שׂ

שׂ Sîn, 21st letter (with שׁ, q.v.).

שׂאר (√ of foll.; vb. unknown; cf. NH שְׂאוֹר, סְאוֹר; JAram. סִיאוֹרָא, all leaven).

† שְׂאֹר n.m. ^{Ex 12:19} leaven;—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 13:7 (J), Dt 16:4 (D), Ex 12:15, 19; Lv 2:11 (all P).

שְׂאֵת v. נשׂא.

שָׂב v. שׂיב.

שׂבךְ (√ of foll.; interweave; NH סָבַךְ, der. spec., שְׂבָכָה hair-net, etc.; Arabic شَبَكَ insert, interweave; Syriac ܣܒܰܟ rush in, adhere, embrace, be mixed with, ܣܒܳܟܳܐ velum reticulatum; cf. Assyrian šabikû, headdress, Dl^{HWB 638}).

† שׂוֹבֶךְ n.[m.] network of boughs;—cstr. שׂ׳ הָאֵלָה 2 S 18:9.

† שְׂבָכָה n.f. lattice-work, network;—abs. ר׳ 1 K 7:18 +, pl. שְׂבָכוֹת v 41 +, שְׂבָכִים v 17;—

1. prob. window-lattice 2 K 1:2.

2. net-ornament on pillars, 1 K 7:17^(×2) (om. 𝔊 Kit Benz), v 18, 20 (crpt., (cf. Kit Benz), v 41, 42^(×2) 2 Ch 4:12, 13^(×2) 2 K 25:17^(×2) ‖ Je 52:22, 23.

3. network, toils, for catching animals (fig.) Jb 18:8 (+ רֶשֶׁת, פַּח, צַמִּים).

שְׂבָכִים v. שְׂבָכָה.

† שְׂבָם n.pr.loc. Nu 32:3, שִֽׂבְמָה v 38 Jos 13:19; Is 16:8, 9; Je 48:32; in Moab (Reuben), near Heshbon (cf. also Jerome Is 16:8); Σεβαμα.

[שָׂבֵעַ], שָׂבַע, vb. be sated, satisfied, surfeited (NH (der. spec.) = BH; so Assyrian šebû, Arabic شَبِعَ, Aramaic סְבַע, ܣܒܰܥ, Palm. שבע; the Ethiopic vb. of same meaning is ጸግበ: );—

Qal₇₉ Pf. 3 ms. שָׂבַע 1 Ch 23:1, וְשׂ׳ consec. Dt 31:20; 3 pl. שָׂבֵ֑עוּ Is 9:19, ושׂ׳ consec. Dt 14:29; 26:12, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂבַּע Pr 12:11 +, 3 mpl. יִשְׂבְּעוּן ψ 104:28, etc.; Imv. שְׂבַע־ Pr 20:13; Inf. abs. שָׂבוֹעַ Jo 2:26 2 Ch 31:10; cstr. לִשְׂבֹּעַ Ex 16:8 La 5:6, לְשָׂבְעָה Hg 1:6;— 1. be sated (with food), especially human subj.: a. abs., after אָכַל, Ho 4:10; Is 9:19; Dt 8:10; Ex 16:8 (P), + 11 times, cf. Is 44:16 (‖ אָכַל); exposing men to arrogance Dt 6:11; 8:12; 31:20, cf. Ho 13:6^(×2) (Isr. under fig. of cattle), Je 50:19 (id.; c. ב loc.; ‖ רָעָה graze); = have (or get) enough to eat ψ 37:19; 59:16, enough to drink Am 4:8, fig. of sword Je 46:10, of wine Hb 2:5. b. c. acc. of food Je 44:17; La 5:6; Ex 16:12 (P), + 6 times, cf. Ez 39:20 (of beasts, in fig.), of earth, sated with water (rain) Pr 30:16, so of trees (acc. om.) ψ 104:16, fig. of requital Pr 18:20b. c. c. מִן of food Jb 19:22 (fig.); fig. of earth having its fill (of rain) ψ 104:13, and (fig. of requital) Pr 18:20a; good sense 12:14 (del. טוֹב, so Toy), bad sense 1:31; 14:14; c. מִן of source Is 66:11 (fig.). 2. more gen., be sated, have desire satisfied: a. abs. Ez 16:28, 29 (i.e. with harlotry), Je 50:10 (with plunder), Is 53:11 (with a given result); of eyes Pr 27:20, of Sh^eʾôl and Abaddōn v 20, cf. 30:15; = have abundance Pr 30:9 (exposure to arrogance). b. c. acc., be satisfied with, have one’s fill of: Je 31:14, cf. ψ 17:15; 63:6;Pr 5:10; Ec 5:9, cf. (eye subj.) 4:8, acc. of sons ψ 17:14 (si vera l., but text dub., v. Ol Du, cf. Bae We), days of life, i.e. reach the full limit (+ זָקֵן) 1 Ch 23:1; 2 Ch 24:15. c. c. ב of goodness ψ 65:5, c. מִן id. Ec 6:3. d. c. ל inf., לֹא־תִשְׂבַּע עַיִן לִרְאוֹת Ec 1:8 (‖ מָלֵא). 3. have in excess, be surfeited with: a. lit., with honey (acc.) Pr 25:16. b. fig. = be weary of, c. acc. of offerings Is 1:11 (subj. י׳), tossings Jb 7:4, poverty Pr 28:19, shame Hb 2:16, contempt ψ 123:3, 4, c. acc. pers. Pr 25:17. c. id., c. ב of troubles ψ 88:4, of reproach La 3:30.

†Niph. Pt. נִשְׂבָּע sated Jb 31:31.

†Pi. satisfy, Impf. 3 mpl. יְשַׂבֵּ֑עוּ Ez 7:19 they shall not satisfy their appetite (נֶפֶשׁ; ‖ מִלֵּא); Imv. ms. sf., subj. י׳, שַׂבְּעֵנוּ חַסְדֶּ֑ךָ ψ 90:14 (2 acc.).

†Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׂבִּיעַ ψ 107:9, וְה׳ consec. Is 58:11; 2 fs. הִשְׂבַּ֫עַתְּ Ez 27:33, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יַשְׂבִּעַנִי Jb 9:18, 2 ms. תַּשְׂבִּיעַ Is 58:10, 1 s. וָאַשְׂבִּעַ Je 5:7, sf. אַשְׂבִּיעֶ֑ךָּ ψ 81:17 van d. H., אַשְׂבִּיעֶ֑ךָֿ Baer Gi, etc.; Inf. cstr. לְהַשְׂבִּיעַ Jb 38:27; Pt. מַשְׂבִּיעַ ψ 103:5; 145:16;— 1. a. satisfy (especially with material blessings), subj. י׳, c. acc. pers. Je 5:7 (exposing men to arrogance), Is 58:11 (acc. נֶפֶשׁ; of refreshment in drought, ב loc., fig. of help and blessing), ψ 107:9 (acc. נֶפֶשׁ; ‖ מִלֵּא), cf. 103:5 (ב instr., on acc. v. עֲדִי); c. acc. of ground Jb 38:27 (i.e. with rain); human subj., c. acc. נֶפֶשׁ Is 58:10. b. c. acc. of food + pers., י׳ subj., ψ 81:17 (‖ הֶאֱכִיל), 105:40; 132:15; 147:14; c. acc. pers. + אֹרֶךְ יָמִים 91:16. c. י׳ subj., acc. rei + ל pers., מַשׂ׳ לְכָל־חַי רָצוֹן ψ 145:16. d. י׳ subj., c. acc. of beasts + מִמְּךָ (of Pharaoh, in prophetic fig.) Ez 32:4. 2. enrich, subj. Tyre, c. acc. gent. Ez 27:33 (‖ הֶעֱשִׁיר). 3. sate, glut (with the undesired), subj. י׳, c. acc. pers. + ב rei La 3:15, acc. pers. + rei Jb 9:18.

† שֹׂ֫בַע n.[m.] satiety, abundance;—abs. לָשׂ׳ Ex 16:3 +, cstr. שׂבַע ψ 16:11, לְשׂ׳ Pr 13:25; sf. שָׂבְעֶ֑ךָ Dt 23:25, שָׂבְעָהּ Ru 2:18;—

1. satiety, as to food Ru 2:18; לָשׂ׳ (לֶחֶם) אָכַל Ex 16:3 (P), Lv 25:19; 26:5 (both H), cf. לָשׂ׳ ψ 78:25; אָכַל … כְּנַפְשְׁךָ שׂ׳ Dt 23:25 eat grapes according to thine appetite, (namely) thy fill, cf. אָכַל לְשׂ׳ נַפְשׁוֹ Pr 13:25.

2. satisfying abundance, שׂ׳ שְׂמָחוֹת ψ 16:11.

† שָׂבְעָה [שִׂבְעָה] n.f. satiety;—abs. שׂ׳ Is 56:11 +, cstr. שִׂבְעַת־ Ez 16:49, sf. שָׂבְעָתֵךְ v 28;—

1. as to food, especially אָכַל לְשׂ׳ eat to satiety, one’s fill, Is 23:18; Ez 39:19; לְשׂ׳ also Is 55:2 (fig.); שׂ׳ of dogs 56:11 (fig.); שׂ׳־לֶחֶם leading to arrogance, as sin of Sodom Ez 16:49 (+ גָּאוֹן, etc.).

2. as to carnal desire Ez 16:28 (fig.).

† שָׂבָע n.m. ^{Gn 41:29} plenty, satiety;—only abs. שׂ׳;—

1. plenty, of bread-stuffs Gn 41:29, 30, 31, 34, 47, 53 (E), Pr 3:10.

2. satiety, Ec 5:11.

† שָׂבֵעַ adj. sated, satisfied, surfeited;—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 25:8; Pr 19:23; cstr. שְׂבַע Dt 33:23 +; fs. שְׂבֵעָה Pr 27:7; mpl. שְׂבֵעִים 1 S 2:5;—

1. a. sated with food, c. בַּלֶּחֶם 1 S 2:5; נֶפֶשׁ שְׂבֵעָה Pr 27:7 (opp. נ׳ רְעֵבָה); abounding in י׳’s favour (שְׂבַע רָצוֹן) Dt 33:23 (‖ מָלֵא); abs. satisfied Pr 19:23. b. in phr. שְׂבַע יָמִים satisfied with days, in a good old age, Gn 35:29 (P), Jb 42:17 (both + זָקֵן), 1 Ch 29:28 (+ בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֹבָה), also abs. שָׂבֵ֑עַ Gn 25:8 (P; + id. + זָקֵן).

2. bad sense, surfeited with trouble, etc.: שְׂבַע רֹגֶז Jb 14:1, שׂ׳ קָלוֹן 10:15.

† I. [שָׂבַר] vb. inspect, examine (van d. H. שֹׁבֵר [so 𝔊 συντρίβων], but Mas. שׂ׳ v. Norzi; hence connex. with Arabic سَبَرَ probe a wound, try, examine, improb., and this (according to Frä²⁶¹) denom. from Aramaic loan-word; improb. also is connex. with Aramaic סְבַר think (cf. foll.), Kau^{Aram. im AT, 85});—

Qal Pt. שֹׂבֵר, c. ב obj., Ne 2:13, 15 I examined into the wall, inspected it closely.

† II. [שָׂבַר] vb.

Pi. wait, hope (Aramaism; cf. Aramaic סְבַר think, Pa. hope; ܣܒܰܪ believe, hope, Pa. think, Aph. hope);—Pf. 1 s. שִׂבַּרְתִּי ψ 119:166, 3 pl. שִׂבְּרוּ Est 9:1; Impf. 3 mpl. יְשַׂבְּרוּ Is 38:18, יְשַׂבֵּ֑רוּ ψ 145:15, יְשַׂבֵּר֑וּן ψ 104:27; 2 fpl. תְּשַׂבֵּרְנָה Ru 1:13;— 1. wait + לָהֵן therefor Ru 1:13. 2. hope for, ל rei ψ 119:166, אֶל rei Is 38:18, אֶל pers. ψ 104:27; 145:15; ל inf. Est 9:1 hope to rule.

† [שֵׂ֫בֶר] n.m. hope;—sf. שִׂבְרִי ψ 119:116, שִׂבְרוֹ עַל־י׳ 146:5.

[שָׂגָא] vb. grow, grow great (√ only in Job; Aramaism; cf. Aramaic סְגִי, סְגָא, ܣܓܳܐ, all increase, grow great; Old Aramaic Biblical Aramaic Palm. שג(י)א adj. much);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. metapl. יִשְׂגֶּא Jb 8:11 (of plant; metapl. form Ges^{§ 75 oo}; > van d. H. יִשְׂגֶּה).

Hiph. 1. make great, pt. מַשְׂגִּיא לַגּוֹיִם Jb 12:23 he maketh the nations great (v. ל 3 b). 2. magnify, laud, 2 ms. תַּשְׂגִּיא פעלו Jb 36:24 that thou magnify his work.—Vid. שׂגה.

† שַׂגִּיא adj. great;—of God, abs. אֵל שַׂגִּיא Jb 36:26; cstr. שַׂגִּיא־כֹחַ 37:23.

† [שָׂגַב] vb. be (inaccessibly) high (cf. 𝔗 שְׂגַב Pa. [from Heb.] exalt);—

Qal Pf. 1. 3 fs. שָֽׂגְבָה Dt 2:36, of city, c. מִן, be (too) high for capture. 2. 3 mpl. שָֽׂגְבוּ Jb 5:11 of pers., be high in prosperity.

Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִשְׂגַּב Is 2:11, 17; נִשְׂגָּ֑ב Pr 18:10; 3 fs. נִשְׂגְּבָה ψ 139:6; Pt. נִשְׂגָּב Is 12:4 +; fs. נִשְׂגָּבָה Is 26:5; +;— 1. be high, walls Is 30:13; Pr 18:11; city Is 26:5; God’s knowledge ψ 139:6 (unattainable). 2. be (safely) set on high, Pr 18:10. 3. be exalted, of God Is 2:11, 17; 33:5; his name 12:4 ψ 148:13.

Pi. Impf. 3 ms. יְשַׂגֵּב Is 9:10 ψ 107:41; sf. יְשַׂגֶּבְךָ 20:2, etc.;—trans. c. acc.: 1. set (securely) on high, ψ 20:2; 69:30; 91:14; c. מִן, of foe 59:2, affliction 107:41. 2. exalt, in effective hostility, c. עַל, Is 9:10.

Pu. Impf. 3 ms. יְשֻׂגָּ֑ב Pr 29:25 be set (securely) on high.

Hiph. Impf. 3 ms. יַשְׂגִּיב Jb 36:22 God acts exaltedly בְּכֹחוֹ.

† שְׂגוּב n.pr.m. (exalted);—

1. son of rebuilder of Jericho (Hiel) 1 K 16:34 Qr (Kt שׂגיב; Ζεγουβ; 𝔊L om. v.).

2. of Judah 1 Ch 2:21, 22 (Σερουχ, 𝔊L Σεγουβ).

† I. מִשְׂגָּב n.[m. Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 60}] secure height, retreat;—מ׳ ψ 9:10 +; cstr. מִשְׂגַּב Is 25:12; sf. מִשְׂגַּבִּי ψ 18:3 +, etc.;—

1. a. = stronghold, מִבְצַר מ׳ חֹמֹתֶיךָ Is 25:12. b. fig. of security Is 33:16.

2. fig. of God as refuge ψ 9:10^(×2), 18:3 = 2 S 22:3, ψ 46:8, 12; 48:4; 59:10, 17, 18; 62:3, 7; 94:22; 144:2.

† II. מִשְׂגָּב perhaps n.pr.loc. in Moab;—הַמּ׳ Je 48:1 (v. Schwally^{ZAW viii (1888), 196} Albr^l.c.), Αμαθ; Gf thinks appell. of Ḳir Moab (v. ii. קִיר); most sub i. מ׳ 1.

† [שָׂגָה] vb. grow, increase (late; ‖ form of שׂגא);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂגֶּה ψ 92:13 righteous shall grow great like cedar (‖ יִפְרַח), cf. Jb 8:7 (opp. מִצְעָר; v 11 see שׂגא).

Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. הִשְׂגּוּ־חַיִל ψ 73:12 they have increased riches.

שׂגיב v. שְׂגוּב.

שִׂגְשֵׂג v. II. סוּג.

† [שָׂדַד] vb.

Pi. harrow (שׂדד id. Ecclus 38:25^{margin 26}; cf. Assyrian šadâdu, draw, drag);—Impf. 3 ms. יְשַׂדֵּד Jb 39:10 (of beast); human subj., c. acc. of ground Is 28:24 (+ יִפְתַּח, ‖ יַחֲרֹשׁ); יְשַׂדֶּד־לוֹ Ho 10:11 (‖ יַחֲרוֹשׁ; fig. of Jacob).

† שִׂדִּים n.[m.] pl. in n.pr.loc. עֵ֫מֶק הַשּׂ׳ vale of Siddim Gn 14:3 (identif. with Dead Sea), v 8, 10 (= vale of furrows? or (Di after Onk Sam) of fields (= הַשָּׂדִים); 𝔊 ἡ κοιλὰς [φαραγξ] ἡ ἁλυκή; Renan^{Hist. Isr. i. 116; Eng.Tr. i. 98} We^{Isr. u. Jüd Gesch. (3) 101} proposes ע׳ הַשֵּׁדִים demon-valley).

שׂדה (√ of foll., meaning unknown; foll. plausibly connected with Assyrian šadû, mountain, used by people whose land was mountainous (cf. Ju 5:18 Dt 32:13 +), by JPPeters^{JBL xii (1893), 54 f.} and (simultan.) BA^{ES (1893), 65 f.} cf. Wkl^{Altor. Forsch. ii. (1894), 192}; Jäger^{BAS ii. 282} cp. Assyrian šedtum, pasture-land; TelAm. (Canaan. gloss) šatê Wkl^{TelAm. 180, 56}; Ph. שד = BH, NH = BH, so Ecclus 40:22).

† שָׂדַי n.m. ^{ψ 96:12} field, land (rare orig. form of שָׂדֶה (q.v. infr.), only poet.);—abs. שׂ׳ Je 4:17, שָׂדָ֑י Ho 10:4 +;—

1. cultivated field 12:12, also 10:4 (si vera l., but v. Now), yielding food Dt 32:13 La 4:9; שֹׁמְרֵי שׂ׳ Je 4:17 keepers, watchmen, of a field.

2. home of wild beasts: בְּהֵמוֹת שׂ׳ ψ 8:8 Jo 2:22, חַיְתוֹ שׂ׳ Is 56:9 ψ 104:11, זִיז שׂ׳ 50:11; 80:14.

3. plain, opp. mt., Je 18:14 (but dub., Co Du שִׂרְיֹן).

4. land, opp. sea, ψ 96:12 (cf. שָׂדֶה 3; ‖ תֵּבֵל ψ 98:7).

שָׂדֶה₃₁₈ n.m. Lv 27:24 id. (ordinary contr. form Ges^{§ 84 a f});—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 2:5^(×2) +; cstr. שְׂדֵה 14:7 +; sf. שָׂדִי Je 32:7, 8, שָֽׂדְךָ Dt 11:15 +, שָׂדֶ֑ךָ 24:19 Lv 25:3, etc.; pl. שָׂדוֹת 1 S 22:7 +, cstr. שְׂדוֹת Ne 12:29; also שְׂדֵי 2 S 1:21; Is 32:12; Ru 1:1 + 8 times (some might be sg. = שְׂדֵה cf. Ba^{ZMG xiii (1888), 351} SS Buhl; note, e.g. שְׂדֵי Ru 1:6a, = שְׂדֵה v b; 4:3; but v. Kö^{ii. 1, 77}); sf. שְׂדֹתֶיהָ Ne 11:30, etc.; also שָׂדֶיךָ 1 K 2:26, שָׂדֵינוּ Mi 2:4;—

1. open field, country: a. pasture-land Gn 29:2; 30:16; Ex 9:3 (all J), Dt 11:15; 1 S 11:5 + 10 times J, JE. b. unfrequented Gn 24:63, 65, exposed to violence 4:8 (J), 2 S 14:6; Dt 21:1; 22:25, 27, to wild beasts Ex 22:30 (E), Ez 33:27. c. specif. home of beasts: 2 S 17:8; Je 14:5; especially phr. חַיַּת הַשּׂ׳ Gn 2:19, 20; 3:1, 14 (all J) of beasts in gen., and, of wild beasts, Ex 23:11, 29 (E), Ho 2:14, 20; 4:3; 13:8; Dt 7:22; Lv 26:22 (H), Jb 5:23 (‖ חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ), + 16 times; בֶּהֱמַת הַשּׂ׳ 1 S 17:44 cf. Jo 1:20; אַיְלוֹת הַשּׂ׳ Ct 2:7; 3:5, cf. הַצְּבָיִם אֲשֶׁר בַּשּׂ׳ 2 S 2:18; hunting-ground Gn 25:29; 27:3, 5 (all JE), cf. אִישׁ שׂ׳ 25:27 (JE; ‖ אִישׁ יֹדֵעַ צַיִד). d. yielding plants and trees: Gn 25:27 (JE), 30:14 (J), Ex 10:5 (JE), 2 K 4:39; Ez 21:2; 39:10; especially phr. עֵשֶׂב הַשּׂ׳ Gn 2:5; 3:18 (both J), + 6 times + ע׳ בַּשּׂ׳ Zc 10:1; שִׂיחַ הַשּׂ׳ Gn 2:5, גֶּפֶן שׂ׳ 2 K 4:39, פַּקֻּעֹת שׂ׳ v 39, צִיץ הַשּׂ׳ Is 40:15 ψ 103:15, צֶמַח הַשּׂ׳ Ez 16:7; עֵץ חַשּׂ׳ (4 times עֲצֵי) Ex 9:25 (JE), Dt 20:19; Lv 26:4 (H) Is 55:12 + 8 times; 2 S 1:21 v. תְּרוּמָה, √ רום. e. stony, אַבְנֵי הַשּׂ׳ Jb 5:23. f. open country, outside of walled city Ju 9:32, 42, 43, 44; 19:16; 1 S 19:3; 20:5, 11^(×2), 24, 35; 2 K 7:12 Mi 4:10; as battle-ground Jos 8:24 (J), 2 S 10:8 = 1 Ch 19:9; 2 S 11:23; 18:6, outside of military camp 1 S 4:2; 14:15; opp. city (in formula) 1 K 14:11; 16:4; 21:24; Je 14:18; Ez 7:15; שְׂדֵה אֶרֶץ Lv 25:31; as site of small town, country-town 1 S 27:5 (opp. royal city), cf. 1 Ch 27:25; of high places, גְּבָעוֹת בַּשּׂ׳ Je 13:27; quite gen., 1 S 30:11; Je 40:7, 13; including road Ju 20:31; 1 K 11:29; Je 6:25; disting. from road Nu 22:23 (JE), 2 S 20:12; outside houses and courtyards Ex 8:9 (P), 1 S 25:15; בַּשּׂ׳ nearly = outdoors Ex 1:14 (P), Ju 13:9; of surface of country or ground, בַּשּׂ׳ Ex 16:25 (JE); = עַל־פְּנֵי הַמִּדְבָּר v 14), cf. 1 S 14:25; so עַל־פְּנֵי הַשּׂ׳ (אֶל) 2 K 9:37; Je 9:22; Ez 29:5 (‖ הַמִּדְבָּ֫רָה), 32:4; 39:5; sample phr. opp. house, comfort, etc., 2 S 11:11; Ez 16:5, opp. city Lv 14:7, 53, opp. tent Nu 19:16 (all P), opp. tent of meeting Lv 17:5 (H). g. = expanse of country, opp. mt., in phr. מְרוֹמֵי שׂ׳ Ju 5:18; הֲרָרִי בַּשּׂ׳ Je 17:3 (of Jerus.) is dub.; cf. לְעִי הַשּׂ׳ Mi 1:6 (Je 18:14 v. שָׂדַי).

