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ABBREVIATIONS

• A = Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint
• ABA = Abhandlungen d. Berliner Akademie d. Wissenschaften
• Abulf = Abulfeda
• Ac = Academy (London)
• AE = Aben Ezra
• AGG = Abhandlungen d. Gottinger Gesellshaft d. Wissenschaften
• AGI = Assyrian and English Glossary, Johns Hopkins University
• AJPh = American Journal of Philology
• AJSL = American Journal of Semitic Languages
• al. = and others, and elsewhere
• Albr = K. Albrecht
• alttest(am) = alttestamentliche (r,s)
• Am.J.Sem.Lang. = AJSL, q.v.
• AmRV = American RV
• Arch. = Archaeology.
• ARSK = A. R. S. Kennedy
• As. = Assyrian.
• Asrb. = Assurbanipal.
• Asrn. = Assurbanipal.
• A.T. = Old Testament (there should be none)
• Av. = Avesta, Avestan
• AW = Abu’l Waild.
• A&W = Abel and Winckler, Keilscrifttexte, Glossary
• ÄZ = Agyptische Zeitscrift

• B = Vatican Manuscript of Septuagint
• Ba = J. Barth. Ba^Erikl.d.Jes.Id., Erklärung des Jesaias; Ba^es = ID., Etymologische Studien; Ba^NB = ID., no-minalbildung.
• Bä = K. C. Bähr
• Bab. = Babylonian.
• Bähr = K. C. Bähr
• Bacher = W. Bacher. Bacher^Terminol. = Id., Älteste Terminologie der jüdischen Schriftauslegung.
• Bachm = j. Bachmann
• Bäd = K. Bädeker
• Bae = F.Baethgen. Bae^Sem.Rel. = Beiträge zur Semitilchen Religionseschichte.
• Baen = B. Baentsch.
• Bähr = K. C. Bähr. Bähr^Symb = Bähr,Symbolik des Mosaischen Cultus.
• BAL = C. Bezold, Babylonisch-Assyrische Literatur.
• B.Aram. = Biblical Aramaic.
• BarHab(r) = Bar Hebraeus.
• BAS = Beiträge zur Assyriologie u. Semit. sprachwissenschaft, edd. DI. & Hpt.
• Bau(d) = W.von Baudissin. Bau^Rel = ID., Studien Sur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte; Bau^Priest. = ID., Geschichte des Alttestamentlichen Priesterthums.
• Bd. = Bäd, q.v.
• BD = Baer&Delitzsch,Heb.Text.
• Be = E.Bertheau.
• Behrm = G.Behrmann.
• Benn = W.H. Bennett.
• Benz = J. Benzinger. Benz^Arch = ID., Hebräische Archaeologie.
• Berggren = J. Benzinger, Guide FranÇais-Arabe Vulgaire.
• Berliner^T.Onk. = A. Berliner, Targum of Onkelos.
• Berthol = A.Bertholet.
• BeRy = Bertheau’s Comm., ed. by Ryssel.
• Bev = A.A. Bevan.
• Bez = C.Bezold.
• Bi = G.Bickell.
• BI = F.Bleek.
• Bla = J.S.Black.
• Bloch^(GI.) = A.Bloch, Phönizisches Glossar.
• Bmg = A.J. Baumgartner.
• Bo = S. Bochart. Bo^Hieroz. = Id., Hierozoicon.
• Bö = F.Böttcher. Bö^§, or Bö^I,ii = Id., Lehrbuch d. Hebr. Sprache; Bö^Ä, or NÄ = Id., Ährenlese,or NeueVhrenlese;Bö ^Inf. = Id.,De Inferis; Bö^Prob. = Id., Proben alttest. Schrifterklärung.
• Bondi = J.H.Bondi, Hebr.Lehnwörter in Hieroglyphischen....Texten.
• BOR = Babylonian& Oriental Record.
• Br = C.A. Briggs. Br^Gen.Intr. = Id., general Introduction to the Sudy of Holy Scripture; Br^Hex. = Id., Messianic Prophecy/
• Braun^{de Vest. Sacerd.} = j. Braunius. Vestitus sacerdotum Hebraeorum.
• Brd = C,Bredenkamp.
• Brock = C.Brockelmann. esp.Id., Lexicon Syriacum.
• Bu = K. Budde. Bu^RS = Id., Richter u. Samuel; Bu^Urg. = Id., Die biblische Urgeschichte.
• Buhl = Frants Buhl, esp.as editor of eds. ^12-14 of Gesenius’s Handwörterbunch ü ber das A. T. ; Buhl^G(eogr.) = Id., Geographie des Alten Palästina; Buhl^Edom. = Id., Geschichte der Edomiter.
• Bur = C.F.Burney.
• Burckh = J.L.Burckhardt,esp. Id., Travels in Syria, etc.
• Bux = J. Buxorf.
• Bz = C.Bezold.

