thee, as 1 d γ). So אִם־יֵשׁ אֶת־נַפְשְׁכֶם Gn 23:8 [2 K 9:15 נ׳ alone], אֶת־לְבָבְךָ 2 K 10:15. Comp. עם 4 b, which is more frequent in this sense.
4. מֵאֵת (מֵאִתִּי, etc.; also מֵאוֹת-, v. p. 85) from proximity with (like Gk. παρά with a genit., Fr de chez; in Syriac ܡܶܢ ܠܘܳܬ Arabic مِنْ عِنْدَ correspond. Synon. מֵעִם; see below): coupled almost always with persons (contrast מֵעִם, a). Thus a. with קָנָה to buy Gn 25:10 + often; (cf. 17:27); לָקַח Gn 42:24 Ex 25:2 Lv 25:36 Nu 17:17 + often; נָשָׂא ψ 24:5; שִׁלַּח, as Gn 8:8 וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת־הַיּוֹנָה מֵאִתּוֹ and he sent forth the dove from with him 26:27; הָלַךְ Gn 26:31 1 K 18:12; 20:36 Je 9:1, of a wife deserting her husband Ju 19:2 וַתֵּלֶךְ מֵאִתּוֹ, Je 3:1 (cf. Is 57:8); with sim. words Gn 38:1 Dt 2:8 1 K 11:23 Je 2:37 (v. Ex 5:20); Is 54:10 ψ 66:20; with שָׁאַל Ju 1:14 1 K 2:16 ψ 27:4 +, דָּרַשׁ 1 K 22:7 al., שָׁמַע 1 S 2:23.—מֵאֵת פְּנֵי פּ׳ Gn 27:30; 43:34 Ex 10:11 Jb 2:7; Lv 10:4 (הַקֹּדֶשׁ), 2 K 16:14 (הַבַּיִת). Hence b. of rights or dues, handed over from, given on the part of, any one: Gn 47:22 חֹק מֵאֵת פַּרְעֹה; often in P, as Gn 23:20 Ex 27:21 a perpetual due מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל from, or on the part of, the children of Israel, Lv 7:34b; 24:8 Nu 3:9; 7:84 +; Dt 18:3 1 S 2:13 (𝔊, etc.; v. 1 d) 2 S 15:3 וְשֹׁמֵעַ אֵין־לְךָ מֵאֵת הַמֶּלֶךְ but there is none to hear thee deputed of the king, 1 K 5:14. c. expressing origination: 1 K 1:27 אִם מֵאֵת אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ נִהְיָה Especially מֵאֵת י׳—of a concrete object proceeding from him: Gn 19:24 (brimstone), Nu 11:31 (a wind), 16:35 (fire), 1 S 16:14 (evil spirit), Is 38:7 (a sign), Je 51:53 (wasters), Mi 5:6 (dew); of wrath Zc 7:12 (cf. Nu 17:11), teaching Is 51:4, the word of prophecy Je 7:1 (so 11:1; 18:1 + often in Je) 37:17 Ez 33:30; with ‘have I (we) heard’ Is 21:10; 28:22 Je 49:14 (= Ob 1); of an event, or phase of history Jos 11:20 מֵאֵת י׳ הָֽיְתָה it came of י׳ to …, 1 K 12:24 Hb 2:13 ψ 118:23 מֵאֵת י׳ הָֽיְתָה זֹאת (𝔊 παρὰ Κυρίου) Ezr 9:8 Ne 6:16; of trouble (רָעָה) 2 K 6:33 Mi 1:12 (יָרַד); of a good or evil lot, having its source in י׳ Je 13:25 Is 54:17 ψ 109:20, cf. Jb 2:10; ψ 22:26 מֵאִתְּךָ תְהִלָּתִי from thee cometh my praise (thou art the source of it); Is 44:24 Qr מֵאִתִּי of myself (cf. ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ John 5:30; Kt is מִי אִתִּי who was with me?), 54:15 אֶפֶס מֵאוֹתִי not at my instance (cf. לֹא מִנִּי 30:1, לֹא מִמֶּנִּי Ho 8:4). d. of a place †1 K 6:33 (corrupt: read with 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 [partly] מְזוּזֹת רְבֻעוֹת, & cf. Ez 41:21).