2. definite portion of ground, field, land: a. cultivated ground Gn 37:7 (E), 47:24 (J; זֶרַע הַשָּׂדֶה), Ex 22:4^(×3), 5 (E), Lv 27:16, 17 (P), Mi 3:12 (in sim.) Ru 2:2 + 47 times, + שְׂדֵי תְרוּמוֹת 2 S 1:21, שׂ׳־זָ֑רַע Ez 17:5, שָׂדֶה טוֹב v 8 good soil. b. as private property, Mi 2:2, 4; Is 5:8^(×2); Gn 47:20 (J), 23:9, 11, 13 (P) + 50 times, + 2 Ch 26:23 (as burial-place); also חֶלְקַת (הַ)שּׂ׳, v. חֶלְקָה; and שׂ׳ צֹפִים, v. צפה. c. city-land, adjacent to city (town) and subject to its control: Gn 41:48 (E), Lv 25:34 (P), Jos 21:12 (P) = 1 Ch 6:41; Ne 11:25; 30; 12:39, 44; specif. of Zoan ψ 78:12, 43. d. territory of nation, tribe: Gn 32:4; Nu 21:20 (both JE), Ju 5:4; Ru 1:1, 2; Gn 14:7 + 13 times + שְׂדֵה נַחֲלַת יִשׂ׳ Ju 20:6. e. personal estate of king, 2 S 9:7; 19:30.

3. land, opp. sea, 1 Ch 16:32 (opp. הַיָּם; = שָׂדַי ψ 96:12), perhaps also mainland Ez 26:6, 8 (Co Krae Toy al.; not Sm).

שִׂדִּים v. שׂדד.

שְׂדרָה v. סדר.

† שֶׂה n.m. ^{Gn 30:32} and (less often) f. ^{Je 50:17} one of a flock, a sheep (or goat) (Assyrian šuʾu, Arabic شَاةٌ, pl. شَآءٌ, شِوَاهٌ, etc. (also wild ox), cf. Egyptian sau, sheep Bondi⁶⁵, cf. Id.^{Ba NB § 2 b δ});—abs. שֶׂה Gn 30:32 +, cstr. שֵׂה Is 43:23 +; sf. שֵׂיוֹ Dt 22:1, שְׂיֵ֫הוּ 1 S 14:34; not in pl.;—

1. a sheep, or goat, nom. unit. of צֹאן: as property Gn 30:32^(×2) (E; + צֹאן coll., כְּשָׂבִים, עִזִּים), Ex 21:37^(×2) (+ שׁוֹר, צֹאן coll.), 22:3 (+ שׁוֹר, חֲמוֹר), v 8 (id.), v 9 (id.; all E); Dt 22:1 (+ שׁוֹר), 1 S 17:34 (זה Kt van d. H. erron., v. Baer Dr), roaming pasture Is 7:25, straying ψ 119:176 (sim.), slaughtered Is 53:7 (in sim.); + שׁוֹר, חֲמוֹר Ju 6:4; 1 S 22:19; Jos 6:21 (J), + id. + גָּמָל 1 S 15:3; as sacrifice Gn 22:7, 8 (J), Ex 13:13; Lv 5:12; 12:8; Nu 15:11 (שׂ׳ בַּכְּבָשִׂים אוֹ בָּעִזִּים; all P), Dt 18:3 (+ שׁוֹר), Is 43:23; 66:3 (+ שׁוֹר), מִן־הַצֹּאן Ez 45:15; cf. Ex 34:19 (+ שׁוֹר), v 20 (J), Lv 27:26 (P; + שׁוֹר); fit for sacrifice Lv 22:28 (H); unfit v 23 (H), Dt 17:1 (both + שׁוֹר); as food 1 S 14:34 (+ שׁוֹר), שׂ׳ כְּשָׂבִים וְשׂ׳ עִזִּים Dt 14:4 (+ id.); for passover Ex 12:3^(×2), 4^(×2), 5 (P); fig. of Isr. Ez 34:17^(×2) (‖ אֵילִים, עַתּוּדִים), v 20^(×2), 22^(×2).

2. coll. flock: שֶׂה פְזוּרָה Je 50:17 (= צֹאן אֹבְדוֹת v 6).

† [שָׂהֵד] n.[m.] witness (Aramaic loan-word = Heb. עֵד; √ סְהַד, ܣܗܰܕ );—sf. שָֽׂהֲדִי Jb 16:19 (‖ עֵדִי).—שָֽׂהֲדוּתָא Gn 31:47 v. Biblical Aramaic Lex.

שׂהר (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic شَهْرٌ new moon (شَهَرَ is make conspicuous, notorious); Ethiopic ሣህር: id.; 𝔗 סִיהֲרָא, Syriac ܣܰܗܪܳܐ moon; Old Aramaic שהר moon-god Lzb³⁷³).

† [שַׂהֲרוֹן] n.[m.] moon, or crescent;—only pl. הַשַּׂהֲרֹנִים of (non-Israel.) ornaments of camels Ju 8:21, kings v 26, women Is 3:18, 𝔊 μηνίσκοι, 𝔙 (Is 3:18) lunulae; on crescent as ornament v. Dozy^{ii. 760} Lane^{Egypt. ii. 314} Perles^{Anal. 79}, cf. Frä⁵⁸.

שׂוֹא v. נשׂא p. 670 a.

I, II. שׂוּג v. I, II. סוּג.

שׂוּחַ Gn 24:63 v. I. שׂוּט.

† [שׂוּט] vb. swerve, fall away (akin to שָׂטָה q.v.; NH סוּט Hiph. is shake, move away; Assyrian šâṭu, rebel, Meissn⁹⁰; Ethiopic ሦጠ: bring back, restore; in 𝔗 apostatize is סְטָא);—

Qal Pt. pl. cstr. וְשָׂטֵי כָזָב ψ 40:5 those falling away to falsehood (Gunk^{Schöpf. 40} וְשָׂטָה).

† [שֵׂט, סֵט] n.[m.

† I. [שׂוּךְ] vb. hedge or fence up, about (= II. סוּךְ, q.v.);—

Qal Pf. 2 ms. שַׂכְתָּ בַעֲדוֹ Jb 1:10 hast fenced him about (protectingly); Pt. שָׂךְ Ho 2:8 I will hedge up (obstruct) thy way (acc.).

† [מְשֻׂכָֿה] n.f. hedge (=מְסוּכָה);—cstr. מְשֻׂכַֿת חָ֑דֶק Pr 15:19 (in sim.).—מְשׂוּכָּתוֹ v. III. שׂכך.

II. שׂוך (? ‖ II. שׂכך: cf. NH סוֹכָה; Aramaic סוֹכָא, ܣܰܘܟܳܐ (ms.), סוֹכְתָא, ܣܰܘܟܬܳܐ,—all branch).

† [שׂוֹךְ] n.[m.] branch or brushwood;—sf. 3 ms. שׂוֹכֹה Ju 9:49 (Ges^{§ 91 e}; but v. GFM Bu).

† [שׂוֹכָה] n.f. id.,—cstr. שׂוֹכַת עֵצִים Ju 9:48 + perhaps abs. שׂוֹכָה v 49 (so 𝔊 Doorn for MT שׂוֹכֹה).

† שׂוֹכֹה, שׂוֹכוֹ n.pr.loc. in Judah:

1. in Shephelah, שׂוֹכֹה Jos 15:35; 1 S 17:1^(×2) (from 𝔊 Σοκχωθ HPS (after We, cf. Dr) conj. שׂכות), שׂוֹכוֹ 2 Ch 11:7; 28:18, perhaps also שֹׂכֹה 1 K 4:10 (Buhl Benz SS [‘perhaps’]; Th Kit sub 2); mod. Eš-Šuwēke, SSE. from Beth Shemesh, in Wady-es-Sanṭ Rob^{BR i.494} Buhl^Geogr.194; Σωχω, Σοκχωθ, etc.

2. in hill-country, Jos 15:48 (Kt שׂוכה, Qr שׂוכוֹ), prob. also שׂוֹכוֹ 1 Ch 4:18 (‘son’ of חֶבֶר); mod. Šuwêke, 4 h. S. of חֶבְרוֹן Rob^{BR ii. 16. 21} Buhl^{Geogr. 164}; Σωχω(ν).

† שׂוּכָתִים adj. gent. m. pl. a family of scribes 1 Ch 2:55; Σωχαθιειμ, 𝔊L Σουχαθειμ.

I. שׂוּם, שִׂים, vb. put, place, set (cf. Nö^{ZMG xxxvii (1883), 532}; NH סוּם Pi. designate, fix, שׂום Ecclus 45:5c; 49:6; Ph. שם, Assyrian šâmu, fix, determine; Sab. שׂים set, set up, SabDenkm^{No. 7, 1. 6} CIS^{iv. 1}; Arabic شَامَ (ى) is insert, sheathe, also compute; Ethiopic ሤመ: put, place; 𝔗 שׂוּם, Syriac ܣܳܡ, Old Aramaic שים);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שָׂם Gn 21:14 + (2 Ch 1:5 read שָׂם 𝔊 𝔙 Gi Be Kau Benz), sf. שָׂמוֹ Ez 17:4 +, שָׂמָ֫הוּ 7:20; 3 fs. שָׂ֫מָה 1 S 19:13, sf. שָׂמָ֫תְהוּ Ez 19:5; 24:7; 2 ms. שַׂמְתָּ Je 32:20 +; 3 pl. שָׂמוּ Gn 40:15 +; 1 pl. שַׂמְנוּ Is 28:15, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יָשׂוּם Ex 4:11, יָשִׂים Gn 30:42 +, יָשִׂם Jb 23:6; juss. יָשֵׂם 1 S 22:15 +; וַיָּ֫שֶׂם Gn 2:8 +; sf. יְשִׂמֵנִי 2 S 15:4, וַיְשִׂימְךָ 1 K 10:9; 2 fs. וַתָּשִׂימִי Is 51:23; וָאָשִׂים 1 S 28:21 +, וָאָשִׂ֫ימָה Ezr 8:17; Ju 12:3 Qr (Kt ואישׂמה); 2 mpl. תָּשִׂימוּ Gn 32:17 +, תְּשִׂימ֫וּן Ex 22:24 +, etc.; Imv. ms. שִׂים Gn 24:2 +, etc.; Inf. abs. שׂוֹם Dt 17:15 +, cstr. שׂוּם 44:7 +, שִׂים Jb 20:4 + 2 S 14:7 Qr (Kt שׂום), שׂימו Is 10:6 Kt (Qr שׂוּמוֹ), etc.; Pt. שָׂם Am 7:8 +, fs. הַשָּׂמָ֫ה Is 51:10 (so read for MT הַשָּׂ֫מָה); pl. שָׂמִים Mal 2:2 +; pass. שִׂים Nu 24:21 (cf. Di), Ob 4; f. according to most שׂוּמָה 2 S 13:32 (van d. H. שׂימה Kt), but v. infr.; שִׂימָ֫ה ψ 56:9 Bae Buhl, but most Imv. ms.;—put, set (often ‖ נָתָן 2, q.v.), c. acc. pers. vel rei (expr. or impl.): 1. a. put, set, in a place, + שָׁם Gn 2:8 (J), + acc. loc. 28:11 (E) + 5 times +, c. 2 acc. + loc., 2 K 10:8 heads (in) heaps at (acc. loc.), cf. Lv 24:6 (עַל); + ב 40:15 (E), fig. of י׳, put his name, בִּירוּשׁ׳ 2 K 21:7 = 2 Ch 33:7, cf. c. שָׁם 1 K 9:3; Dt 12:5 + 6 times; especially ב of receptacle Gn 31:34 (E), Ex 2:3 (E), Ju 6:19 + often; sackcloth on (ב) loins Gn 37:34 (J), 1 K 20:31, crown on head Zc 6:11; Est 1:17, shoes on feet Ez 24:17; hook, etc., in nose 2 K 19:28 = Is 37:29; Jb 40:26, incense בְּאַפֶּ֑ךָ Dt 33:10, i.e. cause thee (י׳) to smell it; feet in stocks (fig.) Jb 13:27; 33:11; knife into throat Pr 23:2 (fig. of self-restraint, Fl in De); words into mouth Ex 4:15 (J), Nu 22:38 (E) + 8 times, + Dt 31:19 teach to say or sing; into heart Jb 22:22, ins. also 1 S 29:10 𝔊 Th We Dr Kit Bu HPS; trust in God ψ 78:7; (guilt of) blood into house Dt 22:8, cf. Ju 9:24 (עַל pers.; so, c. נָתַן Dt 21:8; Je 26:15; Jon 1:14); something into hand Ex 4:21 (E), of wonders, i.e. enable hand to do them; elsewhere = take, of hammer Ju 4:21, booty 1 K 20:6, so (fig.) take one’s life (נֶפֶשׁ) into one’s palm (i.e. risk it) Ju 12:3; 1 S 19:5; 28:21; Jb 13:14; put eyes בַּפּוּךְ 2 K 9:30 (v. פּוּךְ, cf. Is 54:11); נֶפֶשׁ (= person), בַּחַיִּים ψ 66:9 (subj. י׳); set men at (the use of) implements 2 S 12:31 (prob., cf. Dr HPS; > וַיָּשַׂר(ם) sawed them with, as ‖ 1 Ch 20:3, Th We); 1 K 2:5 (‖ נתן) is dub.; 𝔊L Klo Kit read וַיִּקֹּם; charge something against (ב pers.; properly put in, i.e. attribute, impute, to) 1 S 22:15; Jb 4:18; so, c. ל pers. Dt 22:14, cf. (ל om.) v 17; put בְּקֶרֶב Am 7:8; Is 63:11, בְּתוֹךְ Ez 26:12. b. put something upon (עַל) Nu 21:8, 9 (E) + often; jewels, clothes, on person Gn 24:17 (J), 41:42 (E), Lv 8:8 (P), Ru 3:3, turban Zc 3:5^(×2); Ex 29:5 (P), Lv 8:9 (P) cf. (prep. om.) Jb 24:15; 36:13 (fig.), girdle Je 13:1, 2, sackcloth 1 K 21:27; שׂ׳ אָדָם עַל־הָאָרֶץ Jb 20:4 (of man’s creation); of siege and siege engines, עַל = against, Mi 4:14; Ez 4:2; 23:24; put, lay, upon (עַל), 2 K 4:29 +; hand Gn 48:18 (J) + 3 times, + upon mouth, in silence Ju 18:19; Jb 21:5, and awe Mi 7:16, so c. ל Jb 29:9, לְמוֹ 40:4, 40, upon (עַל) head 2 S 13:19 (in despair, cf. Je 2:37); acc. of disease Ex 15:26 (J), so (ב pers.) v 26 Dt 7:16; fig., spirit (עַל) Nu 11:17 (JE), name 6:27 (P), duty Jb 37:15 (?), reproach 1 S 11:2, רָעָה תַּחַת טוֹבָה ψ 109:5 (𝔖 Bae וַיָשִׁיבוּ, so, or וַיְשַׁלְּמוּ, Hup Che); שׂ׳ עַל לֵב Ct 8:6 (sim.), so, fig., = remember, treasure up, Is 42:25; 47:7 (‖ זָכַר), + 6 times, c. אֶל 2 S 13:33; 19:20 (‖ id.); c. ב 1 S 21:13; cf. שׂ׳ בְּאָזְנֵי Ex 17:14 (E), impress upon. c. put, lay, set, c. ל, 2 K 11:16 lay (violent) hands on = 2 Ch 23:15; put end to Jb 18:2; 28:3; set לְמָרוֹם 5:11; render glory to Jos 7:19 (JE; ‖ נָתַן), Is 42:12; make covenant with 2 S 23:5; set food for Gn 43:32 (J), 2 S 12:20, prep. om. Gn 43:31 (J), so c. לִפְנֵי 1 S 9:24; 28:22; 2 K 6:22; שׂ׳ לִפְנֵי elsewhere Ju 18:21, of precedence Gn 48:20b (E); set laws (as authoritative) לִפְנֵי Ex 19:7; 21:1 (both E), Dt 4:44; God (as moral ruler) לְנֶגְדָּם ψ 54:5; 86:14; שׂ׳ נֶגֶד also Gn 31:37 (E), נֹכַח Ez 14:4, 7; לְעֵינֵי Gn 30:41 (J). d. put, c. בֵּין Jos 24:7 (E) + 5 times (Ex 8:19 v. פְּדוּת p. 804), + Gn 30:36 (J), 32:17 (E), put space between; c. תַּחַת Ex 17:12 (E), + 3 times (Ob 7 del. לַחְמְךָ We GASm Now al.) + שׂ׳ יָד תַּחַת יָרֵךְ in oath Gn 24:2, 9; 47:29 (all J); put, c. אֶל loc. 1 S 6:11, 15; 19:13a Hb 2:15, אֶל pers. Jb 5:8 commit unto; c. אֵצֶל rei Lv 6:3 (P), מִצַּד rei Dt 31:26 (P); שׂ׳ עִמְּךָ 1 S 9:23 lay up something with thee, reserve it; put, c. יַחַד Mi 2:12 put together = collect (‖ אָסַף, קִבֵּץ); without modifier 1 K 18:23, 25; Jb 14:15; Ez 30:21 apply bandage (‖ נָתַן). 2. set, direct: a. sword against (ב) Ju 7:22; fig. extend compassion, ל pers. Is 47:6 b. direct לֵב, לֵבָב (mind) toward, pay attention to, c. ל, Dt 32:46; 1 S 9:20; Ez 40:4; 44:5b; c. אֶל Ex 9:21 (J), 1 S 25:25; 2 S 18:3^(×2); Jb 2:3; 34:14 (Bu Du del. לֵב and read יָשִׁיב רוּחוֹ); c. עַל Hg 1:5, 7; Jb 1:8; compl. om. Ez 44:5 a Hg 2:15, 18^(×2); Is 41:22; Ju 19:30 read perhaps לְבַבְכֶם for לָכֶם (or עֵצָה for עֻצוּ); לֵב om. Jb 4:20, Is 41:20 (+ רָאָה, יָדַע, הִשְׂכִּיל), c. ב pers. Jb 23:6 (so Bu, who cps. 4:20; 24:12; 34:23, but all cases dub.); שִׂים לֵב, c. עַל = intend Dn 1:8 (obj. cl.). c. set face (פָּנִים) toward (acc. loc.) Gn 31:21 (E), + לָבוֹא Je 42:15^(×2), 17; 44:12, cf. 2 K 12:18; Dn 11:17; c. אֶל, toward or against (implying opposition) Ez 6:2 + 5 times Ez, c. עַל Ez 29:2; 35:2, c. דֶּרֶךְ of direction 21:2; c. ב (fig. of oppos., subj. י׳): הִנְנִי שָׂם פָּנַי בָּכֶם לְרָעָה Je 44:11, cf. 21:10 Ez 15:7 (‖ נתן), Lv 20:5 (P); c. ל rei (human subj.) Dn 11:18 Qr (< Kt ישׁב); c. עַל pers. + לִמְלֹךְ of purpose 1 K 2:15; set eyes (עֵינַים) upon, c. עַל pers. = behold Gn 44:21 (J), = look after, take care of, Je 39:12; 40:4, לְטוֹבָה 24:6, but לְרָעָה Am 9:4. 3. a. set, ordain, c. acc. rei Nu 24:23 (> acc. pers. Di). b. set, establish a law, statute, + ל pers. Ex 15:25; Jos 24:25 (both E), cf. Pr 8:29; + ב loc. Is 42:4 ψ 78:5 (‖ הֵקִים), also 81:6; Je 33:25 + 2 S 20:19 (שָׂמוּ for שְׁלֻמֵי 𝔊 Ew We Kit Bu HPS, cf. Dr); establish something as (ל) law Gn 47:26 (J), 1 S 30:25 (+ ל pers.); establish bazaars (as a right), ב loc., 1 K 20:34; appoint a set time Ex 9:5 (J), Jb 34:23 (reading מוֹעֵד for עוֹד GHBWr Bu), ins. (perhaps) 1 S 13:8 so Dr Klo HPS (> ins. אמר Th We Bu Kit, after 𝔊 𝔗); a place, + ל pers. Ex 21:13; 2 S 7:10 = 1 Ch 17:9, ל rei 1 K 8:21 (+ שָׁם). c. set, found a nation, Is 44:7 (si vera l.), establish it ψ 89:30 (לָעַד). d. set, appoint (as ruler, official) + עַל pers. vel gent., Ex 1:11; 18:21 (all E), Dt 17:14, 15^(×3); Ju 11:11 (+ ל of office), 2 S 17:25 (+ תַּחַת instead of) + 6 times + Gn 47:6 (J; second acc. = ruler, expressed), 2 S 23:23 (אֶל), עַל in ‖ 1 Ch 11:25; also 2 acc. + ל and ב loc. ψ 105:21, ב loc. 2 S 15:4; 2 Ch 33:14, בְּרֹאשׁ at the head of, Dt 1:13, 2 acc. alone Ct 1:6; c.acc. pers. + ל pers. Gn 27:37 (E), Ho 2:2; 1 S 8:5 (+ inf.); + ל of title Gn 45:8, 9 Ex 2:14 (+ עַל; all E) + 4 times + Ju 8:33 (+ ל pers.), + Ez 44:8 (perhaps read וַתְּשִׂימוּם Hi Sm Co and most); + ל of purpose Hb 1:12; + ב of position, ל pers. 1 S 8:11; c. acc. of office alone 1 S 8:12 (+ ל pers.), so Co Ez 21:27a (שָׂרִים for כָּרִים, v. כַּר sub כרר), 1 K 20:24 (+ תחת), cf. 2 Ch 23:18, + עַל, אֶל, of task Nu 4:19 (P); Jb 7:20 set me as (ל) mark for (ל) him. e. set, constitute, make, c. כ pers. vel rei, Gn 13:16 (J) I will make thy seed as the dust, 32:13 (J) 48:20 (E), Dt 10:22; Ho 11:8 + 16 times + (bad sense) Ho 2:5; Na 3:6; 1 K 19:2. f. set, determine, fix, bounds Je 5:22 (2 acc.) Jb 38:5, 33 ψ 104:9; pass. determined, settled, + עַל־פֶּה 2 S 13:32 (but v. II. שׂום); appoint, send, frogs לְפַרְעֹה Ex 8:8 (J), c. acc. pers. + עַל against 2 K 18:14. 4. a. set, station, at a post, etc., acc. pers. Jos 8:13 (JE), + ב loc. 2 K 10:24; Je 9:7 + 5 times, + adv. acc. Gn 33:2 (J), + בֵּין loc. Jos 8:12, + ל (against) and אַחֲרֵי loc. v 2 (both JE), + ל against Ju 9:25 (+ עַל loc.), + אֶל against 20:29, 36; doubtful are 1 S 15:2 (c.ל pers.), 1 K 20:12^(×2) (עַל־הָעִיר), where no obj. expr. (in MT); either an obj. has fallen out, or vb. (in techn. military sense), here intrans. or inwardly trans. (Dl ^{ZK ii. 397} forward! take direction toward; cf.also [on Sm] We Dr Löhr), or else שׂ׳ is corrupt (cf.HPS^Sm). b. put in position, sacred bread, sword, staves, bars, c.acc. 1 S 21:7; Ez 21:27; Nu 4:6, 8, 11, 14 + 4 times P, Jb 38:10; + עַל Ex 32:27 (E), 40:20 (P), מִמַּעַל ל Je 43:10, מֵעַל Est 3:1; + (various modifiers) 8 times; set in place, תֵּבֵל Jb 34:13 (De al.), but context favours שָׁמַר Bu; Du שׂ׳ לִבּוֹ בְּתֵבֵל. c. set up throne 1 K 2:19, altars Je 11:13, memorial stone Gn 18:18 (J), 28:22 (E), 1 S 7:12 (cf.הֵקִים Gn 31:45 +), image, etc. Ju 18:31 (‖ הֵקִים), Dt 27:15; 1 K 12:29 (ב loc., ‖ נָתַן), 2 K 21:7 (ב loc.) = 2 Ch 33:7, cf. ψ 74:4; Is 57:8 and, + ב loc., Je 7:30; 32:34; rods before (לְעֵינֵי) cattle Gn 30:41 (‖ וַיַּצֵּג v 38), cf. v 42, guide-posts Je 31:21, bed 2 K 4:10 (+ ל pers.). d. = plant, wheat Is 28:25, tree 41:19 (ב loc.; ‖ נָתַן), slip Ez 17:5 (עַל by). e. set, fix (countenance) 2 K 8:11, so usually, but acc. om., and sense dub.; read perhaps וַיִּשֹּׁם (√ שׁמם, cf. e.g. 1 K 9:8), so Klo Kmp Kit Benz. 5. a. make a thing, or pers. (acc.), for transform into (ל), Jos 6:18 (J) make camp לְחֵרֶם, Mi 1:6 make Samaria לְעִי, Gn 21:13, 18 (E), Ex 14:21 (JE), Mi 4:7 (both good sense), Is 28:17; 42:15, 16 + 12 times Is. (25:2 read עִיר for מֵעִיר Vrss Comm.), Je 2:7 + 8 times Je, + 14 times + Ju 1:28 they made the Can. into the corvée; וְיָשֵׂם לְדֶרֶךְ פְּעָמָיו ψ 85:14 maketh his steps into a way (so RV Hup Che Dr, but meaning obscure; De Bae attend to the way of (לֵב om.); Schr Hup-Now read וְיִשְׁמֹר ד׳); c. 2 acc. Jos 8:28 (J), ψ 39:9; 66:2 Mi 1:7; 4:13 1 K 5:23 (prægn. c. עַד loc.), + 29 times b. make, constitute, 2 acc., 1 S 8:1; 18:13 (+ ל pers.) 22:7 (לְכֻלְּכֶם, ל of acc.; or < read וְכֻלְּכֶם), Is 3:7; 60:17 + 6 times, + 1 S 11:11 form people in bands, cf. Jb 1:17 (one acc., form bands), + (acc. pers. om.) Ex 4:11b (J), cf. (beast, in fig.) Ez 19:5; 2 acc. and acc. + ל in same ver., Is 54:12 I will make rubies thy pinnacles, and (transform) thy gates into carbuncles; in phr. of naming, שָׂם שְׁמוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל 2 K 17:34, cf. Ju 8:31; Ne 9:7; c. ל, וַיָּשֶׂם לָהֶם שֵׁמוֹת Dn 1:7, וַיּ׳ לְדָנִיֵּאל בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר v 7; make, fashion, c. acc. rei + ל pers. Ex 4:11a (J; י׳ subj.); grave Na 1:14 (but on text and meaning v. Now Bi ^{SB Wiener Akkadian 1894, Abh. v}); c. acc. דֶּרֶךְ Is 43:19 (ב loc.), cf. Ez 21:24, 25 (+ ל inf.); ψ 50:23 is dub., usually order (one’s) way, De Dr prepare way (which), etc., Gr Che תֹּם for שָׂם; make name + ל pers. 2 S 7:23 = 1 Ch 17:21, 2 S 14:7; make for, ל pers. (or give to), c.acc. of posterity Gn 45:7 (E); 1 S 2:20 read prob. יְשַׁלֵּם 𝔊 We Kit Bu HPS, cf. Dr; Ezr 10:44 b is obscure, Gu-Batten del. וַיָּשִׂימוּ and read וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ bef. נָשִׁים, cf. 3 Esdr 9:36 Be Ry Ryle. c. work, bring to pass, c. acc. rei, of י׳’s signs, etc., + ב loc. Ex 10:2 (J), Je 32:20; Is 66:19 ψ 46:9; 78:43; 105:27. d. appoint, give, acc. rei Nu 6:26 (P), Is 61:3 (‖ נָתַן; both c. ל pers.); a pledge Jb 17:3 (‖ עָרְבֵנִי go surety for me, but read perhaps עֶרְבֹנִי as obj., v. p. 786 b); וְשׂוֹם שֵׂכֶל Ne 8:3 giving understanding (making sense clear).