• Ca = C.P.Caspari.
• Calv = John Calvin.
• Cappad. = Cappadocia.
• Castell = Edward Castell.
• Castle = Castell.
• Cels^Hierob. = O. Celsius, Hierobotanicon.
• Champoll = J.F. Champollion.
• Che = T.K. Cheyne. Che^FoundersId., Founders of Old Testament Criticism; Che^(Heb.)Hpt = Id.,Isaiah, in Hpt,’s Sacred Books of the O.T. (‘Polychrome Bible’), Eng. Trans., and Heb. Text; Che^Intr. Is = Id., Introduction to Isaiah; Che^OP = Id., Origin and Religious Contents of the Psalter.
• ChGn = G. Smith’s Chald. Genesis, Germ. ed.
• Chron = Chronicles; also Chronicon (e.g., Euseb^Chron.).
• Chr-Pal. = Christian-Palestinian Aramaic.
• ChWB = J.Levy, Chaldäisches Wörterbuch.
• Cilic. = Cilician(Aramaic)
• CIS = Corpus Inscript. Semiticarum.
• ClGann = Clermont-Ganneau.
• Co = C.H. Cornill.
• Comm. = Commentary, Commentaries, Commnentators.
• conj. = conjecture(s); also conjunction.
• contr. = contract, contracted.
• Cook = Stanley A. Cook.
• Cooke = G.A. Cooke.
• COT = The Cuneiform Inscr.& the Old Test. (Eng. Trans. of KAT2, by O, H. Whtehouse).
• Cowley = A.E.Cowley.
• cpd. = compound, compunded.
• CR = Comptes Rendus.
• Ct = Canticles = Song of Solomon.
• Cuche = Id., Dictionnaire ArabeFranÇais.

• D = Deuteronomist in Dt., in other books Deueronomic auther or redactor.
• D(in BAram. Appendix) = G. Dalman. usu. Id., Aramäisches-Neuhebräisches Wörterbuch; D^§ = Id., Grammatik des Jüdisch-Aramäischen (2nd ed., 1905)
• Da = A.B. Davidson. Da ^Synt. = Id., Hebrew Syntax.
• Dalm = G. Dalman. Dalm^WB = Id., Aramäisches - Neuhebräi-sches Wö rterbuch.
• DB = Dictionary of the Bible, ed. J. Hastings.
• De = Franz Delitzsch. De^Compl.Var. Id., Complutensische Varianten zum alttestamentlichen Texte; De^{HL und Koheleth} = Id., Comm.über das Hohelied und Koheleth.
• Derenb = (usu.) H. Derenbourg; sts. J. Derenbourg; Derenb,^Etudes = Id., Études sur I’Épigraphie du Yêmen.
• DeW = W.M. L.De Wette.
• DHM = D.H.Müller. DHM^BS = Id., Burgen u. Schlösser Süd- Arabiens; DHM^{Epigr.Denkm.(Ar.,or aus Abess.)} = Id., Epigraphische Denkmäler, or Epigr. Denkm. aus Arabienm, or Epigr. Denkm. aus Abessinien; DHM^Hofmus. = Id., Inschriften des Hofmuseums; DHM^Sendsch. = Id., Inschriften von Sendschirli; DHM,^Stud. = Id., Südarabische Studien; DHM^SMB = Id., Sab. Alterthümer in d. Kön. Museen zu Berlin.
• Dict.Bib. = Smith, Dictionary of the Bible.
• Dietr = F.E.C. Dietrich, esp. Id., Abhandlungen für semit. Wortforschung.
• div. = divinum, divinitatis.
• DI = Friedrich Dlitzsch. DI^§ = Id., Assyrian Grammar; DI^H = Id., Hebrew & Assyrian; DI^K = Id., Sprache d. Kossäer; DI^L = Id., Assyrische Lesestücke; DI^Pa(r) = Id., Wo lag das Paradies? DI^Pr(ol) = Id., Prolegomena; Dl⁸ = Id., Assyrische Studien; DI^W = Id., Assyrisches Wörterbuch.
• DLZ = Deutsche Literatur-Zeitung.
• Door = A.van Doorninck.
• Doughty^{Arab. Des.} = C. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta.
• Dozy = R. Dozy,(usu.) Suppl.aux Dict. Arabes.
• DPV = Deutscher Palästina- Verein.
• Dr = S.R.Driver. Dr^§ = Id., Hebrew Tenses;Dr^Intr. = Id.,Introduction to Literature of O.T.; Dr^Psalt. = Id., Psalter; Dr^Sm, or ^Sam = Id., Text or Samuel.
• Dr-Wh = Driver and White, Leviticus(Hpt.).
• Dt = Deuteronomy.
• dub. = dubious, doubtful.
• DWAk = Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie d. Wiss.
• Dy = J.Dyserinck.