Note. אֵת expresses closer association than עִם: hence while מֵעִם sometimes denotes hardly more than from the surroundings or belongings of, מֵאֵת expresses from close proximity to. Thus Saul asks, מִי הָלַךְ מֵעִמָּנוּ who has gone from (those) about us? but Jacob, speaking of the loss of Joseph, says, Gn 44:28 וַיֵּצֵא הָאֶחָד מֵאִתִּי and the one is gone from with me. מֵאֵת is accordingly preferred to מֵעִם in the sense of origination or authorship; מאת is not usual in the sense of מֵעִם c, nor מֵעִם in the sense of מֵאֵת b.
† אֶתְבַּ֫עַל n.pr.m. Ethbaal (with Baal, i.e. living under B.’s favour; Ἰθόβαλος, Εἰθώβαλος JosAnt. viii, 13, 1, viii, 13, 2, c. Ap. 1, 18; on later king of like name, in Assyrian Tubaʾlu, v. COT Gn 10:15) king of Sidon, father of Jezebel 1 K 16:31.
† אִתַּי n.pr.m. (perhaps from אֵת with = companionable)—
1. one of David’s captains, a native of Gath 2 S 15:19, 21, 22(×2); 18:2, 5, 12.
2. one of David’s 30 mighty men, a Benjamite 2 S 23:29 (in 1 Ch 11:31 אִתַי var. אִיתַי).
† אִיתִיאֵל 1. Pr 30:1(×2) נְאֻם הַגֶּבֶר לְאִיתִיאֵל לְאִיתִיאֵל וְאֻכָֽל׃, in MT n.pr.m. (prob. with me is God: v. Ol§ 82 c) usually taken as name of a son or pupil of Agur; but most moderns read לָאִיתִי אֵל לָאִיתִי אֵל וָאֵֽכֶל׃ I have wearied myself (v. לָאָה), O God, I have wearied myself, O God, and am consumed.
2. a Benjamite Ne 11:7.
III. אֵת v. אתת.
אַתָּה, אַתְּ, אַתְּי v. sub אנת.
† אָתָה vb. come (in Heb. only poet.) (Arabic أَتَى, Sab. אתו DHMZMG 1875, 597; 1883, 343, Aramaic אֲתָא, ܐܶܬܳܐ )—
Qal Pf. א׳ Dt 33:2; אָתָא Is 21:12 v. Ges§ 75 R. 22; 1 pl. אָתָנוּ Je 3:22; Impf. יֶאֱתֶה Jb 37:22 Pr 1:27; וַיֵּתֵא Dt 33:21 (= וַיֶּאֱתֶה cf. Di Köi. 577), וַיַּאת Is 41:25; sf. וַיֶּאֱתָיֵנִי Jb 3:25; 3 fs. תֵּאתֶה Mi 4:8; 3 mpl. יֶאֱתָ֫יוּ Jb 16:22 + 2 times; וַיֶּאֱתָיוּ֑ן Is 41:5; Imv. mpl. אֵתָ֫יוּ Is 21:12 + 2 times; Pt. fpl. אֹתִיּוֹת Is 41:23 + 2 times;—come, of men Dt 33:21 ψ 68:32 Is 41:25; 56:12 Imv. = come now, with hostile purpose Jb 30:14, of men unto י׳ Je 3:22 (sq. לְ) cf. Is 21:12; of י׳ Dt 33:2; of ends of earth, etc., personif. Is 41:5; of time, morning Is 21:12, years Jb 16:22; of weather Jb 37:22; of beasts, to devour Is 56:9 (sq. inf.), of calamity Pr 1:27 Jb 3:25 come upon, c. sf., of dominion Mi 4:8 (sq. עַד). Pt. pl. fem. as subst. things to come, future things Is 41:23; 44:7; 45:11.