†Hiph. Pf. 1 s. consec. וַהֲשִׂמֹתִיהוּ Ez 14:8, acc. pers. + ל, I will make him for a sign (< שׁ for שׂ van d. H., √ שׁמם; Co Berthol Toy וְשַׂמְתִּיהוּ (Qal), Krae וְהִשְׁמַדְתִּיהוּ); Imv. fs. הָשִׂימִי 21:21, prob. del as dittogr. Co Krae after 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 𝔗 Nö ^{ZMG xxxvii (1883), 530} (> Bö Toy al. הִקְדִּימוּ); Pt. מֵשִׂים Jb 4:20 = Qal (לֵב) שׂום (v 2 b), but phr. dub., and text perhaps crpt., v. Me Nö^l.c..

†Hoph. Impf. 3 ms. וַיּוּשַׂם Gn 24:33 Qr (Kt ויישׂם Ges^{§ 73 f}) there was set before him (לְפָנָיו) to eat, cf. Ol ^{MB Ak. 1870, 389} Kö ^{i. 435}, who read also וַיּוּשַׂם 50:26 he was laid in (ב) a mummycase (for MT וַיִּישֶׂם Di ^{(ed. 4.5.6)} allows this.

† [יְשִׂימִאֵל] n.pr.m. Simeonite (Ēl establisheth);—וִישׂ׳ 1 Ch 4:36 (van d. H. Gi; Baer וִישִׂימִיאֵל); 𝔊L Ισμαηλ.

† תְּשׂ֫וּמֶת n.f. (deposit, then, cstr. ת׳ יַד׳) pledge, security, Lv 5:21 (P; ‖ פִּקָּדוֹן).

II. שׂום, שׂים (perhaps √ of foll.; cf. Arabic شَأَمَ be inauspicious, شُؤْمٌ ill-luck).

† שׂוּמָה (van d. H. שׂימה Kt) perhaps n.f. token of unluckiness, scowl;—2 S 13:82, so Ew^{G iii. 234, H. 172} (abbrev. from שׂמאל; or emend. שִׂטְמָה) We RS^{Ency. Brit. (9) DAVID} Kit, cf. Dr HPS.

† [שׂוּר] vb. saw (‖ form of נָשַׂר; denom. from מַשּׂוֹר?);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. וַיָּשַׂר 1 Ch 20:3 (but v. שׂים 1 a).—Ho 9:12 v. סור; Ju 9:22; Ho 8:4 v. שׂרר; 12:5 v. שׂרה.

† שׂוֹרָה Is 28:25 prob. dittogr. for foll. שְׂעֹרָה (Koppe We Che al.; 𝔊 𝔖 om.); > 𝔙 Ges Di al. in rows (adv. acc.; but NH שׁוּרָה, Arabic سُورٌ, Lag ^{GGN, 1889, 298}; cf. Vogelst ^{Landwirthsch. 41} who favours שׁ׳ in Is. More plausible would be some grian, as שורה Zinj. Inscr., Lzb³⁷⁴ Sachau ^{Panammu 23}).

† שׂוּשׂ, שִׂישׂ vb. exult, rejoice (Nö ^{ZMG xxxvii (1883), 536} der. (‘perhaps’) from interj., as شَأْشَأْ an enticing call, so Gerber²⁰);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שָׂשׂ Dt 28:63 +, 1 s. שַׂשְׂתִּי ψ 119:14, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יָשִׂישׂ Dt 28:63 +, 3 mpl. יְשֻׂשׂוּם Is 35:1 (Ges^{§ 47 n} Kö ^{i. 510}, but ם erron. Kenn Ol ^{§ 244 a}, prob. dittogr., so Lo Hi Gr Che^Hpt. Marti), etc.; Imv. fs. שִׂישִׂי La 4:2, mpl. שִׂישׂוּ Is 65:18; 66:10; Inf. abs. שׂוֹשׂ 61:10; cstr. לָשׂוּשׂ Dt 30:9;—exult, display joy,c. עַל over, Dt 28:63^(×2); 30:9^(×2); Je 32:41; Is 62:5; Zp 3:17 (+ בְּשִׂמְחָה; ‖ גִּיל), ψ 119:162; c. ב Is 61:10 (שׂוֹשׂ אָשִׂישׂ), 65:19 ψ 35:9 (all ‖ גִּיל); 40:17; 68:4 (+ בְּשִׂמְחָה; ‖ עָלַץ), 70:5 (all ‖ שָׂמַח); 119:14; Jb 39:21 (horse), ψ 19:6 (sun, as athlete); c. כִּי and cl. La 1:21; abs. Is 35:1; 65:18 (both ‖ גִּיל), 64:4 (but del. שָׂשׂ וְ 𝔊 Gr Du Che^Hpt Marti), 68:14; La 4:21 (‖ שָׂמַת), Jb 3:22 (‖ שָׂמַח אֱלֵ י־גִיל), Is 66:10 (acc. cogn.; ‖ גִּיל, שָׂמַח) v 14. Ez 21:15 is crpt., Co reads לְאַנְשֵׁי (for נָשִׂישׂ), Krae לִנְשִׂיאֵי, other conj. in comm.; on cl. vid. especially Da Toy^{Heb. Hpt.}.

† שָׂשׂוֹן n.m. ^{Is 51:3} exultation, rejoicing;—abs. שׂ׳ ψ 45:8 +, שָׂשׂן Est 8:16; cstr. שְׂשׂוֹן (Sta ^{§ 296 e}) ψ 51:14; 119:111;—exultation, joy (especially in י׳’s favour), Jo 1:12; Is 12:3 ψ 51:14; 105:43; 119:111; שֶׁמֶן שׂ׳ (i.e. with which guests were anointed; fig.) ψ 45:8; Is 61:3 (opp. אֵבֶל); שֵׁם שׂ׳ Je 33:9 (‖ תְּהִלָּה; on text v. Gie Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 115}); elsewhere ‖ שִׂמְחָה: Je 7:34; 15:16; 16:9; 25:10; 33:11; Is 22:13 (only here condemned as reckless, wanton), 35:10; 51:3, 11 Zc 8:19 ψ 51:10; Est 8:16, 17; ‖ שָׂמַח Je 31:13 (opp. אֵבֶל).

† מָשׂוֹשׂ n.m. Is 24:8 id.;—abs. מ׳ Is 32:13 +, cstr. מְשׂוֹשׂ Jb 8:19 +; sf. מְשׂוֹשִׂי Je 49:25, מְשׂוֹשָׂהּ Ho 2:13;—exultation, in gen., La 5:15 (opp. אֵבֶל), Is 24:11; 66:10 (acc. cogn.); of bridegroom 62:5; מ׳ תֻּפִּים 24:8, מ׳ כִּנּוֹר v 8; בָּתֵּי מ׳ 32:13; of Jerus. (as causing joy) 60:15 ψ 48:3; La 2:15, cf. Je 49:25 (קִרְיַת מְשׂוֹשִׂי; ‖ תְּהִלָּה), Is 65:18 (‖ גִּילָה); מ׳ דַּרְכּוֹ (of godless man) Jb 8:19; מ׳ פְּרָאִים Is 32:14, i.e. desert.—מ׳ Is 8:6, si vera l., is cstr. before prep., but (מִפְּנֵי) מָסוֹס, Hi Gie Che Du Kit Marti al.

שֵׂחַ v. שִׂיח.

† [שָׂחָה] vb. swim (NH סָחוּ swimming; 𝔗 סְחָא, Syriac ܣܚܳܐ swim, bathe, also סָחְיָא, סַחְיָנָא, שָׂחְיָנָא swimmer; Aph. wash);—

Qal Pt. + Inf. cstr. כַּאֲשֶׁר יְפָרֵשׂ הַשּׂחֶה לִשְׂחוֹת Is 25:11.

Hiph. Impf. 1 s. אַשְׂחֶה ψ 6:7 I make my bed swim (with my tears; another view sub שִׂיחַ Qal 1).

† שָׂ֔חוּ n.[m.^{Sta § 192 a}] swimming (on format. (and tone) Ges ^{§ 84 a c} Kö^{ii. 1, 60. 497});—מֵי שׂ׳ Ez 47:5.

† [שָׂחַט] vb. squeeze out (so NH סָחַט, Aramaic סְחַט; Mand. סהט spread out Nö ^{M 238});—

Qal Impf. 1 s. וָאֶשְׂחַט Gn 40:11 (E; אֶת־הָעֲנָבִים אֶל).

† [שָׂחִיף] adj. (?), doubtful (van d. H. שְׁחִיף; √ unknown);—cstr. שְׂחִיף עֵץ Ez 41:16 usually panelled, wainscotted, with wood; or n. a wainscot of wood, but Co חִפּוּי, Toy חָפוּי (cstr. חֲפוּי).

† שָׂחַק vb. laugh (‖ צהק, q.v.; NH שָׂחַק, סָחַק; Ethiopic ሠሐቀ: );—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְשׂ׳ consec. Pr 29:9; 3 pl. שָֽׂחֲקוּ La 1:7; Jb 30:1; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂחַק Jb 39:7 +, etc.; Inf. cstr. שְׂחוֹק Ju 16:27; Ec 3:4;— 1. a. laugh at, usually in contempt, derision, c. עַל pers. Jb 30:1 ψ 52:8; עַל rei La 1:7; c. ל pers. God subj. ψ 37:13; 59:9 (‖ לָעַג); c. ל rei vel pers. = have no fear of, Hb 1:10; Jb 5:22; Pr 31:25, also, fig., of noble animals Jb 39:7, 18, 22; 41:21; abs., Pr 29:9 (opp. רָגַז), of י׳ ψ 2:4 (‖ לָעַג), of wisdom Pr 1:26 (ב temp.; ‖ id.). b. c. אֶל pers., appar. of friendly laugh Jb 29:24; in gen. Ec 3:4 (opp. בָּכָה). 2. sport, play, Ju 16:27.

Pi. Pf. 1 s. וְשִׂחַקְתִּ֫י 1 S 6:21; Impf. 3 ms. וַיְשַׂחֶק־ Ju 16:25, etc.; Inf. cstr. לְשַׂחֶק־ ψ 104:26; Pt. מְשַׂחֵק Pr 26:19; 1 Ch 15:29, f. מְשַׂחֶ֫קֶת Pr 8:30, 31; pl. מְשַׂחֲקִים 2 S 6:5 +, מְשַׂחֲקוֹת 1 S 18:7;— 1. make sport, Ju 16:25 (ל pers.) 2 S 2:14 (לִפְנֵי pers.; in tournament), Pr 8:30 (לִפְנֵי), v 31 (ב loc.). 2. jest, Pr 26:19. 3. play: incl. instr. music, singing and dancing 1 S 18:7, c. לִפְנֵי י׳ 2 S 6:5 (ב instr.), = 1 Ch 13:8, 2 S 6:21 1 Ch 15:29 (+ מְרַקֵּד); of merry-making Je 15:17 (‖ עָלַז), 30:19; 31:4; of children’s sport Zc 8:5; of beasts Jb 40:20 ψ 104:26; of man, play with (ב) crocod. Jb 40:29.

Hiph. (declar.) Pt. pl. מַשְׂחִיקִים 2 Ch 30:10 they uttered mockery עֲלֵיהֶם (‖ מַלְעִגִים).

† שְׂחֹק, שְׂחוֹק n.[m.] laughter, derision, sport (proposes inf. cstr.);—abs. שְׂחֹק Je 48:26 + 5 times; cstr. Ec 7:6; abs. שְׂחוֹק Je 20:7 + 7 times;—

1. laughter (joyous) Jb 8:21 (‖ תְּרוּעָה), ψ 126:2 (‖ רִנָּה), Ec 2:2 (‖ שִׂמְחָה), 10:19 (‖ שִׂמֵּחַ); as hollow Pr 14:13 (opp. כָּאַב), Ec 7:3 (opp. כַּעַס), cf. שׂ׳ הַכְּסִיל v 6.

2. (object of) derision, הָיָה לִשׂ׳, Je 20:7; 48:26, 27 (read לִשׂ׳ for MT הַשּׂ׳ 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Gie Du; Co del. vv), v 39 La 3:14; elsewhere Jb 12:4^(×2).

3. sport Pr 10:23.

יִשְׂחָק n.pr.m. v. sub צחק.

† מִשְׂחָק n.[m.] object of derision, Hb 1:10.

[שֵׂט], שֵׂטִים v. [שׂוט].

† [שָׂטה] vb. turn aside (Aramaic סְטָא, ܣܛܳܐ id.; שְׂטָא stray; Ethiopic ሠጠየ iii. 1 be seduced, etc.; cf. Dr^{JPhil. xi (1882), 205});—

Qal Pf. 2 fs. שָׂטִית Nu 5:19, 20; Impf. 3 fs. תִּשְׂטֶה v 12, 29, juss. 3 ms. יֵשְׂטְ Pr 7:25; Imv. ms. שְׂטֵה 4:15;—turn aside, of unfaithful wife Nu 5:12 (abs.), + תַּחַת אִישׁ, i.e. while married, v 19 (+ טֻמְאָה adv. acc.), v 20, 29 (all P); of youth, from (מֵעַל) way of evil woman Pr 4:15, toward (אֶל) her ways 7:25.

† [שָׂטַם] vb. bear a grudge, cherish animosity, against (NH שָׂטַם Niph., 𝔗 Gn 27:41 שְׂטַם; perhaps akin to שׂטן q.v.);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּשְׂטֹם Gn 27:41, 3 mpl. sf. יִשְׂטְמוּנִי ψ 55:4, etc.;—cherish animosity against, acc. pers. Gn 27:41 (J), 49:23 (poem in J), 50:15 (E), + בְּאַף ψ 55:4; of י׳’s persistent assaults on Job, Jb 16:9; 30:21.

† מַשְׂטֵמָה n.f. animosity;—Ho 9:7 + v 8 (del. We, cf. Now).

שׂטן (√ of following).

† שָׂטָן n.m. ^{ψ 109:6} 1. adversary. 2. Satan (NH שָׂטָן, סָטָן; Aramaic שָׂטָנָא, סָטָנָא, Syriac ܣܳܛܳܢܳܐ (Hebr.); NH vb. סָטַן, Aramaic סְטַן; Arabic شَطَنَ is be remote, especially from the truth, and from the mercy of God; شَيْطَانٌ Satan, Ethiopic ሰይጣን );—

1. adversary, in gen., personal or national; (ל) הָיָה לְשׂ׳ Nu 22:22 (JE), 1 S 29:4 (cf. Nes^{Marg. 15}), 2 S 19:23, יָצָא לְשׂ׳ Nu 22:32 (JE); שׂ׳ 1 K 5:18; 11:25; הֵקִים שׂ׳ ל, subj. God 1 K 11:14, 23, cf. ψ 109:6 (‖ רָשָׁע).

2. superhuman adversary, הַשּׂ׳: a. of Job, one of בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים Jb 1:6, 7^(×2), 8, 9, 12^(×2); 2:1, 2^(×2), 3, 4, 6, 7. b. of h. p. of Isr. bef. י׳, Zc 3:1, 2^(×2); 𝔊 ὁ διάβολος. c. as n.pr. שׂ׳ Satan 1 Ch 21:1 (interpr. 2 S 24:1), 𝔊 διάβολος (𝔊 σατάν †1 K 11:14, 23; Σατανᾶς Mt 4:10; Mk 1:13; Lk 10:18 + 33 times NT).

† [שָׂטַן] vb.denom. (Gerber³⁰) be or act as adversary;—

Qal Impf. 3 mpl. sf. יִשְׂטְנוּנִי ψ 38:21; 109:4; Inf. cstr. sf. לְשִׂטְנוֹ Zc 3:1; Pt. pl. cstr. שֹטְנֵי ψ 71:13, sf. שֹטְנַי 109:20, שׂוֹטְנַי v 29.

† I. שִׂטְנָה n.f. accusation;—Ezr 4:6.

† II. שִׂטְנָה n.pr. putei (hostility) Gn 26:21 (J).

[שִׂיא], שִׂיאֹן v. נשׂא.

† [שִׂיב] vb. be hoary (NH שֵׂיבָה old age; Assyrian šêbu, aged man; Arabic شَابَ (ى) become hoary, Ethiopic ሤበ (in deriv.); Aramaic סִיב be old; ܣܶܐܒ grow old, ܣܰܝ̈ܒܳܬܳܐ grey hair);—

Qal Pf. 1 s. זָקַנְתִּי וָשַׂ֫בְתִּי 1 S 12:2; Pt. שָׂב Jb 15:10 (+ יָשִׁישׁ aged).