• Eb = G.Ebers. Eb^AgM = Id., Aegypten u. d. Bücher Mosis; Eb^GS = Id., Durch Gosen zum Sinai.
• EB(I) = Encyclopaedia Biblica, edd. Black and Cheyne.
• Ecclus = Ecclesiasticus; Ecclus, Oxford ed.,=Heb. Fragments of Ecclesiasticus, edd. Neubauer and Cowley.
• EMey = Eduard Meyer, EMey^Entstehung = Id., Entstehung des Judenthums,=Id., Entstehung J., etc.
• Enc.Brit. = Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 9th ed.
• Eut = J.Euting. Eut^K = Id.,Sammlung Karthag. Inschriften
• E.V. = English Version(s).
• Ew = H. Ewald. Ew^§ = Id., Heb. Gram.; Ew^{G(esch.) = Id., Geschichte d. Volkes Israel; Ew}H ^{= Id., History of Isr. (Eng. Trans. of Ew}G(esch) ^{); Ew}JBW^{, or Ew}Jahrb. = Id., Jahrb. d. bibl. Wissenschaft ; Ew^BTh = Id., Biblische Theologie ; Ew^Ant = Id., Antiquities.
• F.B. = F.Brown.
• FFP = Flora and Fauna of Palestine (Survey)
• Fi = Frederick Field, esp. Id., Origenis Hexaplorumquae supersunt.
• fin. = finite, finitivum.
• FJB = F.J.Bliss.
• FI = H.L. Fleischer. FI ^KI.Schr. Id., Kleine Schriften.
• Flora = Post, Flora of Syria.
• Fr = S. Frensdorff. Fr^MM = Id., Massora Magna.
• Frä = S.Fränkel and(usu.) Id., Aramäische Fremdwörter in Arabischen.
• Frankenb(erg) = W. Frankenberg. Frankenb^Spr = Id., Comm. Sprüche (ed. Nowack).
• Frey = G.W. Freytag, Lex. Arab. ; Frey^Prov.Ar., or^Prov. = Id., Arabum Proverbia.
• Fü = J. Fürst.

• GACooke = (usu.) G.A.Cooke, North Semitic Inscriptions ; = GACooke^Inscr.
• Gal. = Galilee.
• Gann = Clermont-Ganneau.
• GASm = George Adam Smith. GA Sm^G(eogr.) = Id., Historical Geography of the HolyLand.
• Gei = A. Geiger. Gei^Urschr. = Id.,Urschrift u. Übersetzungen der Bibel ; Gei^{Nachgel. Schr.} = Id., Nachgelassene Schriften.
• Gerber^{(Verb. Denom.)} = W.T. Gerber, Verba Denominativa.
• Ges = W. Gesenius. Ges^§ = Id., Herb. Gram. ed. by Kautzsch; Ges^Lbg = Id., Lehrgebäude d. Heb. Sprache.
• Gf = K.H.Graf.
• GFM = G.F.Moore.
• GGA = Gött. Nachrichten.
• Gie = F.Giesebrecht.
• Gi(nsb) = C.D. Ginsburg.
• GI(as) = E.Glaser; GI^MSI = Id., Mittheilungen über Sab. Inschriften ; GI^Skizze = Id., Skizze der Geschichte u. Geographie Arabiens.
• Gr = H. Grätz.
• Gray = G.B.Gray. Gray^Prop.N. = Id., Hebrew Proper Names.
• Gu = H. Guthe, rarely Stan. Guyard Gu^§ = Guyard, Notes de lexicogr. assyrienne.
• Guêrin = V. Guêrin, Description gêographique de la Palestine.
• Guidi = Ignazio Guidi; Guidi^{Della Sede} = Id., Della Sede Primitiva dei Popoli Semitici.
• Gunk = H. Gunkel. Gunk^Schöpf. = Id., Schöpfung u. Chaos.
• Guy = Stan.Guyard.

• H = Code of Holiness.
• Haev = Haevernick.
• Hal = J. Halêvy. Hal^M = Id., Mêlanges; Hal^DR = Id., Documents Religieux ; Hal^MA = Id., Mission Archêol. dans le Yêmen ; Hal^ÉS, or ^Et.Sab. = Id., Études Sabêennes.
• Hamm = Hammurabi, esp. Id., Code of Laws.
• Hartm^{Plurilit.-bildungen} = M. Hartmann, Plauriliteralbildungen in den semitischen Sprachen.
• Hast = James Hasings. Hast(ings) ^DB, or ^Dict.Bib. = Dictionary of the Bible, ed. James Hastings.
• Hb = Habakkuk.
• HDerenb = H. Derenbourg.
• He(ngst) = E.Hengstenberg.
• Herod(to.) = Herodotus.
• Hex = Hexateuch.
• Hi = F. Hitzig.
• Hilg = A. Hilgenfeld.
• Hilpr = H. V. Hilprecht.
• Hirz = L. Hirzel.
• Hoffm = G.Hoffmann.
• Hollenb = W.A.Hallenberg.
• Holz = H. Holzinger.
• Hom = F. Hommel. Hom^AA, or ^A.u.A, or ^Aufsätze = Id., Aufsätze u. Abhandlungen ; Hom ^Chr, or ^Chrest(om.), or ^{Südar. Chrest.} = Id., Südarabische Chrestomathie ; Hom^NS = Id., Namen der Säugethiere.
• Houb = C. F. Houbigant.
• HP = Holmes & Parsons, Septuagint.
• HPS = H. P.Smith.
• Hpt = Paul Haupt. Hpt^C = Id., Akkadische Sprache ; Hpt^D = Id., Über einen Dialekt der Sumerischen Sprache [GGN. 1880, Nr. 17] ; Hpt^E = Id., E. vowel ; Hpt ^F = Id., Sumer. Familiengesetze ; Hpt^L = Id., Beiträge z. Ass.Lautlehre ; Hpt^N = Id., Nimrodepos ; Hpt ^Prol.As.Gr. = Id., Prolegomena to an Assyrian Grammar ; Hpt^S = Id., Sintfluthbericht ; Hpt^T = Id., ASKT, Akkad. & Sum. Keilschrifttexte ; Hpt, or ^Hpt (Che^Hpt, &C.) usu. = Sacred Books of the O.T, ed. Hpt (Polychrome Bible).
• HSch = H. Schultz.
• Hultsch = F. Hultsch, Griechische u. Römische Metrologie.
• Hup = H. Hupfeld. Hup^Ri, Hup ^RiNow Hup-Now = Id., Psalmen, edd. Riem, Nowack.