Hiph. bring, Imv. הֵתָ֫יוּ מַיִם Is 21:14 bring water (on form, for הֶאֱתוּ cf. Di Ew§ 141 a Ges§ 68, 2 R. 1, § 76. 2 (c1)); Je 12:9 bring beasts, to devour.
† אִיתוֹן Qr, יאתון Kt, n.m. entrance, הָי֯אִתוֹן Ez 40:15; Co reads אתיון; cf. Sm Ol§215 d.
אִתַּי, אִ (י)תַי, אִיתִיאֵל v. sub II. אֵת.
† אֵתָם n.pr.loc. (perhaps = Egyptian Chetem, cf. EbersGS 521 f. but 𝔊 Ὀθομ, Ὀθωμ, cf. LagBN 54) Ex 13:20 in Egypt, place on edge of desert, so Nu 33:6, 7; מִדְבַּר אֵתָם Nu 33:8.
אַתֶּם v. sub אנת.
אֶתְמוֹל v. sub תמל.
אתן (meaning? Thes comps. Arabic اتَنَ take short steps, but this appy. only by-form of أَتَلَ ).
† אָתוֹן n.f. Gn 45:23 she-ass (Arabic أَتَانٌ, Aramaic אַתָּנָא, ܐܰܬܳܢܳܐ, Assyrian atânu)—אָתוֹן Nu 22:23 + 10 times; אֲתֹנְךָ Nu 22:30, 32; אֲתֹנוֹ Gn 49:11 + 2 times; pl. abs. אֲתֹנֹת Gn 12:16 + 2 times; אֲתֹנוֹת Ju 5:10 + 12 times; אֲתוֹנוֹת Jb 1:3; 42:12;—she-ass, as dam Gn 49:11 Zc 9:9; as property (constituting wealth) Gn 12:16; 32:16 Jb 1:3, 14; 42:12 cf. 1 Ch 27:30; so of the asses of Kish 8 times 1 S 9:3(×2), 5, 20; 10:2(×2), 14, 16; as beasts of burden Gn 45:23; for riding Ju 5:10 Nu 22:21, 22 2 K 4:22, 24; of Balaam’s ass 14 times Nu 22:21, 22, 23(×3), 25, 27(×2), 28, 29, 30(×2), 32, 33.
אֵתָן v. sub. יתן.
אַתֵּן, אַתֵּנָה v. sub אנת.
אֶתְנָה v. תנה.
† אֶתְנִי n.pr.m. an ancestor of Asaph 1 Ch 6:26 apparently identical with יְאָֽתְרַי v 6.
אֶתְנַן v. sub II. תנן.
אֶתְנָֽן n.pr.m. 1 Ch 4:7.
† [אתוק] n.m. gallery, porch (deriv. uncertain) Ez 41:15 Kt ואתוקיהא, Qr וְאַתִּיקֶיהָא, Co (q.v.) וקירותיהָ.
† אַתִּיק n.m. id. Ez 42:3(×2); pl. אַתִּיקִים Ez 42:5; 41:15 Qr, v. אתוק Kt; v 16 הָאַתִּיקִים (Co del.).
† אֲתָרִים n.pr.loc. only Nu 21:1 דֶּרֶךְ הָא׳; so 𝔊, perhaps (Di) name of a caravan-route, cf. أَثَرٌ vestige, footprint; others (after 𝔗 𝔖) transl. way of the spies (cf. 13:2); but הָאֲתָרִים for הַתָּרִים is highly improbable, and a locality would hardly receive its designation from the spies.
אתת (? √ of following, meaning dubious. LagM ii. 254 proposes √ אנה, whence he derives also Arabic مَأْنٌ a tool used in tillage).
† III. [אֵת] n.[m.] a cutting instrument of iron, usually transl. ploughshare—sg. sf. אֵתוֹ 1 S 13:20; pl. אֵתִים 1 S 13:21, אִתִּים Is 2:4 = Mi 4:3; sf. אִתֵּיכֶם Jo 4:10; according to Klo al. also 2 K 6:5 אֶת־הַבַּרְזֶל, i.e. the axe of iron.