† [שֵׂיב] n.[m.] (hoary) age;—sf. שֵׂיבוֹ 1 K 14:4.

† שֵׂיבָה n.f. hoary head, old age;—abs. שׂ׳ Ho 7:9 +; cstr. שֵׂיבַת Gn 44:31; sf. שֵׂיבָתִי 42:38; 44:29, etc.;—

1. grey hair, hoary head Ho 7:9 (fig.), Gn 42:38; 44:29, 31 (all J), 1 K 2:6, 9; Pr 16:31; 20:29; אִישׁ שׂ׳ Dt 32:25 (opp. יוֹנֵק); ‖ זָקֵן Lv 19:32 (H), ‖ זִקְנָה Is 46:4, + id., ψ 71:18 (in these transition to foll.); fig. of sea Jb 41:24.

2. old age, שׂ׳ טוֹבָה Gn 15:15 (JE), 25:8 (P), Ju 8:32; 1 Ch 29:28; שׂ׳ also ψ 92:15 (trees, in fig. of righteous), Ru 4:15, + 2 S 19:34 (𝔊 Ew Th Bu Kit, cf. We Dr HPS, אֶת־שֵׂיבָֽתְךָ, for אֹתְךָ).

שִׂיג v. I. [סוג].

שׂיד (√ of foll.: NH סִיד lime, סַיָּד white-washer; Aramaic סִידָא, ܣܰܝܕܳܐ lime, Arabic شِيدٌ (not loan-word, cf. Frä⁸)).

† שִׂיד n.[m.] lime, whitewash;—always שׂ׳;—lime, produced by burning bones Am 2:1, in sim. Is 33:12; as whitewash Dt 27:2, 4.

† [שִׂיד, שׂוּד] vb. denom. whitewash;—

Qal Pf. 2 ms. וְשַׂדְתָּ֫ אֹתָם בַּשִּׂיד Dt 27:2, 4.

שֵׂיוֹ, שְׂיֵהוּ v. שֶׂה.

I. שׂיח (√ of foll.; NH שִׂיחַ speak, שִׂיחָה, סִיחָה conversation (often); Aramaic שִׂיחַ speak; Nö^{ZMG xxxviii (1883), 538} cp. Arabic شَاحَ (ى) be eager, diligent, whence (Buhl) eager occupation with sthg. as orig. meaning in Heb., but conjectural).

† I. שִׂיחַ n.m. ^{ψ 104:34} complaint, musing;—abs. שׂ׳ 1 K 18:27; Pr 23:29; sf. שִׂיחִי 1 S 1:16 +, שִׂחִי Jb 23:2, שִׂיחוֹ 2 K 9:11 ψ 102:1;—

1. plaint, complaint: Jb 7:13; 9:27; 10:1 (‖ מר נפשׁ), 21:4; 23:2 Pr 23:29 ψ 55:3 (‖ אָהִימָה); קוֹלִי בְּשִׂיחִי 64:2; שָׁפַךְ שׂ׳ לפני י׳ 102:1; 142:3. Foll. are dub.:

2. musing, 1 K 18:27 (E) of a god, ‖ שִׂיג לוֹ, (so RV; SS ‘nachdenken’; Buhl ‘beschäftigt sein’; AV talk); ψ 104:34 of man (Buhl SS. Bae ‘Rede, oder Gesang’).—Vid. also [שֵׂחַ] infr.

3. anxiety, trouble: מֵרֹב שִׂיחִי 1 S 1:16; (defined in MT by כַּעַס, cf. HPS; so Buhl SS, but perhaps = 1).

4. the way in which he talks: שִׂיחוֹ 2 K 9:11.

† שִׂיחָה n.f. id.;—abs. שׂ׳ ψ 119:99 Jb 15:4; sf. שִׂיחָתִי ψ 119:97;—

1. complaint: שׂ׳ לִפְנֵי־אֵל Jb 15:4; (so Bu al., cf. שִׂיחַ 1 De al. meditation, cf. [גָּרַע]).

2. (obj. of) musing, study: תּוֹרָה ψ 119:97; עֵדוּת v 99.

† שִׂיחַ vb.denom. muse, complain, poet. talk (of);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. יָשִׂיחַ ψ 119:23; 3 fs. sf. תְּשִׂיחֶ֑ךָ Pr 6:22; 1 s. אָשִׂיחַ ψ 119:78 +, etc.; Imv. ms. שִׂיחַ Jb 12:8; mpl. שִׂיחוּ Ju 5:10 +; Inf. cstr. שִׂיחַ ψ 119:148;— 1. complain: ψ 55:18; 77:4 (both ‖ הָמָה), Jb 7:11 (בְּמַר נַפְשִׁי), + ψ 6:7 (read prob. אָשִׂיחָה for אַשְׂחֶה). 2. muse: עִם־לְבָבִי ψ 77:7; c. ב, meditate upon, study, God’s עֲלִילוֹת v 13 (‖ הָגָה); פִּקּוּדִים 119:15, 78; חֻקִּים v 23, 48; נִפְלָאוֹת v 27; אִמְרָה v 148; c. acc. דִּבְרֵי נִפְלְאֹתֶיךָ 145:5. 3. a. talk (about), sing (of): abs. Ju 5:10 (ode); c. ב rei, ψ 105:2 = 1 Ch 16:9 (‖ שִׁיר, זִמֵּר; so SS Gerber, but poss. = 2, so Dr), ψ 69:13 (ב pers. against; ‖ נְגִינוֹת, of mocking words). b. c. sf. pers. talk (with) Pr 6:22 (del. Toy); c. לְ speak to Jb 12:8 (Di ‘sprich sinnend’; Hi Bu read שֶׁרֶץ; Kau חַיַּת (so Bu as altern.), Bö al. sub II. שִׂיחַ). Pôlʿel meditate, consider: Impf. 3 ms. יְשׂוֹחֵחַ Is 53:8 (abs.); 1 s. אֲשׂוֹחֵחַ ψ 143:5 (ב rei; ‖ הָגָה).

[שֵׂחַ] n.[m.] thought;—sf. מַגִּיד לְאָדָם מַה־ שֵּׂחוֹ Am 4:13; read prob. שִׂחוֹ (against Ba^{NB 79, 80}) unless otherwise corrupt.

II. שׂיח (√ of foll.; cf. perhaps Assyrian šâḫu, grow, grow up (of trees), šiḫtu, appar. a shoot, sprout; NH = BH; Pun. שח; Syriac ܣܺܝܚܳܐ artemisia Judaica, cf. Wetzst^{Reisebericht 4, 41} Löw^{p. 78}, so Arabic شِيحٌ Lane ¹⁶²⁸ (cf. Lag^{BN 159})).

† II. שִׂיחַ n.[m.] bush, shrub, plant;—שׂ׳ abs. coll. Jb 30:4, cstr. שׂ׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Gn 2:5 (J); pl. שִׂיחִים Jb 30:7, אַחַד הַשִּׂיחִם Gn 21:15 (E).

I, II. שִׂים, שִׂימָה etc., v. I, II. שׂום.

שֵׂךְ, שֻׂכָּה v. IV. שׂכך.

שֹׂךְ v. II. שׂכך.

שׂכה (√ of foll.; NH סָכָה look out, Aramaic סְכָא look out, hope, סַכְוָאָה watchman, סָכוּתָא (for Heb. מִצְפָּה) outlook-point; ܣܟܳܐ Pa. hope for; Arabic شَكَا (و, ى) is complain (i.e. disclose grief?), مِشْكَاةٌ lamp-niche, Ethiopic መስኮት: window).

† שֶׂכְוִי n.[m.] perhaps a celestial appearance, phenomenon (Rabb. Thes mind; De(afterTalm.) cock (cf. NH שֶׂכְוִי cock, שֶׂכְוְיָה hen, foreign words acc. Dalm), Di ‘Wolkengebilde’);—abs. שׂ׳ perhaps of clouds (cf. ‖ טֻחוֹת) Jb 38:36 (RV^m meteor).

† [שְׂכִיָּה] n.f. very dub., only pl. cstr. שְׂכִיּוֹת הַחֶמְדָּה Is 2:16: perhaps gen. term, 𝔙 quod visu pulchrum est, Ges^Comm. ‘köstliche Anblicke,’ cf. De; others refer to imagery (cf. מַשְׂכִּית; as attracting the gaze) Che^Comm. RV Du; watchtowers (v. Aramaic) Ew Di RV^m.; standards (as conspicuous) Thes; ships (id.) (Bennett [private letter], and now Gunk^{Schöpfung 50} Che^Hpt Marti, cf. ‖ אֳנִיּוֹת; SS Bu Jb 40:31 proposes שְׂפִינֹת = ס׳ ships).

† מַשְׂכִּית n.f. show-piece, figure, imagination;—abs. מ׳ Lv 26:1, sf. מַשְׂכִּיּתוֹ Ez 8:12, מַשְׂכִּתוֹ Pr 18:11; pl. cstr. מַשְׂכִּיּוֹת Pr 25:11 ψ 73:7, sf. מַשְׂכִּיֹּתָם Nu 33:52;—

1. show-piece, specif. carved figure, of idolatrous symbols, Nu 33:52 (P; ‖ צַלְמֵי מַסֵּכֹתָם), אֶכֶן מ׳ Lv 26:1 (‖ מַצֵּבָה etc.), חַדְרֵי מ׳ Ez 8:12 (>del. Co); elsewhere מ׳ כֶּסֶף Pr 25:11 silver carvings.

2. imagination, conceit, Pr 18:11, מ׳ לֵבָב ψ 73:7.

† שָֽׂכְיָה (so Baer Gi; var. שַׂכְיָא; van d. H. שָׁבְיָה; Kit^Hpt dub.) n.pr.m. in Benj. 1 Ch 8:10; Σαβια, Σεβια, 𝔊L Σεχια; 𝔖 𝔙 Sechia.

† שַׂכִּין n.[m.] knife (NH סַכִּין; prob. loan-word (Lewy^{Fremdw. 176}) from Aramaic סַכִּינָא, ܣܰܟܹܝܢܳܐ id., whence also Arabic سِكِّينٌ Nö^{M 125} Frä ⁸⁴; √ dub.);—abs. שׂ׳ Pr 23:2.

† שֵׂ֫כוּ n.pr.loc. (si vera l.) near Ramah (= outlook, Kö^{ii. 1, 61});—1 S 19:22; WMM^{As. u. Eur. 165} cp. T̲-ku in Egyptian inscr.; but 𝔊 Σεφ(ε)ι; read שְׁפִי Th We Dr Kit Bu HPS.

I. [שָׂכַךְ] vb. cover, lay over, so as to screen (cf. ‖ √ I. סכך);—

Qal Pf. 1 s. וְשַׂכֹּתִי כַפִּי עָלֶיךָ Ex 33:22 (JE).

† II. [שָׂכַךְ] vb. weave (cf. ‖ √ II. סכך); Pôʿ. Impf. 2 ms. sf. תְּשׂכְכֵנִי Jb 10:11 with bones and sinews thou weavest me together.

† [שׂךְ] n.[m.] booth, pavilion (שׂ׳ perhaps erron., cf. סֹךְ, סֻכָּה sub II. סכך);—sf. שֻׂכּוֹ La 2:6 his [י׳’s pavilion (‖ מֹעֲדוֹ).

III. שׂכך (√ of foll.; cf. I. שׂוך, II. סוך).

† [מְשֻׂכָּה] n.f. hedge;—sf. מְשׂוּכָּתוֹ Is 5:5 (if כּ right); perhaps read מְשֻׂכָה v. sub I. שׂוך.

IV. [שָׂכַךְ] Pilp. prick or spur on (cf. Arabic شَاكَ pierce (perhaps denom. from) شَوْكٌ thorn, شَوْكَةٌ point of spear, etc.; Ethiopic ሦክ thorn);—prick or spur on, acc. pers.: Pf. 1 S וְסִכְסַכְתִּ֫י Is 19:2 (+ ב against); Impf. 3 ms. יְסַכְסֵךְ 9:10.

† [שֵׂךְ] n.[m.] thorn;—pl. שִׂכִּים Nu 33:55 (P; ‖ צְנִינִם).

† [שֻׂכָּה] n.f. barb, spear;—pl. שֻׂכּוֹת Jb 40:31.

† I. שָׂכַל vb. be prudent (Gerber⁴⁷ denom. from שֶׂכֶל, but vb. early; NH סָכַל, Hithp. shew oneself attentive (to), look; Aramaic סְכַל (rare) understand, Ithpa. look (at), consider, Aph. instruct; שְׂכַל only Aph. (for Heb. הִשְׂכִּיל), understand, make wise; ܣܟܰܠ Pa. teach, Ethpa. understand, etc.; Sam. ࠎࠊࠋ Ithpa. look (for Heb. הִבִּיט); Assyrian šiklu, clever, šiklûtu, cleverness, Meissn^{Suppl. 93});—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ 1 S 18:30 be prudent, circumspect (SS HPS); Kit Buhl Gerber al. prosper.

Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׂכִּיל Je 23:5; 1 Ch 28:19; 1 s. הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי ψ 119:99; 3 mpl. הִשְׂכִּילוּ Jb 34:27 +; Impf. יַשְׂכִּיל 1 S 18:5 +; 2 ms. juss. תַּשְׂכֵּל Dn 9:25, etc.; Imv. mpl. הַשְׂכִּילוּ ψ 2:10; Inf. abs. הַשְׂכֵּל Je 9:23 +; הַשְׂכֵּיל (Ges^{§ 53 k}) Je 3:15; Jb 34:35; cstr. הַשְׂכִּיל Gn 3:6 +, etc.; Pt. מַשְׂכִּיל 1 S 18:14 +, f. מַשְׂכָּ֑לֶת Pr 19:14; pl. מַשְׂכִּילִים Dn 11:35 +, etc.; meanings hard to classify: scholars differ greatly;— 1. look at: נֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל Gn 3:6 (J) was desirable to look upon (so 𝔊 Ges De; AV, RV to make one wise; Ew Di Buhl SS Dr al. sub 3). 2. give attention to, consider, ponder: Is 41:20; 44:18; Dt 32:29 ψ 64:10; 106:7; Jb 34:27; c. לְ Pr 21:12; c. אֶל ψ 41:2; Ne 8:13; c. עַל Pr 16:20; c. ב ψ 101:2; Dn 9:13. 3. have insight, comprehension: Je 9:23 (‖ יָדַע י׳), ψ 94:8 (‖ בִּין), 119:99; Dn 1:4; 9:25 (‖ יָדַע); הַשְׂכֵּ(י)ל as subst. = insight, understanding: as י׳’s gift to ruler and teacher, ‖ דֵּעָה Je 3:15; ‖ דַּ֫עַת Jb 34:35; ‖ מַדָּע Dn 1:17; מוּסַר הַשׂ׳ Pr 1:3; דֶּרֶךְ הַשׂ׳ 21:16. 4. cause to consider, give insight, teach: י׳ subj., acc. rei, 1 Ch 28:19, acc. pers. ψ 32:8; Ne 9:20; Gabriel subj., 2 acc. Dn 9:22; לֵב חָכָם subj., acc. rei Pr 16:23; c. לְ, Pr 21:11; הַמַּשְׂכִּילִים שֵׂכֶל טוֹב לי׳ 2 Ch 30:22 (but Be Ke Benz etc. who shewed good skill, sc. in music, v 21b); (הַ)מַשְׂכִּילִים Dn 11:33, 35; 12:3, 10 the teachers (so Ew Hi Bev; Thes Ke Behrm al. the wise). 5. act circumspectly, prudently: abs. Am 5:13 ψ 2:10; 36:4; מַשְׂכִּיל as subst. ψ 14:2 = 53:3, Pr 10:5, 19; 14:35; 15:24; 17:2; Jb 22:2; אִשָּׁה מַשְׂכָּ֑לֶת Pr 19:14.—Je 50:9 has גִּבּוֹר מַשְׁכִּיל according to Mas. (van d. H. Baer Gi), cf. 𝔙, i.e. a child-slaying warrior; but שׁ׳ Hiph. elsewhere only Ho 9:14, of miscarriage; 𝔊 𝔖 Ew and most mod. (Gf Gie Rothst) read מַשְׂכִּיל, either skilful or fortunate. 6. prosper, have success (cf. Dr 1 S 18:5): abs. 1 S 18:15; Is 52:13; Je 10:21; 20:11; 23:5; Jos 1:8 (D); c. ב, v 7 (D) 1 S 18:5, 14 (read בְּכָל־ for לְכָל־ Vrss Th HPS al.), cf. 2 K 18:7; c. אֶל, Pr 17:8. 7. cause to prosper: Dt 29:8; 1 K 2:3 (D).

שֵׂ֫כֶל, שֶׂ֫כֶל n.m. prudence, insight;—שֵׂ֫׳ abs. ψ 111:10 +, cstr. Pr 19:11 +; שֶׂ׳ abs. 1 S 25:3 +; שָׂ֑כֶל Jb 17:4; sf. שִׂכְלוֹ Pr 12:8; Dn 8:25;—

1. prudence, good sense: טוֹבַת שׂ׳ woman of good sense 1 S 25:3.

2. insight, understanding: ‖ בִינָה 1 Ch 22:12; 2 Ch 2:11, cf. Jb 17:4; שׂ׳ טוֹב Pr 3:4; 13:15 ψ 111:10; 2 Ch 30:22; אִישׁ שׂ׳ Ezr 8:18; יוֹעֵץ בְּשׂ׳ 1 Ch 26:14; מְקוֹר חַיִּים שׂ׳ בְּעָלָיו Pr 16:22; restrains from anger 19:11, wins praise 12:8, fool despises שׂ׳ מִלִּים 23:9; שׂוֹם שׂ׳ Ne 8:8 (‖ הֵבִין) set forth (the) understanding (i.e. the meaning).

3. bad sense, cunning, craft, Dn 8:25.

† מַשְׂכִּיל n.m. contemplative poem (Hiph. 2. De al.);—in titles of ψψ 32, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 74, 78, 88, 89, 142; also 47:8 זַמְּרוּ מ׳: > Ges al. didactic poem (√ 4); Ew Ri Pe al. skilful, artistic song (√ 3); √ 2 alone fits all cases.

† II. [שָׂכַל] vb.

Pi. lay crosswise (so, and not √ I. שׂ׳, 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 𝔗 Jon and mod., cf. Arabic شَكَلَ bind legs of beast, plait locks of hair);—Pf. 3 ms. שִׂכֵּל אֶת־יָדָיו Gn 48:14 (J); Thes Dr, however, prudentes fecit, from √ I. שׂ׳.

שִׂכְלוּת Ec 1:17 v. סִכְלוּת.

† שָׂכַר vb. hire (NH id.; Sab. תשכר hire oneself out(?), recompense(?) DHM^{Hofmus. 11}; Ethiopic ሥኩር: hired; Arabic شَكَرَ reward, thank, mod. Pal. شكارة hired, of land ploughed by hire, Bergheim^{PEQ 1894, 196}; Palm. שכרא perhaps rewarding Lzb³⁷⁵);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ Dt 23:5, ס׳ Ezr 4:5 sf. שְׂכָרוֹ Ne 6:12; 1 s. sf. שְׂכַרְתִּיךָ Gn 30:16; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּשְׂכֹּר Ju 9:4 +, etc.; Inf. abs. שָׂכֹר Gn 30:16; cstr. לִשְׂכֹּר 1 Ch 19:6; Pt. act. שׂבֵר Pr 26:10^(×2), pl. שׂכְרִים 2 Ch 24:12 (Ezr 4:5 v. ii. סבר); pass. שָׂכוּר Ne 6:13;—hire, retainers Ju 9:4 (ב pret.), soldiers, etc. 2 S 10:6 = 1 Ch 19:6, 7; 2 K 7:6; 2 Ch 25:6 (ב pret.), priest Ju 18:4, artificers Is 46:6; 2 Ch 24:12, husband’s favour שָׂכֹר שְׂכַרְתִּיךָ Gn 30:16 (J; ב pret.); Pr 26:10^(×2) obscure, v. De Now Toy; for evil purpose Dt 23:5 = Ne 13:2 (עַל against), Ne 6:12, 13.

Niph. hire oneself out, Pf. בַּלֶּחֶם נִשְׂכָּ֑רוּ 1 S 2:5.

Hithp. earn wages, Pt. הַמִּשְׂתַּכֵּר Hg 1:6 (as subst.), מ׳ v 6 (as vb., + אֶל loc., constr. praegn.).

† שֶׂ֫כֶר n.[m.] hire, wages;—abs. עֹשֵׂי שׂ׳ Is 19:10 (= שָׂכִיר; cstr. Pr 11:18.

† I. שָׂכָר n.m. ^{Ez 29:18} hire, wages, only sg., not c. art.;—abs. שׂ׳ Nu 18:31 +, cstr. שְׂכַר Dt 15:18 +, sf. שְׂכָרִי Gn 30:18 +, etc.;—

1. wages, of servant, Gn 30:28, 32, 33 (J), 31:8^(×2); Ex 2:9 (all E), Dt 15:18 (שְׂ׳ שָׂכִיר), 24:15; 1 K 5:20; Zc 8:10; Mal 3:5 (שְׂ׳ שָׂכִיר); soldiers Ez 29:18, 19; shepherd (symb.) Zc 11:12^(×2); beast Ex 22:14 (E), Zc 8:10.

2. = reward, for work done, faithfulness, etc., Gn 15:1 (JE), 30:18 (E) in expl. of name יששכר, Nu 18:31 (P), כִּי יֵשׁ שׂ׳ לִפְעֻלָּתֵךְ Je 31:16 (cf. 2 Ch 15:7), Is 40:10 = 62:11 (fig. of reward of י׳’s labours), ψ 127:3; Ec 4:9; 9:5.

3. passage-money, fare, Jon 1:3.

† II. שָׂכָר n.pr.m.

1. father of hero of Dvd. 1 Ch 11:35, Αχαρ, A Σαχαρ, (‖ שָׁרָר 2 S 23:33).

2. doorkeeper 26:4, Σαχαρ.

† שָׂכִיר adj. hired;—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 12:45 +, f. שְׂכִירָה Is 7:20; cstr. שְׂכִיר Lv 25:53; sf. שְׂכִירְךָ v 6; pl. sf. שְׂכִרֶיהָ Je 46:21;—

1. hired, of beast Ex 22:14 (E), razor Is 7:20 (fig.).

2. usually as subst. hireling, hired labourer Dt 15:18; 24:14; Lv 19:13; 22:10; 25:6, 40, 53 (all H), Ex 12:45; Lv 25:50 (both P), Mal 3:5; Jb 7:1, 2; 14:6; כִּשְׁנֵי שׂ׳ Is 16:14 years like a hireling’s years (reckoned strictly), so 21:16; mercenaries Je 46:21.