• Idiot. = Idioticon.
• Inschr. = inscription(s) ; Inscr. of Crpentr. = Inscription of Carpentras.
• intr(ans). = intransitive.
• Is = Isaiah.
• J = Jehovist.
• JA = Journ. of the Royal Asiatic Society.
• Jacob = G. Jacob. Jacob^{Ar(ab.) Dichter} = Id., Studien in Arab. Dichtern ; Id. ^Bed.Leben = Id., Leben der vorislamischen Beduinen.
• J.Aram. = Jewish-Aramaic (Jü disch-Aramäisch).
• JAs = Journal Asiatique.
• Jastr = Marcus Jastrow, Dict. of Targumim, Talmud, etc.; also Morris Jastrow, Jr.; Jastr^Rel.Bab. = M.Jastrow, Jr., Religion of Babylonia and Assyria.
• J^{AT.im Licht d. AO} = A. Jeremias, Das Alte Testament in Licht des Alten Orients.
• JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature.
• JBTH = Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theologie.
• JDMich = J. D. Michaelis.
• Jen = P. Jensen. Jen^Cosmol. = Id., Cosmologie der Babylonier.
• Jer = Jerome ; also Jerusalem.
• Jerem = A. Jeremias.
• Jes = Jesaias.
• JHC = Johns Hopkins Univ.Circulars.
• JHMich = J.H.Michaelis.
• JLZ = Jenaer Lit. -Zeitung.
• Jos^Ant, Jos^BJ = Fl. Josephus, Antiquities, or Bell. Jud.
• Joseph = Fl. Josephus(sts.).
• JosKi = Joseph Kimchi.
• JPh(il). = Journal of Philology(Engl.)
• JPTh = Jahrbücher für Prot. Theol.
• JQ = Jewish Quarterly.
• Jr = A. Jeremias, Leben nach dem Tode.
• JThS = Journal of Hteological Studies.
• Jud. = Judüa, Judüan.
• Jüd. Zeitschr. = Monatsschrift für Gesch. u. Wiss. des Judenthums.

• K = E. Kautzsch (in B. Aram. Appendix). K^§ = Id., Gramm. d. bibl. Aram.; K^Aram. = Id., Aramaismen in A.T.
• Ḳam. = al-Ḳamus (Arab. Dict.), by al-Fīrūzābādi.
• KAT² = E.Schrader, Keilinschr, u. d. Alte Testament. KAT³ = Id., 3rd ed. by H. Winckler and H. Zimmern.
• Kau = E.Kautzsch; Kau^§ = Id., Gram. d. bibl. Aram.; Kau^{Aram(im AT)} = KAram. ; Kau^AT = Die Heiligen Schriften d. Alten Testaments, ed. Kau,; Kau^MN = Id., Mittheilungen u. Nachrichten d. DPV, 1904; ^Kau (So^Kau, etc.) = Kau^AT.
• Kay = W. Kay.
• KB = E.Schrader,Keilinschriftl. Bibliothek.
• Ke = C.. F. Keil.
• Kenn = B. Kennicott.
• Kennedy = (usu.) A.R. S. Kennedy.
• KG = E. Schrader, Die Keilinschr. and die Geschichtsforschung.
• Ki = David Kimchi(Qamchi).
• Kiep(ert) = H. Kiepert.
• Kirkp = A.F. Kirkpatrick.
• Kit = R. Kittel. Kit^{Gesch. (or Hist.)} = Kit, Geschichte der Hebräer (or Eng. Trans.).
• Kit-Di = Kit^Di = Dillmann’s Comm. (Isaiah), ed. by Kit.
• Klo = A. Klostermann. Kl⁸ = Die Bücher Sam. u. d. Könige
• Kmp = A. Kamphausen.
• Kn = A. Knobel.
• Knudtzon^{Ass. Gebete} = J. A. Knudtzon. Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott.
• Kö = E. König. Kö^I,ii,iii = Id.., Heb. Gram.; Kö^Synt. = Köⁱⁱⁱ ; Kö^§ = Id., Heb. Gram.; Koö^Einl. = Id., Einleitung in d. A.T.
• Köh = A. Köhler.
• Kohut-Memorial = Studies in Memory of A. Kohut; Kohut Studies = id.
• Kosters^Herstel = W.H. Kosters, Het Herstel van Israël in het Perzische Tijdvak.
• Kp = A.F. Kirkpatrick.
• Krae = R.Kraetzschmar.
• Krauss = S. Krauss, esp. Id., griechische and Lateinische Lehnwörter in Talmud, etc.
• Kremer = A.Kremer. Kremer^Beitr. = Id., Beiträge.
• Krochm = A. Krochmal.
• KSGW = Königl. Sächs. Ak. d. Wiss.
• Kt = K^ethibh.
• Kue = A.Kuenen. Kue^{Ges. Abh.} = Id.,Gesammelte Abhandlungen.
• Lag = P. de Lagarde. Lag^Agathang. = Id., Agathangelus ; Lag^{Arm. Stud.}, or ^AS = Id., ArmenischeStudien; Lag^BN = Id., Bildung d. Nomina ; Lag^M, or ^Mitth. = Id., Mitteilungen ; Lag^{Novi Psalt. spec.} = Id., Novi Psalterii Specim.; Lag^Onom. = Id., Onomastica Sacra ; Lag^Or = Id., Orientalia ; Lag^{Pers.Stud. = Id., Persische Studien ; Lag}Se ^{= Id., Semitica ; Lag}Sy, ^or Sym(m) = Id., Symmicta.
• Landberg = C. Landberg. Landberg^Prov. = Id., Proverbes et Dictons.
• Lane = E. W.Lane; usu.Id., Arabic Dictionary. Lane^(Mod.)Egypt. = Id., Modern Egyptians.
• Lay = A. H. Layard.
• I. c. = in loco citato.
• LCB = Litterarisches Centralblatt.
• Ldzb = M. Lidzbarski ; usu. Id., Nordsemitische Inschriften.
• Len = F. Lenormant. Len^Beginnings = Id., Beginnings of History (Eng. Trans. of Origines de I’Histoire, I). Len^Or(ig.) = Id., Les Origines de I’Histoire.
• (v.)Leng = C..von Lengerke.
• Levy = Jacob Levy.
• Lewy^{(Sem.) Fremdw(örter)} = H. Lewy, Semitische Fremdwörter in Griechischen.
• Lihy. = Lihyanian(language).
• Lindberg^{Vergl. Sem. Gram.} = Lindberg, Vergleichende semitische Grammatik.
• Linn = C, Linnaeus (Carl von Linnê).
• Littm = Enno Littmann.
• Lo = R. Lowth.
• loc. = local, locality.
• Loft = W. K. Lftus, esp. Loft^CS = Id., Chaldaea and Susiana.
• LOPh = Literaturblatt für Orientalische Philologie.
• Löw = J.Löw, Aramäische Pflanzennamen.
• Lu = Martin Luther.
• Luz(z) = S.D. Luzzatto.
• Lyon = D.G. Lyon.
• Lzb = M. Lidzbarski(v.Ldzb.).Lzb^Eph(em). = Id.,Ephemeris für semitische Epigrahik.

• M, M^§ = (in BAram. Appendix) K. Marti, Gram. d. bibl. Aram.
• M-A = W.Muss-Arnolt. M-A^CD = Id., Compendious Assyr. Dict.
• Mand. = Mandean.
• Marquart = J. Marquart. Marquart Id., ^Fundamente = Id., Fundamente israelitischer u. Jüdischer Geschichte.
• Marti = K.Marti.
• Mas(s) = Masora.
• MBAk = Monatsbericht d. Berliner a Akad. d. Wissenschaften.
• MDPV = Mitteilungen d. Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.
• Me = A. Merx.
• Meier^WurzelWB = E. Meier, Hebräisches Wurzelwörterbuch.
• Meinh = J. Meinhold.
• Meissn = B. Meissuer. Meissn^Suppl. = Id., Supplement zum Assyr. Wörterb.
• Mem. = Survey of W. Palestine, Memoirs.
• Metaph = metaphor, metaphorically.
• Mey = E.Meyer. Mey^E.Jud., or ^Entstehung. or ^Enst.J., or ^{Entstehung d. Jud.} or ^Judenth(um) = Id., Die Entstehung des Judenthums.
• MGWJ = Manatsschr., q.v.
• MI = Mesha-Inscription.
• Mich = J. D. Michaelis.
• Min. = Minaean.
• Mish(n). = Mishna.
• Mo = F.E. Movers.
• Monatsschr. = Monatsschrift für Geschichte u. Wissen. d. Judenthums.
• Mordt(m) = J.H. Mordtmann.Mordtm^{Him. Inschr.} = Id., Himjarische Inschriften.
• MT = Massoretic Text.
• Müll = A. Müller.
• Muss-Arn = W.Muss-Arnolt.
• MV^11(10,9,8) = Gesenius, Handwörterbuch öber das A.T., edd. F. Mühlau& W. Volck.
• MVAG,or MVG = Mittheilungen d. VOrderasiatischen Gesellschaft.