יִשָּׂשׂכָר v. p. 441 supr.

† [מַשְׂכֹּ֫רֶת] n.f. wages;—sf.: wages of servant, מַשְׂכֻּרְתִּי Gn 31:7, 41, -תֶּ֑ךָ 29:15; = reward of faithfulness, -תֵּךְ Ru 2:12.

† שְׂלָו n.f. ^{Ex 16:13} quail (prob. foreign word; Arabic سَلْوَى, Syriac ܣܰܠܘܰܝ, Sam. ࠔࠋࠅࠉ );—quail, coturnix communis vel vulgaris (Tristr^{NHB 229 ff. FFP 124} Post^Hast.^{DB. quail}, Di Ex 16:13):—abs. coll. Nu 11:32 (J); Ex 16:13 (P), ψ 105:40 (in all Qr שְׂלָיו); pl. שַׂלְוִים Nu 11:31 (J; as if from sg. שַׂלְוֶה).

שַׂלְמָא i. שַׂלְמָה v. שַׂלְמוֹן.

II. שַׂלְמָה = שִׂמְלָה v. sub שׂמל.

† שַׂלמוֹן n.pr.m. father of Boaz Ru 4:21 (𝔊 Σαλμαν, A 𝔊L -μων), = שַׂלְמָה v 20 (𝔊 id.; read prob. -מוֹן), hence שַׂלְמָא 1 Ch 2:11^(×2) (Σαλμων), also (as father of Bethlehem, on identity v. Be Now^Ruth) v 51, 54 (Σαλωμων, 𝔊L Σαμ(α)α)—? read שַׂלְמוֹן in all.

† שַׂלְמַי n.pr.m. head of post-ex. family;—שׁ׳ Ezr 2:46 Qr (Kt. שׂמלי [cf. NH n.pr. שִׂמְלַי Dalman, Liḥy. שמל DHM^{Epigr. Denkm. Ar. No. 13}]; so Baer; van d. H. Gi Qr שַׁלְמַי; Σαμααν, A𝔊L Σελαμ(ε)ι) = שַׂלְמָ֑י Ne 7:48 (Σελαμει; א Σαμαει).

† [שָׂלַק] vb. kindle, burn (Ecclus 43:4^margin הִסִּיק, v 21, 23 הִשִּׂיק, burn; Aramaic (also Biblical Aramaic) סְלַק ascend, Aph. cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice; ܣܠܶܩ, Palm. סלק, ascend);—

Niph. Pf. 3 fs. אֵשׁ נִשְּׂקָה בְיַעֲקֹב ψ 78:21 a fire was kindled against Jacob.

Hiph. make a fire, burn: Pf. 3 pl. consec. וְהִשִּׂיקוּ, c. ב rei Ez 39:9; Impf. 3 ms. abs. יַשִּׂיק Is 44:15 (both ‖ בִּעֵר).

שְׂמֹאל, שְׂמֹאול (Baer Jos 1:7)₅₄ n.[m.] the left (NH id.; Assyrian šumêlu; Arabic شِمَالٌ (also شَمَالٌ and شَأْمَلٌ, شَامَلٌ north wind); Old Aramaic שמאל, Palm. (sf.) סמלך; Syriac ܣܶܡܳܠܴܐ; √ dub., שאם + ל Nö ^{M 128} Hom^{A. u. A. i. (1892), 21} Kö^{ii. 1. 143, 405}; (v. also Thes Dietr^{Wortforschung 234}), cf. Arabic شأم be unlucky, شَأْمَةٌ left, شَأَم, شَام north; Sab. שאם north, unlucky DHM^{Epigr. Denkm. 29; Epigr. Denkm. Ar. Nos. 6. 7}; other views in Sta^{§ 299} Lag^{BN 116});—שְׂמֹאל abs. Gn 13:9 +, cstr. 48:13; 2 K 23:8; שְׂמֹאול abs. Nu 20:17 +; sf. שְׂמֹאלֶ֑ךָ 2 S 2:21, שְׂמֹאלוֹ Gn 48:13 +, etc.;—opp. יָמִין except Gn 14:15; Ju 19:27; 2 K 23:8;—

1. left, region on the left, Gn 13:9 (J); on the left is עַל־שׂ׳ 2 K 23:8; Ez 16:46; Zc 4:3, 11, עַל־הַשּׂ׳ 1 Ch 6:29 cf. 2 Ch 18:18, also מִשּׂ׳ (a sinistra) Ex 14:22, 29 (P), 2 S 16:6 + 7 times + מֵהַשּׂ׳ 2 Ch 3:17; Ez 1:10, לִשׂ׳; Ec 10:2, שׂ׳ alone Jb 23:9; toward the left is עַל־שׂ׳ Gn 24:49 (J), 2 S 2:21; Zc 12:6, עַל־הַשּׂ׳ 2 S 2:19, שׂ׳ alone 1 S 6:12; Is 9:20 + 13 times

†2. יַד־שׂ׳ left hand, Ju 3:21; 7:20, so שׂ׳ alone Gn 48:13^(×2), 14 (E), Ju 16:29; Ez 39:3; Jon 4:11; Pr 3:16; Dn 12:7; Ct 2:6; 8:3.

†3. = north (on left of one facing east, cf. אָתוֹר d, יָמִין 4, קֶדֶם 1 b) Gn 14:15; Jos 19:27 (P); cf. Ez 16:46.

† [שִׂמְאֵל] vb. denom.

Hiph. take the left (always opp. הֵימִין):—Impf. cohort. אַשְׂמְאִ֫ילָה Gn 13:9; 2 mpl. תַּשְׂמְאִ֫ילוּ Is 30:21; Imv. fs. הַשְׂמִילִי (Ges^{§ 23 f} Kö^{i. 276}) Ez 21:21, cf. Inf. cstr. הַשְׂמִיל 2 S 14:19; Pt. מַשְׂמִאלִים 1 Ch 12:2;— 1. = go to the left Gn 13:9 (J), Ez 21:21. 2. fig. turn (aside) to the left (from true way) 2 S 14:19; Is 30:21. 3. use the left hand 1 Ch 12:2.

† שְׂמָאלִי adj. left, on the left;—שׂ׳ 1 K 7:21 +; f. שְׂמָאלִית Lv 14:15 +;—left (usually opp. יְמָנִי), pillar 1 K 7:21 = 2 Ch 3:17, side of temple 2 K 11:11 = 2 Ch 23:10, side of body Ez 4:4, palm Lv 14:15, 16, 26, 27 (P).

שָׂמַח, שָׂמֵ֑חַ, vb. rejoice, be glad (NH id.; cf. perhaps Assyrian šamâḫu, flourish, Arabic شَمَخَ be high, proud; Pun. n.pr. f. שמחת);—

Qal₁₂₆ Pf. 3 ms. שָׂמַח ψ 16:9 +; וְשָׂמֵ֑חַ consec. Pr 29:6; 3 fs. שָׂמֵ֑חָה Est 8:15; 2 ms. וְשָׂמַחְתָּ֫ Dt 12:18 +; 3 mpl. שָׂמֵ֑חוּ Ne 12:43, etc.; Impf. יִשְׂמַח Is 9:16 +, 3 mpl. יִשְׂמָ֑חוּ 65:13 ψ 69:33, 3 fpl. תִּשְׂמַחְנָה 2 S 1:20, etc.; Imv. ms. שְׂמַח Dt 33:18 +, fs. שִׂמְחִי Zp 3:14 +, שְׂמָ֑חִי Jo 2:21, etc.; Inf. cstr. שְׂמֹחַ Ez 35:14 +, etc.; Pt. v. שָׂמֵחַ adj.;—24 times ‖ גיל, less often ‖ רָנַן, עָלַז, שִׂישׂ, etc.;— 1. in common life: a. rejoice, c. ב pers. vel rei take pleasure in Ju 9:19^(×2); Dt 33:18; Ec 3:22 + 7 times + (prob.) בְּכָל־יָמֵינוּ ψ 90:14 (others ב temp.), cf. Ec 11:8; עַל pers. Is 39:2 + ‖ 2 K 20:13 (וישׂמח for MT וישׁמע Vrss mod.), עַל rei Jon 4:6; 2 Ch 15:15; c. cl. temp. Je 41:13 + 6 times + (of heart) Pr 23:15, in one’s heart Ex 4:14 (J); c. כִּי because Is 14:29 + 3 times; c. אֵת with Is 66:10; c. מִן pers. get pleasure from Pr 5:18; abs. 1 S 11:9; Ec 3:12; Pr 13:9 (fig. of prosperity; subj. אוֹר; opp. דָּעַךְ), + 8 times; c. ל rei at Jb 21:12. b. rejoice arrogantly, exult at, ל pers., Mi 7:8; Is 14:8; Ob 12 ψ 35:19, 24; 38:17, c. אֶל־ rei Ez 25:6, ב rei Jb 31:29 ψ 35:15; Pr 24:17; abs. Ho 9:1 (+ אֶל־גִּיל), 2 S 1:20 + 3 times, + (said of righteous by Eliphaz) Jb 22:19. 2. a. rejoice religiously, c. ב rei 1 S 2:1; Dt 12:7 ψ 21:2 + 7 times; c. בי׳, etc., Jo 2:23 ψ 32:11 + 10 times ψψ + 9:3 (+ אֶעֶלְצָה בָ֑ךְ); c. עַל rei 2 Ch 29:36, עַל inf. 1 Ch 29:9 a; c. לְמַעַן rei ψ 48:12; c. כִּי because 119:74; abs. Zc 2:14; 4:10; Jo 2:21; 1 Ch 29:9 b (c. acc. cogn.), 16:31 (of heavens) = ψ 96:11, ψ 97:1 (isles) + 18 times (12 times ψψ), + (of heart) Zc 10:7a ψ 16:9; 1 Ch 16:10, בְּכָל־לֵב Zp 3:14 (cf. Ex 4:14 1 a supr.); c. לִפְנֵי י׳ Is 9:2 and (of joyous feasting etc., at sanctuary) Lv 23:40 (H), Dt 12:12, 18; 16:11; 27:7, cf. 14:26; 1 S 11:15. b. subj. י׳, c. עַל pers. Is 9:16 (‖ רחם; Perles^{RÉJ xxxv. 63} be gentle, Arabic سَمُحَ), ב rei ψ 104:31.

Pi. Pf. 3 ms. וְשִׂמַּח consec. Dt 24:5, sf. שִׂמְּחָהוּ Je 20:15, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יְשַׂמַּח ψ 104:15 +, etc.; Imv. ms. שַׂמֵּחַ ψ 86:4, שַׂמַּח Pr 27:11, etc.; Inf. abs. שַׂמֵּחַ Je 20:15; Pt. מְשַׂמֵּחַ Ju 9:13, pl. cstr. מְשַׂמְּחֵי ψ 19:9;—cause to rejoice, gladden, c. acc. pers. (or equiv.), subj. pers. Dt 24:5; Je 20:15 (+ Inf. abs.), Pr 10:1; 15:20; 27:11; 29:3 (Ho 7:3 v. משׁח 2); especially subj. י׳ (God) Je 31:13 (c. מִן separ.) Is 56:7; 2 Ch 20:27 (c. מִן of source, v. Qal 1 a), Ezr 6:22; Ne 12:43 (+ acc. cogn.) ψ 86:4; 90:15; 92:5 (ב instr.), also, c. ל pers. cause to exult at ψ 30:2, id. c. עַל pers. La 2:17; subj. rei Ju 9:13 ψ 19:9; 45:9; 46:5; 104:15; Ec 10:19; Pr 12:25; 15:30; 27:9.

†Hiph. = Pi. Pf. 2 ms. הִשְׂמַחְתָּ ψ 89:43 (subj. י׳).

† שָׂמֵחַ adj.verb. glad, joyful, merry;—abs. שׂ׳ Dt 16:15 +, f. שְׂמֵחָה ψ 119:9; pl. שְׂמֵחִים 1 K 1:45 +, cstr. שִׂמְחֵי Is 24:17, שְׂמֵחֵי ψ 35:26;—

1. a. as adj. joyful, shewing joy, 1 K 1:45; Est 5:9 (+ טוֹב לֵב), v 14; אֵם שְׂמֵחָה ψ 113:9; לֵב שׂ׳ Pr 15:13; 17:22; at feast of tab. Dt 16:15, in thankfulness to י׳ ψ 126:3 (both pred. c. הָיָה), 1 K 8:66 (+ טוֹבֵי לֵב) = 2 Ch 7:10. b. = pt. 1 K 1:40 (‖ מְחַלְּלִים piping), 4:20; 2 K 11:14 (+ תֹּקֵעַ ב) = 2 Ch 23:13, מִן rei Ec 2:10.

2. as subst. הַשׂ׳ Am 6:13 (+ ל rei), Pr 2:14 (ל inf.), Jb 3:22 (+ אֱלֵי־גִיל; ‖ יָשִׂישׂוּ); שִׂמְחֵי־לֵב Is 24:7; of malicious joy שׂ׳ Pr 17:5 (ל rei), שְׂמֵחֵי רָעָתִי ψ 35:26.

שִׂמְחָה₉₃ n.f. joy, gladness, mirth;—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 31:37 +, cstr. שִׂמְחַת Is 9:2 +; sf. שִׂמְחָתִי ψ 137:6, etc.; pl. שְׂמָחוֹת ψ 16:11, -ת֗ 45:16;—

1. mirth, gladness, e.g. in festivity, Gn 31:27 (E), ψ 137:3, 6, 1 K 1:40; 1 S 18:6; Is 9:2^(×2); 16:10 ψ 45:16; יוֹם מִשְׁתֶּה וְשׂ׳ Est 9:17, 18, 22 cf. (יוֹם om.) v 19 (+ יוֹם טוֹב), v 22 (‖ יוֹם טוֹב), + 5 times, + קוֹל שׂ׳ Je 7:34 = 16:9 = 25:10 = 33:11; joy of heart Pr 14:10, 13; Ec 5:19; Ct 3:11, cf. (of inward joy) Jon 4:6; Pr 15:23; 21:15; = gaiety, pleasure Is 22:13; Ec 2:1, 2, 10; 8:15; 9:7, בֵּית שׂ׳ 7:4; שׂ׳ חָנֵף Jb 20:5, of foolish Pr 15:21; 21:17; malicious joy Ez 35:15 (ל rei), so שׂ׳ כָּל־לֵבָב 36:5.

2. ₄₆ (especially ψψ Chr) religious: 2 S 6:12 ‖ 1 Ch 15:16, 25; Jo 1:16 +; יוֹם שׂ׳ Nu 10:10 (P); עָשָׂה שׂ׳ i.e. make a (sacred) festivity 2 Ch 30:23; Ne 8:12; 12:27; שִׂמְחַת עוֹלָם Is 35:10 = 51:11; 61:7; שׂ׳ c. עַל pers. Ne 12:44; joy of heart Is 30:29; Je 15:16; as gift of י׳ ψ 4:8; 21:7 + 7 times + (in mockery) Is 66:5.

†3. joy of י׳ Zp 3:17.

†4. glad result, happy issue ψ 106:5 (‖ טוֹבָה), Pr 10:28; 12:20 (Gr. אֱמֻנָה, Toy מִשְׁפָּט; opp. מִרְמָה).

† שְׂמִיכָה n.f. rug or thick coverlet(?);—abs. Ju 4:18 (v. GFM).

שׂמל (√ of foll.; Arabic شَمَلَ enclose, envelope; شَمْلَةٌ cloak, Lane¹⁶⁰⁰ Dozy^{Vétements, 59 f., 232 f.}).

† שִׂמְלָה n.f. wrapper, mantle;—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 9:23 +, cstr. שִׂמְלַת Dt 21:13; 22:5; sf. שִׂמְלָֽתְךָ Dt 8:4, etc.; pl. שְׂמָלֹת Gn 45:22^(×2) +, sf. שִׂמְלֹתָם 44:13 +, etc.;—wrapper, mantle (of man or [Ru 3:3 +] woman), usually square piece of cloth worn as outer garment (v. Mackie^{Hast.DB i. 625}; Benz^{Ency. Bib. iii. 2932}), Gn 35:2 Ex 22:26 (both E), Dt 8:4; 10:18; 21:13; 22:3; Is 3:6, 7; 9:4; 2 S 12:20 Kt, Ru 3:3 Kt (Qr in both pl.); as covering in sleep Gn 9:23 (J; cf. Ex 22:26), bed-covering Dt 22:17; covering or receptacle for articles Ex 12:34 (E), Ju 8:25 1 S 21:10, cf. Pr 30:4; more gen. garment, Dt 22:5, clothes (pl.) Gn 37:34; 44:13 (J), 41:14 Ex 19:10, 14 (all E), Jos 7:6 (JE), Is 4:1; as costly gifts Gn 45:22^(×2) Ex 3:22; 12:35 (all E).

† שַׂמְלָה n.pr.m. kg. of Edom Gn 36:36, 37 (P; Σαμ(α)λα) = 1 Ch 1:47, 48 (Σαμαα, Σαβαα).

† II. שַׂלְמָה n.f.id.(transp. from שִׂמְלָה);—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 22:8 +, cstr. שַׂלְמַת v 25; sf. שַׂלְמָתוֹ Dt 24:13; pl. שְׂלָמוֹת Jos 9:5 +, sf. שַׂלְמֹתֵיהֶם v 13, etc.;—garment (of man or [Ct 4:11] woman): outer garment Ex 22:8, 25 (E), Jos 9:5, 13 (JE), Dt 24:13; 1 K 11:29, 30 ψ 104:2 (fig.); in gen. clothes (pl.) Dt 29:4; Ne 9:21; Jb 9:31; Ct 4:11; as costly gifts 1 K 10:25 = 2 Ch 9:24; as booty Jos 22:8 (late).—Mi 2:8 read prob. שֹׁלְמֹה (Roorda, RS^{Proph. vii. N. 4}), or שֹׁלְמִים (We Now GASm), him (those) at pease (with him), cf. 𝔊𝔖.

שׂמלי Kt Ezr 2:46 v. שַׂלְמַי supr.

[שָׂמַל] Hiph. v. [שַׂמְאַל] supr.

† שְׂמָמִית n.f. a kind of lizard (so 𝔊 𝔙 𝔗 Lv 11:30 cf. Str Pr (also on שׂ > שׁ));—abs. שׂ׳ Pr 30:28 (cf. Shipley-Cook^{Ency.Bib. Lizard}).

שׂמר (appar. √ of foll.; meaning dub.).

[מַשְׂמֵר], מַשְׂמְרוֹת Ec 12:11, v. [מַסְמֵר], p. 702.

שָׂנֵא₁₄₅ vb. hate (NH id.; MI⁴ שנאי my foes; Sab. שנאם foe Sab.Denkm^{No. 12, l, 9} cf. Ib.^{No. 7, l. 9} CIS^{iv, No. 173, l. 6}; Arabic شنأ, شَنَىَٔ, hate; Aramaic סְנָא, ܣܢܳܐ, id., סָנְאָה, ܣܳܢܳܐܐ hater, etc.; Ethiopic hate is ጸልአ: );—

Qal₁₂₈ Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ Dt 12:31 +, sf. שְׂנֵאָהּ 2 S 13:15 +; 2 ms. שָׂנֵאתָ ψ 5:6 +, sf. שְׂנֵאתַ֫נִי Ju 14:16, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂנָא Pr 13:5; 26:28, sf. יִשְׂנָאֶ֑ךָּ 9:8, etc.; Imv. mpl. שִׂנְאוּ Am 5:15 ψ 97:10; Inf. abs. שָׂנֹא Ju 15:2; cstr. שְׂנֹא Gn 37:5 +, שְׂנֹאת Pr 8:13; Pt. act. שֹׂנֵא Dt 4:42 +, שֹׂנַאֲךָ Ex 23:5 Pr 25:21; pl. cstr. שֹׂנְאֵי Ex 18:21 +, etc.; pass. fs. שְׂנוּאָה Gn 29:31 +; mpl. cstr. שְׂנֻאֵי 2 S 5:8 Qr (> Kt שָֽׂנְאוּ);—hate (often opp. אָהֵב): 1. human; a. c. acc. pers. Gn 26:27 (J), 37:5, 8 (E), Ju 11:7; 2 S 13:22; Am 5:10 (‖ תֵּעֵב) + 17 times (evil-doers †ψ 26:5; 31:7; 139:21), + (obj. wife) Ju 14:16; 15:2^(×2); + pt. pass., of wife, †Gn 29:31^(×2) (J), Dt 21:15^(×2), 16, 17, cf. Pr 30:23; fig. of Zion Is 60:15 (+ עֲזוּבָה); specif. of sexual revulsion †2 S 13:15^(×2) (+ acc. cogn.), Dt 22:13, 16; 24:3; so, obj. man (of Jerus. under fig. of harlot) †Ez 16:37; pass. שְׂנֻאֵי נֶפֶשׁ דָּוִד 2 S 5:8 (but v. obscure); reflex. (acc. נַפְשׁוֹ) †Pr 29:24, abs. †Ec 3:8. b. c. acc. rei, Ez 35:6 (but read בְּדָם אָשַׁמְתָּ 𝔊 𝔖 Co Berthol Toy), Ec 2:17, 18, especially evil Ex 18:21 (E), Mi 3:2 ψ 45:7 + 10 times, virtue, etc. Mi 3:2 Pr 1:22 + 4 times 2. subj. י׳; obj. perverse Isr. †Am 6:8 (its palaces), Ho 9:15 Je 12:8; wickedness ψ 5:6; 11:5; idolatry and evil Am 5:21 Is 1:14; 61:8; Je 44:4; Mal 2:16 + 5 times 3. Pt.act.₅₄ as adj. Is 66:5 (as vb. c. 1 s. pron. 61:8, 2 supr.); usually subst., Pr 13:24 one hating his son (opp. אֹהֵב); elsewhere = enemy, foe (usually cstr. or c. sf.), sg. and pl. (often ‖ אֹיֵב, sometimes opp. אֹהֵב): foe of man Ex 23:5 (E), Gn 24:60 (J), Lv 26:17 (H) +, nation Ex 1:10 (E), Est 9:1, 5, 16 +, abs. Pr 26:24; 27:6, (c. 31 times in all); + לֹא שֹׂנֵא c. ל pers., a no-hater to one Dt 4:42; 19:4, 6; Jos 20:5, and (without לֹא) Dt 19:11; foe of good Mi 3:2, cf. Jb 34:17 + 3 times, of evil †Ex 18:21; Pr 28:1, cf. 15:27; of suretyship †11:15 (i.e. not giving it); foes of י׳ †Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9; Dt 7:10^(×2); 2 Ch 19:2.

†Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׂנֵא Pr 14:17 is hated, so v 20 (+ ל pers. by, v. לְ 5 d).

†Pi. Pt. sf. מְשַׂנְאִי Jb 31:29; ψ 55:13; pl. cstr. מְשַׂנְאֵי 81:16; sf. מְשַׂנְאַי 2 S 22:41 +, etc.;—enemy (Qal 3) ‖ אֹיֵב, צָר, etc.: 1. personal and national, Jb 31:29 Dt 33:11 (poem), 2 S 22:41 = ψ 18:41, ψ 44:8, 11; 55:13; 68:2; 89:24. 2. of י׳ Nu 10:35 (J), Dt 32:41 (poem), ψ 81:16; 83:3; 139:21. 3. of wisdom Pr 8:36.

† [שָׂנִיא] adj. hated, held in aversion;—fs. הַשְּׂנִיאָה Dt 21:15b the hated (wife; v. √ 1 a); but read probably הַשְּׂנוּאָה (as v 15a bis, 16).

† שִׂנְאָה n.f. hating, hatred;—abs. שׂ׳ Nu 35:20 +, cstr. שִׂנְאַת Dt 1:27; Pr 25:10; sf. שִׂנְאָתֶיךָ; Ez 35:11 (pl. -אֹתֶיךָ prob. meant, Kö^{ii. 1, § 88} cf. Ol^{§ 131 k}, but < read שִׂנְאָֽתְךָ 𝔊 Co Berthol Toy, cf. Ges^{§ 91: l}), etc.;—hatred (sometimes opp. אַהֲבָה):

1. human, Nu 35:20 (P), Ez 23:29; 35:11 Pr 10:12, 18; 15:17; 26:26 ψ 109:5 Ec 9:1, 6; דִּבְרֵי שׂ׳ ψ 109:3; emphatic, שִׂנְאַת חָמָס 25:19, תַּכְלִית שׂ׳ 139:22 (against י׳’s foes), also (of sexual revulsion) שׂ׳ גְּדוֹלָה 2 S 13:15 (all acc. cogn.).

2. י׳’s hating, as vb., c. acc. pers., Dt 1:27; 9:28.

† שְׂנִיר n.pr.mont. Σανειρ: Amorite name of Ḥermon Dt 3:9, whence came cypress-trees Ez 27:5, prob. northern peak(s) of Ḥ. 1 Ch 5:23 Ct 4:8 (where + חֶרְמוֹן); so Arabic سنير, Abulf^{ed. Par. 68}, Syriac ܣܢܺܝܪ, Ecclus 24:13 al., Assyrian Saniru COT Dt 3:9 Dl^{Pa 104}. Vid. also Dr Dt 3:9 Buhl^{Geogr. 110 f. and reff.} [van d. H. erron. שׁ׳ Dt Ct].

שׂעף (√ of foll.; Thes al. identif. with סעף divide (q.v.), whence foll. as branching out, involved; BA^{ES 56} cp. شَغَفَ strike the (شَغَافٌ) pericardium, شَغِفَ be disquieted by a thing).

† שְׂעִפִּים n.[m.]pl. disquietings, = disquieting or excited thoughts;—שׂ׳ Jb 4:13; sf. שְׂעִפַּי (Baer שְׂעִיפַּי) Jb 20:2 (‖ חוּשִׁי).

† [שַׂרְעַפִּים] n.[m.]pl. disquieting thoughts (cf. סַרְעַפָּה sub סעף, Ges^{§ 85 w});—sf. שַׂרְעַפַּי ψ 94:19 (appar. of anxious doubts); as secrets -פָּ֑י, 139:23 (open to י׳; ‖ לְבָבִי).

I. שׂער (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic شَعِرَ be hairy, شَعْرٌ, شَعَرٌ, hair, so NH = BH, Ethiopic ሥዔርት Aramaic סַעְרָא or (שׂ׳), ܣܰܥܪܳܐ, ܣܥܰܪܬܳܐ; Assyrian šârtu, hairy skin; on Gk. deriv. v. Lewy^{Fremdw. 86}, Egyptian v. Bondi⁶⁴ WMM⁹⁹).

שֵׂעָר₂₇ n.m.Lv 13:3 hair;—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 25:25 +, cstr. שְׂעַר Ju 16:22 +, שַׂ֫עַר Is 7:20 (Ges^{§ 93 hh} Kö^{ii. 1. 78}); sf. שְׂעָרֵךְ Ez 16:7, שַׂעֲרֵךְ Ct 4:1, 6:5 (Kö^l.c.); שְׂעָרוֹ Lv 14:8 +, שְׂעָרָהּ v 20, שְׂעָרָהֿ v 4 (Ges^{§ 91 e});—hair:

1. of animals, as material, אַדֶּרֶת שׂ׳ Gn 25:25 (J), Zc 13:4; prob. also אִישׁ בַּעַל שׂ׳ 2 K 1:8 i.e. a man with a garment of skin.

2. human: שׂ׳ רֹאשׁוֹ Ju 16:22 2 S 14:26 Nu 6:5 (P), cf. v 18 (P); + beard Ezr 9:3; קָדְקֹד שׂ׳ ψ 68:22; incl. head, beard, eyebrows Lv 14:8, 9, 10 (P); שׂ׳ הָרַגְלַיִם Is 7:20 (i.e. of genitals; + רֹאשׁ, זָקָן; in fig.) long hair of woman Ez 16:7 Ct 4:1; 6:5; hair of skin in (leprosy-) marks Lv 13:3 + 10 times 13 (P).

† שַׂעֲרָה n.f. a hair, nom. unit (Ges^{§ 122 times});—abs. Ju 20:16: cstr. in phr. מִשַּׂעֲרַת רֹאשׁוֹ 1 S 14:45 a single hair of his head, cf. 2 S 14:11 1 K 1:52 (v. מִן 3 b (d), Dr 1 S 14:45); שׂ׳ בְּשָׂרִי Jb 4:15 (appar. n. coll., 𝔊 𝔙 and most; Buhl proposes pl.); pl. cstr. שַׂעֲרוֹת רֹאשִׁי ψ 40:13; 69:5 (both as numerous).

† [שָׂעַר] vb.denom. bristle, with horror;—

Qal Pf. 3 pl. שָֽׂעֲרוּ שַׂעַר Ez 27:35 (‖ שָׁמַם עַל, רָֽעֲמוּ); Impf. 3 mpl. יִשְׂעֲרוּ עָלֶיךָ שַׂעַר 32:10 (‖ שָׁמַם Hiph.); Imv. mpl. שַׂעֲרוּ Je 2:12 (‖ שֹׁמּוּ עַל־).—Dt 32:17 v. III. שׂער.

† I. שַׂ֫עַר n.[m.] horror (proposes bristling);—שׂ׳ abs., as acc. cogn. Ez 27:35; 32:10 v. foregoing; cf. אָֽחֲזוּ שׂ׳ Jb 18:20 (‖ נָשַׁמּוּ עַל).

† I. שָׂעִר adj. hairy;—ms. אִישׁ שׂ׳ Gn 27:11; fpl. יָדָיו שְׂעִרֹת v 23 (J).

II. שָׂעִיר₅₃ n.m.Nu 15:24 he-goat, buck (hairy one; NH id.);—abs. שׂ׳ Lv 4:24 +, cstr. שְׂעִיר Nu 7:16 +; pl. שְׂעִירִם Lv 16:7, 8; cstr. שְׂעִירֵי v 5 Nu 7:87;—he-goat, usually שְׂעִיר(־)עִזִּים buck of goats (v. עֵז p. 777): Gn 37:31 (J), Ez 43:22; 45:23 Lv 4:23; 9:3; 23:19 + 20 times Nu (all P); שְׂעִירֵי ע׳ Lv 16:5 Nu 7:87 (P); שׂ׳ alone = he-goat Lv 4:24 + 11 times Lv 16 (P); שְׂעִיר (הַ)חַטָּאת he-goat for sin-offering Ez 43:25 Lv 9:15 + 9 times Lv Nu; שְׂעִירֵי הַח׳ 2 Ch 29:23; in Dn 8:21 הַשּׂ׳ is prob. gloss to הַצָּפִיר (cf. Dr).

† I. [שְׂעִירָה] n.f. she-goat;—cstr. שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים (lit. hairy female of goats) Lv 4:28; 5:6.

† II. [שְׂעִירָה] n.pr.loc., prob. in SE Ephraim (= goat, Thes);—c. ה loc. הַשְּׂעִי֫רָתָה Ju 3:26; Σε(τ)ειρωθα, 𝔊L Σηρωθα.

† III. שָׂעִיר n.m. satyr, demon (with he-goat’s form, or feet; NH id.; cf. Baud^{Stud. i. 136 ff.}; hairy demons We^{Skizzen iii. 135; Heid. 152} RS^{Sem 113, 423; 2nd ed. 120, 441}); abs. שׂ׳ Is 34:14 inhabiting desolate ruins, so pl. שְׂעִירִים 13:21; name for idols 2 Ch 11:15 and (שְׂעִרִם) Lv 17:7 (H); prob. also בָּמוֹת הַשּׂ׳ 2 K 23:8 (MT הַשְּׁעָרִים) Hoffm^{ZAW ii (1882), 175} SS Kmp Klo Kit Benz Bur.

† שְׂעֹרָה n.f. barley (bearded grain; 𝔊 κριθή, 𝔙 hordeum; NH id.; Sab. שערם Glass in Fell^{ZMG liv (1900), 256}, Arabic شَعِيرٌ; Old Aramaic שערה, 𝔗 סְעָרְתָא; Syriac ܣܥܳܪܬܳܐ; Di²⁶⁰ cp. Ethiopic ሥርናይ wheat, grain);—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 9:31 +; usually pl. שְׂעֹרִים Ho 3:2 +;—barley, common grain (often ‖ חִטָּה, etc.):

1. growing, standing, sg. Ex 9:31^(×2) (J), Dt 8:8 Jb 31:40 Jo 1:11, as sown Is 28:25; standing, pl. 2 S 14:30 שְׂעוֹ׳ 1 Ch 11:13, reaped קְצִיר (הַ)שְׂעֹרִים 2 S 21:9 Ru 1:22; 2:23, גֹּרֶן הַשּׂ׳ 3:2.

2. pl., the grains, measured, cooked, etc.: Ho 3:2^(×2) Ez 4:9; 13:19; 45:13 2 K 7:1, 16, 18 Je 41:8 2 Ch 2:9, 14; 27:5 Ru 2:17; 3:15, 17, 2 S 17:28 1 K 5:8 (food for horses); זֶרַע חֹמֶר שׂ׳ Lv 27:16 (P); קֶמַח שׂ׳ Nu 5:15, לֶחֶם שׂ׳ Ju 7:13 2 K 4:42, עֻגַת שׂ׳ Ez 4:12.

† שְׂעֹרִים n.pr.m. priest 1 Ch 24:8; Σεωρειμ.

† שֵׂעִיר n.pr. Sēʿîr (= שָׂעִיר goat? cf. Gray^{Prop. N. 94}; but note play in שֵׂעָר Gn 25:25, שָׂעִר 27:11, 23; Nö^{ZMG xl (1886), 165; Ency. Bib. ii. 1183} cp. n.pr. mont. الاشعر (the ‘hairy,’ i.e. ‘well-wooded,’ cf. شَعَارٌ trees), n.pr.gent. (orig.n.pr.loc.) أَلَاشْعَرُ; Lag^{BN 92} thinks שׂ׳ orig.n.pr.m., but land much earlier in OT; perhaps = TelAm. land Šêri, Zim^{ZA vi (1891), 257} Jastr^{JBL xi (1892), 114} Wkl^{TelAm. 181, 26} Buhl^{Edom. 28 f.});—

1. Σηειρ: a. terr. land of Edom, S. of Dead Sea, אַ֫רְצָה שׂ׳ Gn 32:4 (J; ‖ שְׂדֵה אֱדוֹם), cf. 36:30 (P); שׂ׳ alone Ju 5:4 (poem; ‖ id.), Nu 24:18 (JE; ‖ אֱדוֹם), Dt 1:44; 2:4, 8, 12, 22, 29; 33:2 Jos 11:17 (D), Is 21:11 2 Ch 20:23b; c. ה loc. שֵׂעִ֫ירָה Gn 33:14, 16 (J), Jos 12:7 (D). b. specif. mont. E. of Arabah, הַר־שׂ׳ Jos 24:4 (E), Gn 36:8, 9 (P), Dt 1:2; 2:1, 5 Ez 35:2, 3, 7, 15 1 Ch 4:42; 2 Ch 20:10, 22, 23; cf. הַרֲרָם שׂ׳ Gn 14:6 (home of הַחֹרִי; on text v. Buhl^{Edom. 28} Gunk Gn). c. gent. Ez 25:8 = Edom [van d. H. שׁ׳]; but del. 𝔊^B Hi Co Berthol Toy Krae. d. personif. as m. in בְּנֵי־שׂ׳ (v. חֹרִי p. 360; cf. Gn 14:6) Gn 36:20 = 1 Ch 1:38, Gn 36:21 (P; + בְּאֶרֶץ אֱדוֹם); = Edomites 2 Ch 25:11, 14 (‖ אֱדוֹמִים).

2. mont. in Judah, הַר־שׂ׳ Jos 15:10 (P), Ασσαρ, A Σηειρ, 𝔊L Σιειρ; Di Buhl^{G. 91} al. cp. hill-ruin Sâtrîs c. 9 miles W. of Jerus. (Rob^{BR iii. 156}).

† II. [שָׂעַר] vb. sweep or whirl away (of storm-wind) (= סָעַר, q.v.; Assyrian šâru, wind, Dl^{HWB 635}; > Thes¹³³⁴ cp. I. שׂער);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. sf. יִשְׂעָרֶנּוּ ψ 58:10 fig. he (י׳) shall sweep it away.

Niph. Pf. 3 fs. impers. נִשְׂעֲרָה ψ 50:3 round about him it is tempestuous exceedingly.

Pi. Impf. 3 ms. sf. וִישַׂעֲרֵ֫הוּ Jb 27:21 and it [an E. wind] shall whirl him away from (מִן) his place.

Hithp. Impf. 3 ms. וְיִשְׂתָּעֵר עָלָיו Dn 11:40 the kg. shall storm against him.

† II. שַׂ֫עַר n.[m.] storm (= סַ֫עַר);—only cstr. שׂ׳ קָ֑טֶב Is 28:2 a storm of destruction (in sim.; ‖ זֶרֶם בָּרָד).

† שְׂעָרָה n.f. id. (= סְעָרָה);—of way of י׳בְּסוּפָה וּבִשׂ׳ Na 1:3; fig. of י׳’s judgments; אֲשֶׁר־בִּשׂ׳ יְשׁוּפֵנִי Jb 9:17.

† III. [שָׂעַר] vb. perhaps be acquainted with (Arabic شَعَرَ perceive [Sab. שער id.? Hom^{Chrest. 124}]; cf. Aramaic סְֶעַר ܣܥܰܪ, visit, inspect, BA^{ES 67} RS in Dr Dt Perles^{Anal. 79});—

Qal Pf. 3 pl. sf. שְׂעָרוּם Dt 32:17 new gods, with whom your fathers had no acquaintance (𝔊 εἴδησαν; ‖ יְדָעוּם); usually fear, Thes revere with awe, Dr shudder before, [שָׂעַר] denom., although not elsewherec.acc. pers.

IV. שׂער (assumed as √ of foll.).

† שְׂעִירִים n.[m.]pl. rain(-drops), si vera l.; (so according to Vrss and context; Thes cp. ii. שַׂעַר; Lag proposes רְסִיסִים);—כִּשׂ׳ עֲלֵי־דֶשֶׁא Dt 32:2 (‖ מָטָר, טַל, רְבִיבִים).

שְׂפֹדְנָה Je 49:3 Mas, < mod. edd. ס׳ v. ספד.

שׂפה (√ of foll.; cf. NH = BH; Assyrian šaptu, lip, edge; so Syriac ܣܶܦܬܳܐ; Arabic شَفَةٌ lip, شَفًا edge).

שָׂפָה₁₇₆ n.f. [m. Ex 28:32, edge, cf. Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 76}], lip, speech, edge;—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 11:1 +, cstr. שְׂפַת v 7 +; sf. שְׂפָתוֹ 1 K 7:23 +, etc.; oftener du. שְׂפָתַיִם Is 6:5 +, cstr. שִׂפְתֵי ψ 12:4 +; sf. שְׂפָתַי Je 17:16 +, sf. 3 mpl. שְׂפָתֵימוֹ ψ 59:13; 140:4, 10, etc.; pl. (poet. and late) cstr. שִׂפְתוֹת Ec 10:12, sf. שִׂפְתוֹתֶיךָ etc. ψ 45:3; 59:8 Is 59:3 Ct 4:3, 11; 5:13;—

1. lip: a. usually (c. 108 times) human organ of speech (often ‖ פֶּה לָשׁוֹן, rarely [only late poetry] חֵךְ: 10 times Jb; 25 times ψψ; 45 times Pr): (1) Is 29:13 Lv 5:4 (P), Jb 13:6 Mal 2:6 ψ 12:5 Pr 5:3 +; דַּל שׂ׳ ψ 141:3 (v. דָּל); אִישׁ שׂ׳ Jb 11:2 = a talker, אֱוִיל שׂ׳ Pr 10:8 = one talking folly, so v 10 (MT; but v. Toy); טְמֵא שְׂפָתַיִם Is 6:5^(×2) cf. v 7 Dn 10:16; עֲרַל שׂ׳ Ex 6:12, 30 (P; unskilled in speech); עִקֵּשׁ שׂ׳ Pr 19:1; פֹּתֶה שׂ׳ 20:19 v. [פָּתָה]; מוֹצָא שׂ׳ i.e. utterance, Dt 23:24 Je 17:16 Nu 30:13 (P), ψ 89:35, רוּחַ שׂ׳ Is 11:4 (of Mess. kg.), דְּבַר שׂ׳ ψ 59:13 Pr 14:23 +, = mere, empty, word 2 K 18:20 = Is 36:5; תְּבוּאַת שׂ׳ Pr 18:20, נוב שׂ׳ Is 57:19 (thanksgiving), cf. Ho 14:3 𝔊𝔖 and most פְּרִי for פָּרִים); of flattery, חֵלֶק שׂ׳ Pr 7:21, שְׂפַת חֲלָקוֹת ψ 12:3, 4; cf. שִׂפְתֵי מִרְמָה ψ 17:1, שׂ׳ שֶׁקֶר 31:9 + 4 times, שְׂפַת אָוֶן Pr 17:4; poison beneath (cf. לָשׁוֹן) ψ 140:4 (fig.); פֶּשַׁע שׂ׳ Pr 12:13; לְזוּת שׂ׳ 4:24; שׂ׳ אֱמֶת 12:19, שׂ׳ יָ֑תֶר 17:7, שׂ׳ צֶדֶק 16:13, שׂ׳ דַּעַת 14:7; 20:15; חֵן שׂ׳ 22:11; שָׂפָה בְרוּרָה Zp 3:9; שׂ׳ רְנָנוֹת ψ 63:5 i.e. lips that shout for joy; c. vbs.: פָּתַח שׂ׳ (to speak) Jb 11:5; 30:20 (Gi v 21), cf. ψ 51:17, מִפְתַּח שׂ׳ Pr 8:6; פֹּשֵׂק שׂ׳ 13:3 i.e. prate; שׂ׳ מָֽלְאוּ זַעַם Is 30:27; שׂ׳ subj. of דִּבֶּר Is 59:3 Pr 24:2; נָשָׂא עַל־שׂ׳ ψ 16:4; קָרַץ שׂ׳ Pr 16:30 = backbite; אָטַם שׂ׳ 17:28 = keep silence, so חָשַׂךְ שׂ׳ 10:19, שׂ׳ כָּלָא ψ 40:10. †(2) lips moving in speech, c. נוּעַ 1 S 1:13, נִיד Jb 16:5. †(3) transition to meaning speech, עָלָה עַל־שְׂפַת לָשׁוֹן Ez 36:3; = ability to speak Jb 12:20. †b. organ of laughter Jb 8:21. †c. of insulting grimace הִפְטִיר בְּשׂ׳ ψ 22:8. †d. quivering in terror Hb 3:16. †e. feature of beauty Ct 4:3 (scarlet). f. place of bridle 2 K 19:28 = Is 37:29 (v. מֶתֶג) †g. receiving kiss Pr 24:26 cf. Ct 4:11 and (in fig.) 7:10. †h. of divine speech, מִצְוִת שׂ׳ Jb 23:12, דְּבַר שׂ׳ ψ 17:4.

†2. language (v. לָשׁוֹן), Gn 11:1, 6, 7^(×2), 9 ψ 81:6; עַם עִמְגֵי שׂ׳ Ez 3:5, 6 Is 33:19, לַעֲגֵי שׂ׳ 28:11; שְׂפַת כְּנַעַן 19:18 (i.e. Hebrew).

3. edge: shore of sea Gn 22:17 (J) + 7 times; bank of river Gn 41:3, 17 (E) + 5 times, of wady (נַחַל) Dt 2:36 + 7 times; lip (bank) of אָבֵל מְחוֹלָה Ju 7:22 cf. GASm^{G. 400}; brim of vessel 1 K 7:23^(×2) + 7 times; edge of altar Ez 43:13; of curtains (in pairs) Ex 26:4^(×2) (P) + 6 times; of חֹשֶׁן, toward ephod 28:26 = 39:19 (P); of round opening in robe לְפִיו (יִהְיֶה) שׂ׳ 28:32 = 39:23 (P).

† שָׂפָם n.[m.] moustache (cf. N. Syriac ܣܲܦܡܵܐ rete; on meaning and form v. Thes Ol⁴⁰⁸ Kö^{ii 73});—abs. שׂ׳ Mi 3:7 +, sf. שְׂפָמוֹ 2 S 19:25;—moustache: עָשָׂה שׂ׳ 2 S 19:25 (𝔊 μύσταξ) i.e. trim it; עָטָה עַל־שׂ׳ Mi 3:7 Ez 24:17, 22 Lv 13:45 (P; v. I. עטה 1).

שִׂפַּח v. III. ספח.

מִשְׂפָּח v. II. ספח.

שִֽׂפְמוֹת 1 S 30:28 v. שְׁפ׳ (p. 1050).

שׂפן v. ספן.

I. שׂפק, שֶׂ֫פֶק v. ספק.

† II. [שָׂפַק] vb. suffice (NH סָפַק suffice, abound, so Ecclus 15:18 +; 𝔗 סְפֵיק, סְפַק, Syriac ܣܦܰܩ; Arabic شَفِقَ is be niggardly, scanty, Lane¹⁵⁷³);—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂפֹּק 1 K 20:10, subj. dust, c. לְ rei.