• Na = Nahum.
• Nab. = Nabataean.
• Näg = C. W. E. Nägelsbach.
• Nasar = Lexid. cod. Nasaraei, ed. M. Norberg.
• NBab. = New Babylonian.
• Nbr = A.Neubauer.
• Ne = Nehemiah (rarely = E. Nestle).
• Neb = Nebuchadnezzar.
• Nes = E. Nestle. Nes^§ = Id., Syriac Gram,; Nes^Eg = Eigennamen; Nes^Marg. = Id., Marginalien u. Materialien.
• NH = New (Late) Hebrew.
• NHWB = Levy, Neuhebr. Wörterb.
• NKZ = Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift.
• Nö = T.Nöldeke. Nö^§ = Id., Syrische Grammatik; Nö^{Beltr(age), or BSW = Id., Beiträge z. semitischen Sprachwissenschaft ; Nö}M ^{= Id., Mandäische grammatik ; Nö}NS ^{= Id., Untersuchungen zur Kritik des A. T. ; Nö}Zur Gram. d. class. Ar. = Id., Zur Grammatik des classischen Arab.(in Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie, 1896).
• no. = number.
• nom. = nomen, noun.
• nom. coll = nom. collectivum, collective noun.
• nom. unit = nom. unitatis, noun of singular or individual meaning.
• Nor = E. Norris, Assyrian Dictionary.
• Norberg^Lexid. = Nasar, q.v.
• Norzi = J. S. ben Abraham Norzi.
• Now = W.Nowack. Now^Arch. = Id., Hebräische Archäologie.
• n.pr. = nomen proprium, proper name. n. pr.loc. = n. pr. loci,proper name of place.

• obj. = object.
• OBaktr. Old Baktrian.
• Oehl = Oehler.
• oft. = often.
• OH = Old Hebrew(Inscriptions).
• OIran. = Old Iranian.
• Ol = J. Olshausen. OI^§ = Id., Heb. Gram.
• OLZ = Orientalische Literaturzeitung.
• Onk = Targum of Onkelos.
• Oort = H. Oort.
• op. cit. = in opere citato.
• OP(ers.) = Old Persian. OP also (in Che^OP) = Origin of Psalter.
• opp. = oppsite, as opposed to, or contrasted with.
• Opp(ert) = Jules Oppert.
• Or(elli) = C.von Orelli.
• Os = E. Osiander.
• OT = Old Testament.
• Öt = S.Öttli.

• P = Priests’ Code or Narrative.
• Pal(est). = Palestine, Palestinian, etc.
• Pal(m). = Palmyrene.
• PAOS = Proceedings of the American Oriental Society.
• Pap. = Papyrus.
• part. = particle.
• pass. = passive.
• PB = Proceedings of Soc. of Bib. Archaeol.
• Pe = J.J.S.Perowne.
• PEF = Pal. Explore. Fund, usu. Id., Quart. Statem’nt. PEF^Mem = Mem., q.v.
• Pei = F. E. Peiser.
• Perles = F.Perles. Perles^(Anal.) = Id., Analekten.
• pers. = person, personae.
• Pers. = Persian.
• PESoc = American Palestine Explore. Society.
• Pf. = Perfect.
• Ph. = Phenician.
• Phi = F. Phillippi
• Pietschm = R. Pietschmann (also Pietschm ^Phön(iz), or ^{Gesch. Ph.}) = (usu.) Id., Geschichte Phöniziens.
• Pinsk = S. Pinsker.
• pl. = plural.
• Plin ^HN = Pliny, Hist. Nat.
• POS = Proceedings Am. Orient. Soc.
• Post = G.E. Post. Post^Flora = Id., Flora of Syria.
• post B = post-Biblical.
• postex = post-positive.
• Pr = Proverbs.
• Prä(t) = F. Prätorius. Prä^{Amh.Spr. Id., Amharische Sprache; Prä(t)} Neue Beiträge = Id., Neue Beiträge zur Erklärung der Himjarischen Inschriften.
• PRE = Herzog’s Prot. Real-Encycl.
• Presb.Rev. = Presbyterian Review(New York)
• Prol = Prolegomena.
• PS = R. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syricsus.
• Ps.-J = Targum of Pseudo- Jonathan.
• pt(cp). = participle.
• Ptol = Ptolemy (usu. Claudius Ptolemy).
• punct. = punctuation.