† [שֵׂ֫פֶק] n.[m.] sufficiency, plenty;—sf. שִׂפְקוֹ Jb 20:22 (Baer Gi; ס׳ van d. H.; opp. צרר).

שַׂק v. שׂקק.

† [שָׂקַד] doubtful vb., Ḳi bind on;—Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִשְׂקַד עֹל La 1:14 (fig.); read perhaps נִשְׁקַד עַל watch is kept upon 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Bu, cf. Thes (v. שׁקד); other conj. in Löhr Bi.

שׂקק (assumed as √ of foll., but nowhere found).

† שַׂק n.m. ^{Jos 9:4} sack sackcloth (v. Schwally^{ZAW xi (1891), 173} who conj. Egyptian origin; NH סַק sackcloth (rare); Assyrian šaḳḳu, sack (Dl^{HWB 687 a}), sackcloth (Wkl^{Altor. Forsch. vi. 44}); Ethiopic ሠቅ = BH; Aramaic סַקָּא, ܣܰܩܳܐ; Gk. σάκκος Lewy^{Fremdw. 87});—abs. שׂ׳ Gn 37:34 +, שָׂ֑ק Je 48:37 +; sf. שַׂקִּי ψ 30:12, etc.; pl. שַׂקִּים Jos 9:4 +, sf. שַׂקֵּיהֶם Gn 42:35;—

1. sack, for grain Gn 42:25, 27 (‖ אַמְתַּחַת), v 35^(×2) (E), Jos 9:4 (JE), perhaps also Lv 11:32 (P).

2. sackcloth: a. worn in mourning and humiliation (v. Now^{Arch. i. 192 f.} SACook^{Ency. Bib. s.v.}), either loose garment like sack, or piece of similar material (of rough, dark hair), fastened round body: put (שִׂים) on loins Gn 37:34 (J), 1 K 20:31, on (bare) flesh 21:27 2 K 6:30, cf. Je 48:37 Jb 16:15 (c. תָּפַר); וְהַעֲלֵיתִי עַל־כָּל־מָתְנַיִם שׂ׳ Am 8:10; usually חָגַר שַק 2 S 3:31 Is 15:3; 22:12, cf. 3:24, Je 4:8; 6:26; 49:3 Ez 7:18; 27:31 1 K 20:32 Jo 1:8 La 2:10; כִּסָּה בַּשּׂ׳ 2 K 19:1, 2 = Is 37:1, 2, Jon 3:6, 8 1 Ch 21:16, fig. of heavens (cf. קָדַר), שׂ׳ אָשִׂים כְּסוּתָם Is 50:3; late לָבַשׁ שׂ׳ put on sackcloth Jon 3:5 Est 4:1, cf. v:2 ψ 35:13; 69:12; בְּצוֹם וְשׂ׳ Ne 9:1, cf. Dn 9:3; פִּתַּח שׂ׳ loosen sackcloth Is 20:2 (+ מֵעַל), ψ 30:12 (opp. שִׂמְחָה), הֵסִיר שׂ׳ מֵעַל Est 4:4. b. same garment (or material) spread out (to lie on), 2 S 21:10 (c. הִטָּה), Is 58:5 (c. הִצִּיעַ), cf. Est 4:3; וַיִּשְׁכַּב בַּשׂ׳ 1 K 21:27, לִינוּ בַּשּׂ׳ Jo 1:13.

† [שָׂקַר] vb.

Pi. ogle (Aramaic סְקַר look at (𝔗 Jb 20:9; 28:7), סַקְרָנִית looking about, ogling; ܣܩܰܪ eye with envy or hatred (e.g. 1 S 18:9 𝔖); cf. De Is);—Pt. fpl. מְשַׂקְּרוֹת עֵינַיִם Is 3:16 ogling of eyes (women of Jerusalem).

שַׂר v. שׂרר.

† שַׂרְאֶ֫צֶר n.pr.m. in Assyrian (Bab.) (van d. H. שׂ׳, but v. Baer, and Str^{ZMG xxxiii (1879), 302}; in Assyrian perhaps [Ašur, Běl, or Nergal] šar-uṣur, […] protect the king! COT 2 K 19:37; Σαρασα(ρ));—

1. son of Sennah., 2 K 19:37 = Is 37:38 (Schr^{COT l.c.} Wkl^{KAT 3, 84} Stevenson^{HastDict. Bib. iv.476}).

2. a returned exile Zc 7:2 (Stevenson^{ib. 477}).—cf. also נֵרְגַּל שׂ׳ p. 669.

† [שָׂרַג] vb.

Pu. be intertwined (Talm. סָרַג Pi. enmesh, weave around; Aramaic ܣܪܰܓ intertwine, involve, סְרַג entwine; Arabic شَرَجَ set in order, join, weave, mix);—Impf. 3 mpl. יְשׂרָ֑גוּ Jb 40:17 are intertwined (of sinews of hippopot.).

Hithp. Impf. 3 mpl. יִשְׂתָּֽרְגוּ La 1:14 they intertwine themselves (fig. of פְּשָׁעַי).

† [שָׂרִיג] n.m. ^{Gn 40:10} tendril twig (from interlacing; cf. Arabic شَرِيجَةٌ palm-leaf braid, etc.; Ethiopic መሥገርት net (Prä^{BAS i. 371}); Aramaic סְרִיגָא, ܣܪܺܝܓܬܳܐ network, lattice);—of vine, pl. שָׂרִיגִם Gn 40:10, שָׂרִגִים v 12; of fig-tree, sf. שָׂרִיגֶיהָ Jo 1:7.

† שְׂרוּג n.pr.m. descendant (i.e. younger branch) of Peleg Gn 11:20, 21, 22, 23 1 Ch 1:26; Σερουχ (𝔊L Ch Σερουγ).

† I. [שָׂרַד] vb. escape (شَرَدَ take fright, shy (of camel or house), run away; Aramaic ܣܪܰܕ be terrified, ܣܪܺܝܕܳܐ survivor);—

Qal Pf. 3 pl. שָֽׂרְדוּ Jos 10:20 (JE; c. מִן pers.), Benn del. as dittogr.

† I. שָׂרִיד n.m. ^{Je 47:4} survivor (from a defeat, etc.);—abs. שׂ׳ Is 1:9 +; sf. שְׂרִידוֹ Jb 27:15 Kt; pl. שְׂרִידִים Jos 10:20 Jo 3:5; cstr. שְׂרִידֵי Je 31:2; sf. שְׂרִידָיו Ob 14 + Jb 27:15 Qr (van d. H. also Kt);—

1. survivor (often ‖ פָּלִיט): especially עַד בִּלְתִּי הִשְׁאִיר לוֹ שׂ׳ Nu 21:35; Jos 8:22 (both JE), Dt 3:3; Jos 10:33; 11:8; 2 K 10:11 (all D); more simply, לֹא הִשׁ׳ שׂ׳ Dt 2:34; Jos 10:28, 30, 37, 39, 40 (all D); י׳ הוֹתִיר לָנוּ שׂ׳ Is 1:9; לֹא יִהְיֶה שׂ׳ לְ Je 42:17; 44:14 Ob 18; אֵין שׂ׳ Jb 18:19; וְהֶאֱבִיד שׂ׳ מֵעִיר Nu 24:19 (JE); עַם שְׂרִידֵי הָ֑רֶב Je 31:2, pl. also Jos 10:20 (subj. of שָֽׂרְדוּ), Jo 3:5; Ob 14; Jb 27:15 (v. supra); sg. also Ju 5:13 (obscure, for שׂ׳ לְ read perhaps יִשְׂרָאֵל GFM Now cf. Bu), Je 47:4; La 2:22.

2. of things: אֵין שׂ׳ לְאָבְלוֹ Jb 20:21, i.e. nothing has escaped his greed; יֵ֫רַע שׂ׳ בְּאָהֳלוֹ (אֵשׁ) v 26.

† II. שָׂרִיד n.pr.loc. on border of Zebulun;—עַד־שׂ׳ Jos 19:10 (P; Εσεδεκγωλα, A ἕως Σαρθιδ, 𝔊L Σαρειδ), מִשּׂ׳ v 12 (P; ἀπὸ Σεδδουκ; A Σαριδ).

II. שׂרד (√ of foll., plait, braid? (Lag^{BN175 ff.} thinks שׂ׳ Avestan loan-word)).

† שְׂרָד n.[m.] perhaps Aramaic plaited or braided work (cf. then Aramaic סְרָדָא lattice-work, net-work (=BH מִכְבָּר), textile stuff, curtain (= BH קְלָעִים), סַרְדוּתָא plaited or braided work; NH סָרָד plaiter, סָרִיד, סָרוּד woven-work; Hom^{ZMG xliv (1890), 548} cp. Bab. šardu, thong);—always abs.: בִּגְדֵי (הַ)שׂ׳ Ex 31:10; 35:19; 39:1, 41 (all P; all + ב׳ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, and last three + לְשָׁרֵת בַּקֹּדֶשׁ); 𝔊 31:10 τ. στολὰς τ. λειτουργικάς (cf. 39:1 [B v 13, 𝔊L v 11]).

† שֶׂ֫רֶד n.[m.] from context, a marking-tool for wood, stylus (so Thes al.; connexion with above √ dub.; Lewy^{Fremdw. 57 f.} cp. σάρδιον as gem used in gem-cutting);—יְתָֽאֲרֵהוּ בַּשֶּׂרֶד Is 44:13.

שָׂרָה n.f. et pr. v. sub שׂרר.

† I. שָׂרָה vb. persist, exert oneself, persevere (Arabic شَرِىَ persist, persevere);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ אֶת־א׳ Ho 12:4 he persevered with God; 2 ms. שָׂרִיתָ עִם־א׳ וְעִם אֲנָשִׁים Gn 32:29 (J).—Ho 12:5 has Impf. וַיָּ֫שַׂר in same meaning, as if from a (non-existent) שׂוּר; < read וַיִּ֫שֶׂר (apoc. from וַיִּשְׂרֶה).—שׂוֹרָה Is 28:25 v. supra, p. 965a.

יִשְׂרָאֵל₂₅₀₇ n.pr.m. et gent. Israel (E†l persisteth, persevereth (or juss. Let E†l persist) [usually contendeth (Nes^{Eg 60 ff.}) or Let E†l contend (Gray^{Prop. N. 218}), but v. Dr^{HastDict. Bib. Jacob 530}]; on vocalization v. Lag^{BN 131 f.} Kit 1 Ch 4:16 ^(Hpt); MI^{5, + 5 times} ישראל; in Egyptian Y-si-r-ʾl Steindorff^{ZAW xvi (1896), 331}, cf. Breasted^{Bib. World ix (1897), 62 ff.} Paton^{Syriac and Pal. 134}; Assyrian Sir-ʾ-lai (= יִשְׂרְאֵלִי) Schr^{KG 356 ff., 364; COT} Gn 36:31, 1 K 16:29.—On a poss. relation of יִשׂ׳ to n.pr. שָׂרַי, שָׂרָה v. RS^{K 257, 2nd ed. 34};—cf. שְׂרָיָה(וּ));—Ισραηλ:

1. n.pr.m. second name of Jacob Gn 32:29 + 28 times Gn (JE), Ex 32:13 (JE), Ho 12:13; Ju 18:29; Ex 6:14; Nu 1:20; 26:5 (all P), 2 K 17:34 1 Ch 1:34 + 8 times Chr, ψ 105:23; בֵּית יִשׂ׳ Ru 4:11; בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳ (lit.) Gn 42:5 + 3 times E, 2 times P + Ex 1:7 (P; transition to wider use), 1 K 18:31 1 Ch 2:1 +; = 12 tribes Ex 28:9 + 7 times P; אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיִשׂ׳ †1 K 18:36; 1 Ch 29:18; 2 Ch 30:6.

2. n.pr.gent. (usually m. Ju 11:17 f. but f. 1 S 17:21; 2 S 24:9 [not ‖ 1 Ch 21:5], cf. Dr^{ad loc.} Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 57 f.}): name of Hebrew nation; usually der. from 1, but יִשׂ׳ more common in early usage than בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳ (v. בֵּן p. 120b): a. (1) undivided kingdom; יִשׂ׳ Gn 47:27 (J), 49:7 (poem in J) + 108 times JE, Dt 1:1; 18:6; 33:10 (poem) + 76 times D, Gn 34:7 Ex 12:15 + 42 times P; Ju 5:2, 7^(×2) + 104 times Ju, often 1 and 2 S, 1 K 1–12; כָּל־יִשׂ׳ of whole people 2 S 8:15 +, of whole army 11:1 +, opp. Judah 2:9 + (so also later). (2) יִשׂ׳ = N. tribes, disting. from Judah, even before disruption, 2 S 2:9, cf. v 10 3:10; 4:1; 5:5; 12:7; 20:1 1 K 1:35; 4:20; 5:5 +; so at disruption 12:16^(×3), 18, 19; then usually of N. kingdom, till its fall, v 28; 24:7, 10 + very often K, Am 1:1; 2:6; 3:14 +, Ho 1:5; 4:15^(×2); 5:3^(×2), 5 +, Mi 1:13, etc. (3) יִשׂ׳ of S. kingdom, Judah, rarely bef. fall of Samaria Is 1:3; 8:18 Mi 1:14, 15, so בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳ 1 K 12:17; after fall of Sam., יִשׂ׳ (less often בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳) occurs of entire people, in reference to past or future 2 K 21:8; 23:22; Is 17:9 ψ 103:7; Je 2:3; 50:17, 19 +; יִשׂ׳ also = Judah Je 2:14, 31; 4:1 +, Ez 13:2, 4, 16; 14:1, 7, 9 +, Is 40:27; 41:8; 42:24 +, Ezr 2:59 = Ne 7:61, Ezr 2:70; 3:11 +, Ne 10:34; 10:3 +, ψ 14:7^(×2) = 53:7^(×2), 147:2; 149:2 +, etc. (4) usage in Chr: יִשׂ׳ of whole people 1 Ch 2:7 + 110 times, of N. kingdom 2 Ch 11:1 + 16 times, of Judah 12:6; 19:8 + 9 times (5) יִשׂ׳ personif. as עֶבֶד י׳, Is 44:1, 21; 49:3 b. בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳, (1) of undiv. people Ex 1:12 (J), 3:9 (E) + 72 times JE, Dt 3:18; 10:6 + 25 times D, Gn 32:33 + 327 times P; Ju 1:1 + 60 times Ju; seld. 1 and 2 Sm, 1 K 1–12; in 13–2 K 25 pass. in ref. to older hist. (rarely otherwise). (2) seldom of N. kingdom Am 2:11 + 9 times Am Ho, 2 Ch 13:12 + 7 times Chr. (3) of Judah (late) Ez 2:3; Ne 1:6^(×2) Ezr 3:1; Jo 4:16 +, 2 Ch 31:5. c. בֵּית יִשׂ׳ Ex 16:31; 40:38 + 142 times (v. בַּיִת 5 d (δ); 81 times Ez, where = Judah; v. especially 37:16); שְׁנֵי בָֽתֵּי יִשׂ׳ Is 8:14. d. other phrases, v. sub אִישׁ, אֶרֶץ, בַּת, בְּתוּלָה, גְּבוּל, הַר, כִּסֵּא, מֶלֶךְ, נטה) מַטֶּה), יעד) עֵדָה), עַם, שֵׁבֶט; also (in epith. of י׳) sub אָבִיר, אוֹר, אֱלֹהִים, I. גָּאַל, מֶלֶךְ, מִקְוֶה (I. קוה), i. צוּר (V. צור), קָדוֹשׁ, I. רָעָה 1 d (3). †e. יִשׂ׳ =the laity, opp. priests, etc. (late): Ezr 10:25; Ne 11:3; 1 Ch 9:2 כָּל־יִשׂ׳ Ezr 2:70; 10:5; הָעָם יִשׂ׳ 9:1; בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳ Ne 10:40, cf. שְׁאָר יִשׂ׳ 11:20.

† יִשְׂרְאֵלִי adj.gent. of foregoing;—m. הַיִּשׂ׳ Lv 24:10; f. הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית v 10, 11, cf. v 10.—2 S 17:25 < הַיִּשְׁמְעֵאלִי, 𝔊^A Th We Dr al. (so ‖ 1 Ch 2:19).

† שְׂרָיָה(וּ) n.pr.m. (י׳ persisteth Dr^{HastDict. Bib. ii. 530 Jacob});—usually Σαραια(ς);—שְׂרָיָה:

1. secretary of David 2 S 8:17, but 𝔊^B Ασα, ‖ שיא 20:25 Kt (שְׁוָא Qr), שַׁוְשָׁא 1 Ch 18:16 (in both Ἰησοῦς, 𝔊L Σουσα), שִׁישָׁא 1 K 4:3 (Σαβα, A Σεισα, 𝔊L Σαφατ); orig. in all prob. ששא We Dr Klo (Sausa), HPS (שושא), Now, Bu.

2. chief priest 2 K 25:18 = Je 52:24.

3. a captain 2 K 25:23; Je 40:8; 51:59^(×2), 61.

4. a. son of Ḳenaz 1 Ch 4:13, 14. b. name in Simeon v 35. c. Levite name 5:40^(×2).

5. a. companion of Zerub. Ezr 2:2. b. father of Ezra 7:1. c. one sealed Ne 10:3. d. priest 11:11; 12:1, 12.

6. שְׂרָיָהוּ, officer of king Jehoiakim, Je 36:26, τῷ Σαρεα.

II. שׂרה (√ of foll., = rule? cf. שׂרר).

† מִשְׂרָה n.f. rule, dominion;—Is 9:5, 6.

† שֶׂ֫רַח n.pr.f. (cf. Sab. n.pr.m. שרח SabDenkm.^{No. 20, 1. 1, and p. 72}, שרחאל Id.^{No. 13, 1.2.12}, אלשרך DHM^{Epigr. Denkm. Arab. lxxii});—daughter of Asher Gn 46:17; 1 Ch 7:30, שָׂ֑רַח Nu 26:46; Σααρ, Σαρ(ρ)α, etc.; 𝔊^B Nu Καρα.

† [שָׂרַט] vb. incise, scratch (NH id., so Aramaic סְרַט Pa (𝔗 1 S 21:14), ܣܪܰܛ, ܣܪܶܛ, scratch, hence write (= χαράσσω); Assyrian šarâṭu, slit up, rend; Arabic شَرَطَ slit ear of camel, شَرْطٌ, شَرَطٌ, sing, mark (RS^{K 214 f.});—

Qal Impf. 3 mpl. c.acc. cogn. וּבִבְשָׂרָם לֹא יִשְׂרְטוּ שָׂרָ֑טֶת Lv 21:5 shall make no incision; Inf. abs. c.

Niph. Impf. 3 mpl. שָׂרוֹט יִשָּׂרֵ֑טוּ Zc 12:3 those loaded with the stone shall be severely seratched, lacerated.

† שֶׂ֫רֶט n.[m.] incision;—abs. וְשׂ׳ לָנֶפֶשׁ לֹא תִתְּנוּ בִּבְשַׂרְכֶם Lv 19:28.

† [שָׂרֶ֫טֶת] n.f. id. (Ba^{§ 93 α β});—שָׂרָ֑טֶת Lv 21:5, v. vb. Qal.

שָׂרַי v. sub שׂרר.

שְׂרָיָה(וּ) v. sub I. שׂרה.

† שִׂרְיֹן -וֹן n.pr.mont. (in Assyrian Sirara COT Dt 3:9; 1 K 5:13 Dl^{Pa 103 f.});—Sidonian name of Ḥermon Dt 3:9 (Σανιωρ); -וֹן ψ 29:6 (+ לְבָנוֹן; van d. H. al. שׂ׳).

† [שָׂרַךְ] vb. twist (so 𝔗 סְרַךְ (= Heb. עִוָה, עִוֵּת); perhaps akin to שׂרג, סרג; Talm. סָרַךְ is adhere, cf. Aramaic ܣܪܰܟ, ܣܪܶܟ; Arabic شَرَكَ is share, participate, but شِرَاكٌ sandal-thong, شَرَكٌ snare);—

Pi. Pt. fs. מְשָׂרֶכֶת דְּרָכֶיהָ Je 2:23 a swift dromedary entangling her ways (galloping aimlessly; fig.).

† [שְׂרוֹךְ] n.[m.] (sandal-)thong (? from above √, as crossed and twisted over the foot; on vocalization cf. Arabic supra, Ges^{§ 84 a n} Ba^{NB § 42 e});—cstr., שְׂ׳־נַעַל Gn 14:23; Is 5:27.

† שַׂרְסְכִים n.pr.m. a prince of Nebuch. Je 39:3, but read prob. (נְבוֹ) שֹׁזְבָּן, v. Gie Du, cf. p. 613a supra; 𝔊 Ναβουσαχαρ, etc.

† [שָׂרַע] vb. extend (Arabic شَرَعَ point directly at, also enter upon a path (Frä²¹³ thinks orig. divide, then stretch out, make straight), شَرَعَةٌ projecting roof, أَسْرَعُ long-nosed (torto naso 𝔙 Lv 21:18); Ethiopic ሠርዐ: dispose, arrange; Sab. שרע arrangement, security Hom^{Chr 124};—but Aramaic ܣܪܺܝܥ expl. as mutilated Lv 21:18; 22:23 PS²⁷⁴⁴, cf. 𝔊 ὠτότμητος);—

Qal Pt. pass. שָׂרוּעַ extended, i.e. too long (in a limb or member), of man Lv 21:18, beast 22:23 (v. II. חרם).

Hithp. stretch oneself: Inf. cstr. הִשְׂתָּרֵעַ Is 28:20 (v מַצַּע p. 427a).

שַׂרְעַפִּים v. sub שׂעף.