• Qor = Qoran.
• Qr = Q^erê.
• qu. = question.
• qy. = query.
• R = Redactor(e.g. in Hexateuch). R^D = Deuteronamic redactor.
• RA = Revue Archêologique.
• Ra = Rashi.
• rdg. = reading.
• Rd’A = Revue des Études Juives.
• Rel = H.Reland.
• RÉS = Rêpertoire d’Épigraphie Sêmitique.
• Rev.Bib. = Revue Biblique.
• Ri = E.Riehm. Ri^HWB = Handwörterb. d. bibl. Alterth.
• Rö = E. Rödiger.
• Rob = E. Robinson. Rob^BR = Id., Biblical Researches.
• Rob-Ges. = Gesenius, Hebrew and English Lexicon, translated by E. Robinson.
• Roo = T.Roorda.
• Rosenm = E.F. C. Rosen,üller.
• Rothst = w. Rothstein.
• RP²⁽¹⁾ = Records of Past, 2nd (1st)Series.
• RS = W. Robertson Smith. RS ^OTJC = Id., Old Testament in Jewish Church ; RS ^Proph. = Id., Prophets of Israel; RS^K = Id., Kinship & Marriage in Early Arabia ; RS ^Sem = Id., Religion of Semites.
• RTr = Recueil de Travaux.
• Ru = Ruth.
• RV = Revised Version.
• RVm = Revised Version margin.
• RWB = Bibl. Realwörterbuch, ed. Winer.
• Ry = V.Ryssel.
• Saad = Arabic Version of Saadya.
• Sab. = Sabean.
• SabDenkm = Sabäische Denkmälaer, edd. Mordtmann&Müller.
• SAC = Stanley A. Cook; esp. Id., Aramaic Glossary.
• Sam. = Samaria, Samaritan (rarely = Samuel).
• Sarg = Sargon.
• SahoSpr. = Saho Sprache.
• SASm = S.A. Smith.
• Say = A.H. Sayce.Say,^Monuments = Id., Higher Criticism and the Monuments ; Say ^{Rel. Bab.} = Id., Religion of Babylonia.
• SB = SBAk.
• SBAk = Sitzungsbericht d. Berl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
• S-C^Pap. = A. H. Sayce and A. E. Cowley, Ara,. Papyri.
• Sch = F. W. Schultz.
• Scheft = scheftelowitz, usu. = Scheft, Arisches in A.T. ; Scheft^MGWJ = Id., Monatsschrift für Gesch. u. Wiss. d. Jud. (1903) ; also pub. separately (Scheftⁱⁱ)
• Schenkel^BL = D. Schenkel, Bibel-Lexicon.
• Schl(ottm) = C. Schlottmann.
• Schr = E. Schrader.
• Schröd, Schroed = P. Schröder, esp, Id., Phönizische Sparache.
• Schu = A. Schultens
• Schü = E. Schurer, Gesch. des judischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Chrsiti.
• Schulth = F. Schulthess. Schulth ^{Hom. Wurz} = Id, Homonymische Wurzeln im Syrischen; Schulth^Lex. = Id., Lexicon d. chr. Pal. Aramäischen.
• Schw = F. Schwally. Schw(ally)^Idiot. = Id., Idioticon d. Chr. Pal.
• Seetzen^reise = Seetzen, reisen durch Syrien.
• seld. = seldom, rare.
• sen = Sennacherib.
• Sendsch. = Sendschirli (Zinjirli).
• Shlm = Shalmaneser II.
• SI = Siloam Inscription.
• si vera l. = si vera lectio.
• Siegf = C. Siegfried.
• sim. = simile.
• SK = Studen u. Kritiken.
• Skr. = Sanskrit
• Sm = R. Smend (rarely = Samuel). Sm^{Rel. Gesch.} = Smend, Alt-testamentliche Religions-geschichte; Sm^Listen = Id., Listen der Bücher esra u. Nehemia.
• So(c) = A. Socin.
• Spi = W. spitta. Spi^§ = gram. d. arab. Vulg. Dial.
• Spieg = F. Spiegel; Spieg^APK = Id., Altpersische Keilinschriften.
• Spiegelb = W. Spiegelberg.
• Spr = Sprache, or Sprüche.
• sq. = followed by.
• SS = C. Siegfried u. B. Stade, Hebräisches Wörterbuch.
• st. = status, state, stative.
• St = H. Steiner.
• Sta = B. Stade; Sta^§ = Id., heb. Gram.; Sta^G(esch.) = Id., Geschichte des Volkes Israel.
• Steind = G. Steindorff.
• Steuern = C. Steuernagel.
• Str = H.L. Strack. Str = Id., Gram. d. bibl. Arma.
• Strassm = foll.
• Strm = J. Strassmaier. Strm^AV = Id., Alphabet. Verzeichniss.
• sts. = sometimes.
• Stu = G. Studer.
• Stud. Bib. = Studia Biblica.
• subst. = substantive.
• Sum(er). = Sumerian.
• supr., supr. = supra, above.
• Surenh = W. Surenhusius, Mishna.
• Survey, Survey^WP - Survey of Western Palestine (PEF); Survey^EP = Id., of Eastern Palestine.
• Symm = Symmachus.
• t. (following a number) = times.
• TA = Tel el-Amarna; also Taj-al-;Arus (Arab. Dict.).
• Talm = Talmud.
• Tariff = Palmyrene Tariff Inscription.
• TB, TBA = Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology.
• TelAm. = TA, q.v.
• Tg = Targum Tg^Jer = Targum of Jerusalem, etc.
• Th(e) = O. Thenius.
• Theod = Theodotion.
• Theophr = Theophrastus; Theophr^{Hist. Plant.} = Id., Historia de Plantis.
• Thes = W. Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae.
• Thes^Add. = Id., Additions by E. Rödiger.
• ThT = Theologisch tijdschrift.
• ThLB = Theol. Literaturblatt.
• ThLZ = Theol. Literaturzeitung.
• Tiele = C.P. Tiele.
• Tiph. = Tiphel (rare conjugation).
• To = Tobler.
• TP = Tiglath-Pileser.
• Tpg. = Topography.
• Tr = Transactions.