שָׂרַף₁₁₇ vb. burn (70 times + בָּאֵשׁ, 2 times + בְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ) (NH (rare) = BH; Assyrian šarâpu; Aramaic שְׂרַף (rare); ܣܪܰܦ is absorb, consume);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ Jos 11:9 +, 3 fs. sf. שְׂרָפָ֫תַם Is 47:14, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂרֹף Nu 19:5 + 2 times, more often וַיִּשְׂרֹף Ex 32:20 +, 2 mpl. תִּשְׂרְפוּן Dt 7:5 + 2 times; Inf. abs. שָׂרוֹף 2 S 23:7; cstr. שְׂרֹף Je 36:25 +; sf. שָׂרְפוֹ Ju 9:52; Am 2:1; Pt. act. שֹׂרֵף Lv 16:28; Nu 19:8, pl. שֹׂרְפִים 2 K 17:31; pass. mpl. שְׂרֻפִים Nu 17:4; fs. שְׂרוּפָה 1 S 30:3, שְׂרֻפָה ψ 80:17, pl. שְׂרוּפוֹת Ne 3:34, cstr. שְׂרֻפוֹת Is 1:7;—burn (59 times + בָּאֵשׁ, 2 times + בְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ): 1. in making bricks, + לִשְׂרֵפָה Gn 11:3 (J; obj. om.). 2. a. c. acc. rei, usually to destroy, e.g. door Ju 9:52, house Ju 12:1; 1 K 16:18 (both c. עַל pers.), Je 39:8 + 11 times, cf. pt. pass. Ne 3:24, city Jos 6:24 1 S 30:1, 14 + 16 times, cf. pt. pass. 1 S 30:3; Is 1:7, chariots Jos 11:6, 9 2 K 23:11 ψ 46:10 (subj. י׳), idols, etc., Ex 32:20 (acc. om.), Dt 9:21 + 10 times, roll †Je 36:25, 27, 28, 29, 32, wood †Is 44:16, 19 (both + בְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ), cf. ψ 80:17 (fig.), Je 51:32, hair †Ez 5:4; bones, to lime (as outrage) †Am 2:1; upon altars (in desecration) †1 K 13:2; 2 K 23:16, 20 = 2 Ch 34:5; bodies, as funeral rite † 1 S 31:12 (rare custom, RS^{Sem i. 353; 2nd ed. 372}; but Klo Bu read יִשְׂפְּדוּ [= יִס׳]; cf. Benz^{Arch. 163; Ency. Bib. Dead} Now^{Arch. i. 188}); שׂ׳ as funeral rite also (obj. om., prob spices, cf. 2 Ch 16:14), †c. ל pers. mort. Je 34:5, + acc. cogn. שְׂרֵפָה 2 Ch 16:14 (cf. שְׂרֵפָה); in ceremonial of P (never of burning sacrif. on altar, הִקְטִיר, cf. הֶעֱלָה, but) chiefly (14 times) of consuming refuse, especially unused portions of victims, etc. (to prevent use), and infected objects, Ex 29:14, 34 +, sometimes מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה Lv 4:12 (+ עַל־עֵצִים), v 21^(×2) + 4 times, etc., cf. Ez 43:21; also of burning red heifer (to produce ashes for purification) Nu 19:5^(×2), 8. †b. burn, c. acc. pers., (1) as penalty Jos 7:25 (JE), Ju 14:15; 15:6 Lv 20:14, cf. Nu 17:4 (pt. pass.), so, אֵשׁ subj., Is 47:14, c. acc. cogn. שְׂרֵפָה Lv 10:6 (P); (2) as sacrifice, Je 7:31; 19:5; + ל dei Dt 12:31; 2 K 17:31.

†Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׂרֵף Jos 7:15 +, 3 fpl. תִּשָּׂרַפְנָה Pr 6:27, etc.;—be burned (11 times + בָּאֵשׁ): of city Je 38:17 + v 23 (read תִּשָּׂרֵף for תִּשְׂרֹף 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Hi Ew Gf Gie Du), idols, etc., Mi 1:7; 1 Ch 14:12; ritually (cf. Qal 2 a ad fin.) Lv 4:12; 6:23; 7:17, 19; 13:52; 19:6; of pers., as penalty Gn 38:24 (J), Jos 7:15 (JE), 2 S 23:7 (poet.), Lv 21:9 (H).

†Pi. Pt. sf. מְסָֽרְפוֹ Am 6:10 his burner, usually one burning him, but prob. burning spices for him, v. Dr and cf. Qal supra.

†Pu. Pf. 3 ms. שׂרָ֑ף, of goat Lv 10:16 it was burnt up (and gone).

† I. שָׂרָף n.m. ^{Is 14:29} fiery, serpent, usually venomous (poss. from above √, from burning effect of poison);—abs. שׂ׳ Nu 21:8 (JE; on Arabic parallels v. Jacob^{Ar. Dichter ii. 93, iv. 10 f.}), appos. נָחָשׁ שׂ׳ Dt 8:15, pl. הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְּׂרָפִים Nu 21:6; a flying serpent, or dragon, שָׂרָף מְעוֹפֵף Is 14:29; 30:6.

† II. [שָׂרָף] n.m. ^{Is 6:2} pl. שְׂרָפִים seraphim (prob. akin to i. שׂ׳, as beings orig. mythically conceived with serpents’ bodies (serpent-deities, cf. Is 14:29; 30:6), or (Che^Comm.) personif. of lightning, cf. arts. Seraphim, Strachan^{Hast. DB.} Che^{Ency. Bib.}; Di Marti al. cp. also Egyptian guardian-griffins, called Šerref; v. also כְּרוּב; on Assyrian Šarrapu, epith. of god Nergal, connected by Dl^WB; with √ שָׂרַף, v. שָׂרָב, Zim^KAT.^{3 415});—in OT. majestic beings with six wings, and human hands and voices, attendant upon י׳ Is 6:2, 6.

† III. שָׂרָף n.pr.m. a Judahite;—1 Ch 4:22; Σαια, A 𝔊L Σαραφ.

† שְׂרֵפָה n.f. burning;—abs. שׂ׳ Is 9:4 +, cstr. שְׂרֵפַת Nu 19:6 +;—לשׂ׳ of brick-burning Gn 11:3 (+ שָׂרַף); destructive Am 4:11; Is 9:4, of land Dt 29:22, of temple, הָיָה לִשְׂרֵפַת אֵשׁ Is 64:10, הַר שׂ׳ Je 51:25 i.e. a burnt-out volcano (fig. of Bab.); of heifer Nu 19:6, cf. v 17; of spices (prob.) as funeral rite 2 Ch 16:14 (as acc. cogn.), 21:19 (obj. of עָשָׂה), v 19; of pers. (penal) Lv 10:6 (acc. cogn., י׳ subj.), Nu 17:2.

† [מַשְׂרֵפָה, מִשְׂרָפָה?] n.[f.

† מִשְׂרְפוֹת מַיִם n.pr.loc. named with Ṣidon Jos 11:8; 13:6 (appar. near coast); cp. (dub. Buhl^{Geogr. 229}) Mùêrfe, 14 m. S. of Tyre, v. Di and reff., Guérin^{Gal ii. 166 f.}—Μασερων, Μασρεφωθμαειμ, etc.

I. שׂרק (NH סָרַק, Aramaic ܣܪܰܩ, סְרַק, all comb, card; Arabic شَرَقَ slit sheep’s ear, pluck fruit).

† [שָׂרִיק] adj. carded, combed, of flax;—fpl. פִּשְׁתִּים שְׂרִיקוֹת Is 19:9.

II. שׂרק (cf. NH סָרָק light red; הִשְׂרִיק Ecclus^{50, 7; 43, 9 margin} shine brightly (of sun); Assyrian šarḳu, red blood; Arabic شَرَقَ rise and shine (of sun), shew redness, شَرِقَ become red (like blood); Sab. שרק rise (of sun), משרק East, שרקן epith. dei the shining Sab.Denkm.^{18, 4} Fell^{ZMG liv (1900), 253 f.} cf. Hom^{Chr 124}).

† I. [שָׂרֹק] adj. perhaps sorrel (? from II. שׂ׳, or cf. أَشْقَرُ having ruddy tinge over white, of horses sorrel Lane¹⁶⁸¹);—pl. אֲדֻמִּים שְׂרֻקִּים וּלְבָנִים Zc 1:8, of horses.

II. [שָׂרֹק] n.[m.] vine-tendrils (or clusters) (from red colour?);—pl. sf. שְׂרוּקֶּיהָ Is 16:8.

† I. שֹׂרֵק n.[m.] choice species of vine;—abs. שׂ׳ Is 5:2, שׂוֹ׳ Je 2:21 (both in fig.).

† II. שֹׂרֵק (van d. H. שׂוֹ׳) n.pr.loc. in נַ֫חַל שׂ׳ Ju 16:4 (proposes Wady of choice vines);—𝔊 Σωρηχ[κ]; prob. Wady Ṣurâr (GASm^{Geogr. 218 ff.}), on N. side of which is ruin Sûrîk, 3/4 h. W. of Ṣur‘ah (Ẓor‘ah), Survey^{iii. 53} GFM^{ad loc.}

† שֹׂרֵקָה n.f. choice vine;—Gn 49:11.

† מַשְׂרֵקָה n.pr.loc. in Edom;—מִמּ׳ Gn 36:36 = 1 Ch 1:47; 𝔊 ἐκ Μασέκκας (𝔊L Ch ἐκ Μασερικα); Euseb^{Onom. ed. Lag 227} Μασρηκα.

שׂרר (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; Dl^{Pr 92} cp. Assyrian šarâru, rise in splendour (of sun, etc.), but dub., cf. Hal^{RÉJ xiv (1887), 150}).

שַׂר₄₂₀ n.m. chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince (NH especially of angels; Assyrian šarru, king);—abs. שַׂר 2 S 3:38 +, הַשַּׂר Mi 7:3 +, שָׂ֑ר Ho 3:4 +; cstr. שַׂר Ju 4:2 +; sf. שַׂרְכֶם Dn 10:21; pl. שָׂרִים 1 K 4:2 +; cstr. שָׂרֵי Gn 12:15 +; sf. שָׂרַי Ju 5:15; Is 10:8, שָׂרֵיכֶם Je 44:21, שָׂרֵיהֶם Is 3:4 +;—

1. chieftain, leader: a. pl. of Isr. Nu 21:18 (poem in JE; ‖ נְדִיב הָעָם), of Issachar Ju 5:15 (poem); שָׂרֵי גִלְעָד 10:18 is dub. (we should expect וְשׂ׳, and cf. זִקְנֵי ג׳, instead, 11:5–11); of Midian 7:25; 8:3; Philistines 1 S 29:3^(×2), 4^(×2), 9 (appar. = סְרָנִים v 2, 6, 7 [We], yet disting. by HPS and [with reserve] Bu; 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Th Bu del. in v 4b), cf. 18:30; poet., of כְּמוֹשׂ (i.e. the leading Moabites) Je 48:7, of מלכם (q.v.; i.e. the leading Ammonites) Am 1:15 = Je 49:3. b. sg. David as leader of freebooters 1 S 22:2; cf. שׂ׳ גְּדוּד 1 K 11:24, pl. 2 S 4:2.

2. vassal, noble, official, under king (acting, on occasion, as counsellor, commander, etc.): a. pl., in Egypt Gn 12:15 (J) + 3 times Is + 30:4 Di Du Skinner (> of foreign embassy [cf. ‖ מַלְאָכָיו] Che al. reading [Che^Heb.Hpt. Marti] שָׂרִים), 105:22; Moab Nu 22:8 + 8 times 22, 23 (JE), Am 2:3; Edom Is 34:12 (‖ חֹרִים); As. 10:8; 31:9; Bab. 21:5 + 7 times Je + 2 Ch 32:31 (but here perhaps vaguely = authorities); other nations Je 49:38 + 17 times Ezr Est; in gen. Is 49:7; officials, officials class, under kings of Israel: David (only Chr) 1 Ch 22:17 + 5 times 1 Ch, Ezr 8:20; Sol. 1 K 4:2; Jehoiachin 2 K 24:12, 14; Zedek. Je 34:21; 2 Ch 36:18; other kings 19 times 2 Chr; in gen. Ec 10:16, 17; see also (Judah) Je 1:18 + 31 times Je (17:25a del. שׂ׳ Gf Che Gie Du), 4 times La, Ez 17:12, Zp 1:8 (where disting. from בְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, who are never called שׂ׳); so, in gen., Ne 9:32, 34 Dn 9:6, 8; and (N. Isr.) Ho 3:4 + 6 times Ho. b. as having powers of magistrate Ex 2:14 (E. + שֹׁפֵט); under Moses (over groups of 1000, 100, 50, 10) 18:21 + 7 times 18 (E), Dt 1:15^(×4); later in Judah Ho 5:10 (Now reads שָׂרֵי יִשׂ׳), Is 1:23, cf. 3:4, 14; 32:1; Mi 7:3 (sg.; ‖ שֹׁפֵט), Zp 3:3 (‖ id.), Ez 22:27, cf. Pr 8:16 (‖ נְדִיבִים); 28:2 read perhaps צָרֶיהָ, v. Toy. c. as ruler or magistrate of a district (מְדִינָה), 1 K 20:14, 15, 17, 19 (cf. Est 1:3; 8:9; 9:3, שָׂרֵי עַם וָעָם 3:12). d. as commandant of city, שׂ׳ הָעִיר Ju 9:30, cf. 1 K 22:26 = 2 Ch 18:25, 2 K 23:8; 2 Ch 34:8; of citadel, שׂ׳ הַבִּירָה Ne 7:2; pl. of city officials, שׂ׳ סֻכּוֹת Ju 8:6, 14 (disting. from זְקֵנִים), cf. 2 K 10:1; 2 Ch 29:20.

3. specif. military, = captain, general: a. שַׂר־(ה)צבא Gn 21:22, 32 (E), 26:26 (J), 1 S 12:9 + 23 times, + שׂ׳־צ׳־י׳ Jos 5:14, 15 (JE; צָבָא 1 b), angel-captain in vision; v. also 8, 9; שָׂרֵי הַצּ׳ 1 K 1:25 + 3 times Chr, שָׂרִים בַּצּ׳ 1 Ch 12:22 (Gi Baer; van d. H. v 21); שָׂרֵי צְבָאוֹת Dt 20:9; 1 K 2:5; 1 Ch 27:3; שַׂר־הַחַ֫יִל 2 S 24:2 (but read וְאֶל־שָׂרֵי as 𝔊L and ‖ 1 Ch 21:2 Th We Dr HPS Bu), שָׂרֵי (הַ)ח׳ v 4^(×2), 2 K 9:5; 2 Ch 33:14; Ne 2:9, שָׂרֵי הַחֲיָלִים 1 K 15:20 = 2 Ch 16:4; 2 K 25:23; 26 Je 40:7, 13 + 7 times Je; שָׂרֵי מִלְחָמוֹת 2 Ch 32:6; so (ה)שׂר alone 2 S 18:5; 19:7 1 K 9:22 = 2 Ch 8:9 𝔊^B Be Kit (שָׂרָיו וְשָׁלִישָׁיו, for MT שָׂרֵי שׂ׳), 2 K 9:5^(×2); 1 Ch 11:6, 21 + 9 times, + Jb 39:25 Dn 11:5; שׂ׳ וְגָדוֹל 2 S 3:38 (of Abner); poss. military fig. also in שַׂר שָׁלוֹם Is 9:5 (Mess. name). b. leading companies of 50 2 K 1:9–14; Is 3:3, of 100; 1 S 22:7 + 16 times + 8:12 (reading מֵאוֹת for חֲמִשִּׁים 𝔊 HPS, cf. We; Bu ins. שָׂרֵי מֵאוֹת), of 1000; 1 S 17:18 + 11 times, + שָׂרֵי הָאֲלָפִים וְהַמֵּאוֹת 1 Ch 13:1 26:26 (disting. from שָׂרֵי הַצָּבָא), 27:1; 29:6; 2 Ch 1:2; also שׂ׳ הָרֶכֶב captain of the chariotry 1 K 22:31, 32, 33 = 2 Ch 18:30, 31, 32 + 3 times + שָׂרֵי ר׳ וּפָרָשָׁיו 1 K 9:22 = 2 Ch 8:9.

4. a. chief, head, of other official classes: שַׂר הַטַּבָּחִים, Egypt, Gn 37:36 + 5 times; שָׂרֵי הָרָצִים 1 K 14:27 = 2 Ch 12:10; שָׂרֵי הַנִּצָּבִים 1 K 5:30; 9:23 = 2 Ch 8:10; even domestic positions (court of Pharaoh), שַׂר הַמַּשְׁקִים Gn 40:2 + 5 times, שַׂר הָאוֹפוֹת 40:2 + 4 times (all E); שָׂרֵי הַמַּהְלְקוֹת 1 Ch 28:1, i.e. of the successive courses of royal military officials; cf. הַשַּׂר 27:28; שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים Dn 1:7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18; שַׂר מְנוּחָה Je 51:59. b. = overseer: שַׂר בֵּית הַסֹּהַר Gn 39:21, 23, שָׂרֵי מִקְנֶה 47:6 (all J; cf. אַבִּיר הָרֹעִים 1 S 21:8), שָׂרֵי מִסִּים Ex 1:11 (J); cf. 1 Ch 15:27; 29:6; 27:31; 28:1.—In 1 Ch 15:22 read prob. סַר הַמַּשָּׂא (= שַׂר) overseer of the carrying (for MT בְּמַשָּׂא יָסֹר בַּמַּשָּׂא), so 𝔊 Benz Kit, Be יָסֹר = יָשׂר; v. another view יָסַר Qal.

5. of religious office: שָׂרֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים Ezr 8:24, 29; 10:5 2 Ch 36:14; שׂ׳ הַלְוִיִּם 1 Ch 15:16, 22 2 Ch 35:9, cf. 1 Ch 15:5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; heads of classes or courses of priests, called שָׂרֵי קֹדֶשׁ 1 Ch 24:5, שׂ׳ אֱלֹהִים v 5;—שָׂרֵי ק׳ Is 43:28 (usually consecrated princes, whether priests, or kings, or both) is prob. corrupt, read perhaps שַׁעֲרֵי (Du) or וַיְחַלְּלוּ שָׂרֶיךָ קָדְשִׁי 𝔊 Houb Klo Che^Hpt Gr (substantially).

6. late, of representative leaders of people, tribal heads, שׂ׳ שִׁבְטֵי יִשׂ׳ 1 Ch 27:22; 29:6, cf. 28:1; appar. = elders, שׂ׳ הָעָם Ez 11:1; 2 Ch 24:23; שׂ׳ alone, ψ 68:28^(×3); in post-exilic Jerus. Ezr 9:1; 2 Ne 4:10; 10:1; 11:1 (שָׂרֵי הָעָם), + elders Ezr 10:8, 14; called שָׂרֵי יְהוּדָה Ne 12:31, 32; of district-rulers 3:9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; of heads of families, שָׂרֵי הָאָבוֹת Ezr 8:29; 1 Ch 29:6 (= רָאשֵׁי הָא׳ 24:31; 27:1; Ne 7:70).

7. late, as term of rank and dignity, Is 23:8 (cf. ‘merchant-princes’), Jb 3:15; 29:9 (‖ נְגִידִים), 34:19 ψ 45:17; 82:7; 148:11, opp. עבד(ים) Pr 19:10; Ec 10:7; formidable foes ψ 119:23, 161.

8. = patron-angel, only Dn: פָּרַס (מַלְכוּת) שַׂר 10:13, 20, שׂ׳ יָוָן v 20; specif. of מִיכָאֵל v 13, 21; 12:1.

9. שַׂר־הַצָבָא 8:11 = God (prob., cf. צָבָא 1 c; yet v. also צ׳ 1 b), so שַׂר שָׂרִים v 25.

† [שָׂרַר] vb. denom. (Gerber²⁰) be, or act as, prince, rule;—

Qal Impf. 3 ms. וַיָּ֫שַׂר עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל Ju 9:22 Abim. ruled over Isr. three years; 3 mpl. שָׂרִים … יָשׂ֑רוּ Is 32:1 princes shall govern (prince it) justly (‖ יִמְלָךְ־מֶלֶךְ), cf. Pr 8:16; Pt. לִהְיוֹת … שֹׂרֵר Est 1:22 that every man should bear rule בְּבֵיתוֹ.

Hithp. Impf., 2 ms. + Inf. abs. כִּי־תִשְׂתָּרֵר עָלֵינוּ גַּס־הִשְׂתָּרֵר Nu 16:13 that thou shouldst also keep playing the prince over us.—יָסֹר 1 Ch 15:22 v. יָסַר Qal and שַׂר 4 b. Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. metapl. הֵשִׂירוּ (Ges^{§ 67 v}) Ho 8:4 they made princes (abs.; ‖ הִמְלִיכוּ).

† I. [שָׂרָה] n.f. princess, noble lady;—cstr. שָׂרָ֫תִי (Ges^{§ 90 l}) La 1:1; pl. שָׂרוֹת 1 K 11:3, cstr. id. Est 1:18; sf. שָׂרוֹתֶיהָ Ju 5:29, -תֵיהֶם Is 49:23;—princesses attending Sisera’s mother Ju 5:29; of Sol.’s wives 1 K 11:3, other queens Is 49:23 (‖ מְלָכִים); wives of nobles Est 1:18; fig. of Jerus. La 1:1.

II. שָׂרָה₃₇ n.pr.f. wife of Abraham (princess);—Σαρρα: Gn 17:15 (where formal change from שָׂרַי), v 17, 19, 21; 21:1b, 3; 23:1^(×2), 2^(×2), 19; 25:10, 12; 49:31 (all P), 18:6 + 9 times 18, 21:1a, 2a; 24:36, 67 (all J), 20:2^(×2), 14, 16, 18; 21:6, 7, 9, 12 (all E); an ancestress of Hebrews Is 51:2.

† שָׂרַי n.pr.f. wife of Abram (Nö^{ZMG xiii (1888), 484} Ges^{§ 801} Kö^{ii. 1, 427} make = foregoing, with old fem. ending י—ַ; >Lag^{BN 92, Anm.}*, emphasizing diff. in 𝔊, der.froma √ شرى, and cp. شراة, name of a barren mt.; cf. RS יִשְׂרָאֵל supr., sub I. שׂרה);—𝔊 Σαρα;—Gn 11:30 (J), v 31 (P), 12:5, 11, 17; 16:1, 2, 3, 5, 6^(×2), 8^(×2) (all J), 17:15 (P); שָׂרָ֑י 11:29 (J), 16:2 (J), 17:15 (P).

שָׂשׂוֹן, שָׂשׂן v. שׂוֹשׂ.

שֵׂת v. שְׂאֵת sub נשׂא p. 673a.

† שָׂתַם vb. usually stop up, in sense of shut out, shut ears against (late ‖ form of סָתַם; yet awkward; Ba^{ES 9} cp. Arabic شَمَّتَ frustrate, disappoint);—

Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ תְּפִלָּתִי La 3:8 (> van d. H. שָׂתָם) he (י׳) hath shut out my prayer (Bu שׂ׳ מִתּ׳ shut up [himself] from).

† [שָׂתַר] vb.Niph. burst or break out, of tumours (Arabic شَتَرَ have inverted, or cracked, eyelids, or lower lips; Ethiopic ሠተረ: lacerate; Assyrian [šatâru] ii. tear down; Syriac ܣܬܰܪ destroy, so Sab. שתר Sab. Denkm.^{No. 48, 1. 2}, Biblical Aramaic סְתַר Ezr 5:12);—

Niph. Impf. וַיִּשָּֽׂתְרוּ לָהֶם עפלים 1 S 5:9 and tumours brake out to them.