• tr. = translate (translated, translation); rarely = transitive.
• trans(it). = transistive.
• Tristr = H.B. Tristram. Tristr^NHB = Id.., Fauna and Flora of Palestine (Survey, Memoirs).
• TSBA = TB, q.v.
• TSWt = Theol. Studien aus Württemberg.
• TTijdschr = Tht, q.v.
• Tu = F. Tuch.
• Univ.PaExp. = Bab. Exped. of the Univ. of Pennsylvania.
• usu. = usual, usually.
• van d.H. = E. van der Hooght, Heb. text of O.T.
• VB = Variorum Bible.
• vb. = verb.
• vdVelde = C.W.M. van de Velde, esp. Id.., Reis door Syrie en Palestina; e.T., Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine; vdVelde^Mem(oir) = Id.., Memoir to accompany Map of Holy Land constructed by C.W.M. van de Velde.
• vir. = viri, of a man.
• Vog = C.J.M. de Vogüê, Syrie Centrale. Vog^Palm. = Id..
• Vogelst^{Landwirthsch.} = H. Vogelstein, landwirthschaft in Palästina zur Zeit der Mišnâh.
• VOJ = Vienna Oriental Journal (=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes).
• Vrss = Old Versions.
• Vulg.Ar. = Vulgar Arabic.
• Vullers = J.A. Vullers, Lexicon Persico-Latinum.
• W = W. Wright. W^AG = Id.., ArabicGram.; w^8G, or ^CG = Id.., Comp. Semit. Gram.
• Wahrm = A. Wahrmund, esp. Id.., Arab. Handwörterbuch.
• WAW = W. Aldis Wright.
• wd. = word, also would.
• We = J. Wellhausen. We^{Bl. Einl.} = Id.., Bleek’s Einleitung in d. A.T.; We^Comp. = Id.., Composition des Hexateuchs; We^{de gent.} = Id.., De gentibus et familiis Iudaeis; We^{Held. (or, Arab. Heidenthum)} = Id., Reste Arabischen Heidenthums (= We^{Skizzen iv, 2nd ed.}); We^Hist.=Id., History of Israel (trans. by Black); We^Prol.=Id., Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels; We^Skizzen=Id., Skizzen und Vorarbeiten.
• Weissb = F.H. Weissbach.
• Wetzst = J.G. Wetzstein.
• wi. = with, construed with.
• Wied = A. Wiedemann. Wied^SammlId., Sammlung Altägyptische Wôrter.
• Wild(eb) = G. Wildeboer.
• Wilkinson^{(Anc.) Egypt.} = J.G. Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians.
• WisdLt = Wisdom Literature.
• Wkl = H. Winckler.
• WMM = W. Max Müller. WMM ^{As. u. Er(op.), or Asien} = Id., Asien u. Europa.
• Wr = C. H. H. Wright.
• Wü = A. Wünsche.
• WZKM = VOJ, q.v.
• Xen(oph). = Xenophon
• Z = Zeitschrift.
• ZA = Zeitschr. für Assyriologie.
• ZAW = Z. f. alttest. Wissenschaft.
• Zc = Zechariah.
• Zehnpf = R. Zehnpfund.
• ZEthnol. = Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.
• Zim = H. Zimmern. Zim^BP = Id., Babylonische Busspsalmen.
• Zinj. = Inscriptions of Zinjirli (N. Syria).
• ZK = Z. für Keilschriftforschung.
• ZKM = Z. f. Kunde d. Morgenlandes.
• ZKW, or ZKWL = Z. f. kirchl. Wiss. und kirchl. Leben.
• ZLuth.Th. = Z. für Lutherische Theologie.
• ZMG = Z. d. deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellschaft.
• Zö = O. Zöckler.
• Zp = Zephaniah.
• ZPV = Z. d. deutsch. Pal.-Vereins.
• ZVolkerpsych. = Z. für Völkerpsychologie.
• ZWTh., or ZWiss.Th. = Z. für Wissenschaftliche Theologie.
• ^< over a letter, indicates the accented (tone-)syllable.
• † prefixed, or added, or both, indicates ’All passages cited.‘
• > indicates that the preceding is to be preferred to the following.
• < indicates that the following is to be preferred to the preceding.
• ‖ parallel, or words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes = ’see parallel,‘ or ’so also in parallel.‘
• = equivalent, equals.
• + plus, denotes often that other passages, etc., might be cited. So also where the forms of verbs, nouns, and adjectives are illustrated by citations, near the beginning of articles; while ’etc.‘ in such connexions commonly indicates that other forms of the word occur, which it has not been thought worth while to cite.
• [] indicates that the form, etc., enclosed, is not actually found, or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof; e.g. n. [m.] denotes that the noun is presumably masculine, though the gender is not clarly exhibited in Hebrew.
• √ = root or stem
• ´ = sign of abbrevation (in Hebrew words).
• ´א often = אֱלֹהִים, Elohim.
• ´וּגּוּ = רּ־מּוּגֹּוָּ = et cetera (in Hebrew quotations).
• ´יּ = Yahweh.
• ֑ beneath a Hebrew word represents any accent that occasions vowel change.

NOTE: Scripture citations in small superior letters and figures, following n.m. or n.f., refer to some passage where the gender is exhibited. Small inferior names of conjugations, etc., denote the (approximate) number of occurrences of such words, conjugations, etc.